Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts

This paper reviews the application of close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts. Terrestrial remote sensing techniques are being increasingly used as a complement to traditional scanline and window mapping methods. They provide more comprehensive information on rock cuts, allow surveying of inaccessible outcrops, and increase user safety. Selected case studies are used to estimate the accuracy of several 3D model registration approaches and the most time-, effort- and cost-effective methods are highlighted. It is shown that simple registration networks are able to provide adequate measurement of discontinuity orientation for engineering purposes. The case studies presented also illustrate the effects of sampling bias and limitations related to discontinuity characterization using remote sensing techniques. Vertical orientation bias and occlusion can be of particular concern when persistent discontinuities dip at the same angle as the camera/scanner line-of-sight. Major advantages of the techniques are presented illustrating how terrestrial remote sensing techniques provide rapid spatial measurements of discontinuity location, orientation and curvature and are well suited to the quantification of persistence magnitudes greater than 3 m.     

3-D geomechanical rock mass characterization for the evaluation of rockslide susceptibility scenarios

An integrated methodology based on traditional field and remote surveys such as terrestrial laser scanning and terrestrial infrared thermography is proposed, with the aim of defining susceptibility scenarios connected to rock slopes affected by instability processes. The proposed methodology was applied to a rock slope threatening a coastal panoramic roadway located in western Elba Island (Livorno district, central Italy). The final aim of the methodology was to obtain an accurate three-dimensional rock mass characterization in order to detect the potentially more hazardous rock mass portions, calculate their volume, and collect all the required geomechanical and geometrical parameters to perform a detailed stability analysis. The proposed approach proved to be an effective tool in the field of engineering geology and emergency management, when it is often urgently necessary to minimize survey time when operating in dangerous environments and gather all the required information as fast as possible.     

无人机影像在高陡边坡危岩体调查中的应用

在高陡边坡危岩体的调查中,复杂的地形条件经常限制工作的正常开展,如何快速准确地获取地质灾害信息一直是地质灾害调查研究中的难点之一。以往的研究中对无人机遥感技术在黄土、高原等地区应用有所报道,但对西南地区高陡边坡危岩体灾害调查的研究尚无报道。文章以锦屏二级水电站出线场边坡落石灾害所在区域为例,将无人机摄影测量技术应用于高陡边坡危岩体调查中,通过无人机倾斜摄影获取高分辨率遥感影像,开展遥感影像三维建模,进行地质灾害遥感解译,总结了无人机遥感系统在高陡边坡危岩体调查的技术流程。通过三维实景模型,精确地分析了落石灾害的空间分布、失稳模式及演化过程,查明了区域内危岩隐患点的分布特征;基于三维点云模型,提取出地质灾害体的属性信息,测得落石方量为11.7 m3,采用最小二乘法进行平面拟合,得到落石两组主控结构面产状为275.4°∠31.2°、103.5°∠63.3°。实践表明,无人机遥感技术在高陡边坡地区落石灾害调查中具有明显的可行性和优越性,可以较好地应用于高陡边坡危岩体调查中。     

秦岭矿产资源开采区斜坡灾害发育规律与识别研究——以山阳—商南钒矿开采区为例

以山阳—商南钒矿开采区为例,通过遥感解译、无人机航拍及野外详细地质调查,统计分析了斜坡地质灾害的分布与坡形、坡向、坡度、地层倾角、岩体结构与岩性的相关性。研究得出:（1）矿区斜坡地质灾害具有明显的顺向坡效应,顺向坡地质灾害占灾害总数的75.86%;（2）72.42%的灾害发育在坡度30°~50°的斜坡中;（3）灾害分布与地层倾角有很好的对应关系,大部分地质灾害集中在倾角40°~60°的范围内;（4）斜坡灾害多发生在结构面较发育的斜坡中,尤其是夹角在70°~90°的近乎正交的结构面组合范围内;（5）斜坡灾害多发育在硅质岩或白云岩与黏土岩互层中,而白云岩中多发生的是崩塌。同时,结合研究区遥感影像的对比分析,提出了斜坡地质灾害遥感识别方法,在此基础上,形成了一套矿区地质灾害早期识别技术。研究成果可为矿山企业和矿区居民对斜坡地质灾害的识别与预警预防提供技术支持。     

A multidisciplinary approach for the investigation of a rock spreading on an urban slope

Landslides are very complex processes controlled by multiple factors. The knowledge and characterization of these factors is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and kinematics of the instabilities and for an efficient design of corrective measures. The aim of this work is to combine traditional geological and geotechnical techniques with geophysical, remote sensing and forensic techniques for obtaining a whole picture of an active lateral spreading affecting the Finestrat municipality in Alicante, SE Spain. Geomorphological, geotechnical and geophysical techniques (i.e. ground penetrating radar and refraction seismic) have provided essential information about the geometry, structure and petro-physical properties of the slope. A Terrestrial Laser Scanner was used for recognizing the most important sets of discontinuities affecting the rock mass and to evaluate the activity of the landslide slope. Complementarily, a forensic analysis of the building damage completed the available datasets, yielding very useful kinematic information of the landslide. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the stability of the rock slope has been performed considering both block toppling and block sliding models. Therefore, the multisource analysis performed in this work has allowed the identification and characterization of a complex lateral spreading, highlighting its effectiveness for a comprehensive understanding of this type of landslide.     

西藏多龙矿集区铜元素遥感地球化学模型

遥感在一定程度上可以反映地物元素含量的特征,利用遥感反演元素特征在地质工作程度低地区或者国外地质资料难以获取地区可以提供一个参数。本文根据元素含量与光谱关系,建立了波段相关斜率、波段的斜率指数、波段相关吸收深度指数、波段的相关多项式指数这4个遥感地球化学反演模型的指标,以西藏多龙矿集区为研究区,通过回归算法反演了铜元素遥感地球化学,并经过F检验证实反演可信,比较预测值与实际值吻合较好,最后把实测铜元素地球化学、蚀变遥感异常与遥感反演铜元素地球化学进行了对比,证实遥感铜元素地球化学反演结果较好,且可以作为一个独立的遥感参数。     

Landslide at Su-Hua Highway 115.9k triggered by Typhoon Megi in Taiwan

This study focused on the landslide case at Su-Hua Highway 115.9k, Taiwan. A preliminary investigation was conducted on geomorphologic features change and landslide mechanisms using digital elevation models, geographical maps, and remote sensing images at different times in conjunction with geological surveys and analysis results. Using the results of geological surveys and physical model experiments, we constructed a discrete element method to simulate the process of landslide movement. The results revealed deformation in the metamorphic rock slopes upstream of 115.9k. The slopes around the erosion gully upstream presented visible slope toes cutting and tension cracks at the crest as well as unstable rock masses. According to the results of numerical simulation for typhoon Megi event, intense rains could induce slippage in the rock debris/masses in the source area, initially at a speed of 5–20 m/s. Subsequently, steeper terrain could cause the rock debris/masses to accelerate to form a high-speed (>30 m/s) debris slide quickly moving downstream to form an alluvial fan downstream by the sea.     

基于坡度特征的花岗岩风化程度划分方法研究

针对目前遥感技术手段难以快速划分岩石风化程度的问题,以花岗岩为研究对象,通过分析风化程度与坡度的耦合关系,提出了一种基于坡度特征的花岗岩风化程度划分方法。该方法首先利用卫星遥感数据解译区域地层岩性,通过立体像提取区域坡度信息; 然后对坡度分级并统计花岗岩地质体内各级坡度的面积百分比; 最后根据坡度分级特征曲线判断花岗岩风化程度。野外验证表明,该方法可以准确划分花岗岩风化程度,可为工程设计和施工作业提供参考。     

Weathering characterization for landslides modeling in granitoid rock masses of the Capo Vaticano promontory (Calabria,Italy)

This work focuses on developing multidisciplinary researches concerning weathering profiles related to landscape evolution of the Capo Vaticano promontory on the Calabria Tyrrhenian side (southern Italy). In this area, the tectonic uplift, occurred at least since Pleistocene, together with the Mediterranean climatic conditions, is the main cause of deep weathering and denudation processes. The latter occurred on the outcropping rocks of the crystalline-metamorphic basement, made up of weathered granitoids, in turn belonging to the Monte Poro granitoid complex (intermediate to felsic plutonic rocks covered by Cenozoic sedimentary successions). Field observations coupled to borehole explorations, geophysical surveys, and minero-petrographical analyses allowed the characterization of the granitoid outcrops typical of the studied area in terms of kind and degree of slope instability. This characterization was based on suitable correlations verified between several factors as weathering degree, elastic properties of rocks, and discontinuity features. Weathering profiles are mainly composed by rock masses varying from completely weathered rock with corestones of highly weathered rock (classes IV–V) to slightly weathered rocks (class II). The weathered rocks are involved in several landslide typologies such as debris flow (frequency 48.5%), translational slide (frequency 33.3%), and minor rock fall and rotational slide (frequency 9%). The achieved data allowed the establishment of a general correlation between weathering degree and type of slope instability. Debris flow-type instabilities are predominant on the steeper slopes, involving very poor rock masses ascribed to the shallowest portions of the weathering class IV. Translational slides are less widespread than the previous ones and often involve a mixture of soil and highly weathered rocks. Rotational slides are more frequently close to the top of the slopes, where the thicknesses of more weathered rocks increase, and involve mainly rock masses belonging to the weathering classes IV and V. Rock falls mostly occur on the vertical escarpments of the road cuts and are controlled by the characteristics of the main discontinuities. The assessment of rock mass rating and slope mass rating, based on the application of the discontinuity data, allowed respectively an evaluation of the quality of rock masses and of the susceptibility of rock slopes to failure. The comparison between the last one and the real stability conditions along the cut slopes shows a good correspondence. Finally, the geological strength index system was also applied for the estimation of rock mass properties. The achieved results give a worthy support for a better understanding of the relationship between the distribution of landslides and the geological features related to different weathering degrees. Therefore, they can provide a reliable tool to evaluate the potential stability conditions of the rock slopes in the studied area and a general reference framework for the study of weathering processes in other regions with similar geological features.     

西南红层地区地质灾害发育规律与成灾模式

红层区边坡的变形破坏引发的地质灾害类型多、数量大,造成的人员伤亡和财产损失较大。以彝良县红层地区地质灾害为研究对象,结合实地调查,对彝良县红层边坡变形破坏所引发的49处不稳定斜坡、150处滑坡、53处崩塌进行了统计分析,总结了发育规律及特征。对不同斜坡结构下的红层边坡的成灾模式及破坏过程进行了分析,红层顺向边坡常见破坏模式为滑移-拉裂式;横向边坡常见破坏模式为崩解-冲刷式;反向坡、斜向坡的常见破坏模式为软岩崩解剥落-硬岩卸荷拉裂坠落式。研究可为彝良县等红层发育地区的地质灾害防治和管理提供一定的技术支持和参考。     

基于无人机遥感的矿山地质灾害解译

矿山地质环境调查是为了查明在矿产资源开采过程中遇到或者诱发的地质环境问题并对其作出评价和预测。传统的人工地质环境调查方法正面临时效性和安全性的挑战,无人机遥感正是取代人工地质环境调查的手段之一。基于2016年10月在北京市门头沟区的一次无人机飞行获取的数据,使用Pix4Dmapper等软件生成正射影像、数字高程模型以及三维模型,然后对该区进行遥感地质解译,建立滑坡、地面塌陷、不稳定斜坡、地裂缝、煤矸石堆、其他渣堆的解译标志,形成了一套适用于矿山的无人机遥感的地质灾害解译方法流程,通过实地验证,证明无人机遥感地质灾害解译效果良好,适合在矿山地质灾害监测方面推广应用。     

Primary Investigations on Yangtze River Bank Slope Stability in Wanzhou for the Three Gorges Reservoir Project

INTRODUCTIONGeological investigations have illustrated that in stability problems exist in the bank slopes of nearly10 % of the total length of the 5 000 km YangtzeRiver and its tributaries when water level rises to 175m in the Three Gorges …     

基于岩体结构特征和未确知测度评价模型的岩质开挖边坡稳定性研究

综合黔西地区层状岩质开挖边坡研究成果发现:岩体结构特征是分析评价层状边坡变形失稳模式、机制和稳定性的重要基础。因此,结合该地区层状边坡地质条件的差异性,针对性地划分岩体结构类型对边坡的分析评价尤为重要。考虑地层岩性组合、地质构造、软弱夹层（结构面）因素,系统地将边坡岩体结构类型分为4个大类（近水平-缓倾边坡岩体,倾斜层状边坡岩体,陡倾、直立、倒转层状岩体,地质构造作用强烈或含有溶蚀洞穴、沟壑的边坡岩体）和10个亚类,并针对相应类型的边坡进行工程地质综合评价,分别阐述了失稳模式和机制。以边坡岩体结构类型为基础,甄选影响开挖边坡稳定性的6个定性指标和6个定量指标;对指标组合赋权,用未确知测度理论对边坡进行稳定性预测评价,建立了“岩体结构-指标组合赋权-未确知测度理论”的新评价体系。实例预测结果表明预测结果与实际情况具有较好的一致性,说明该方法是一种可靠性高、科学合理的稳定性预测新方法,可在相关工程领域中应用推广。     

海南省保亭县地质灾害易发程度区划

结合海南省保亭县1：5万地质灾害详细调查项目,根据野外实际调查与遥感成果,选取地质构造、地形地貌及人类活动3个大类,构造、工程地质岩组、坡度、坡高、海拔高度、植被覆盖率、河流及公路等8个小类作为地质灾害影响评价因子.在ArcGIS平台上运用AHP法,进行评价因子权重计算并建立评价模型,完成保亭县地质灾害易发程度区划,划分出高、中、低易发区,可为今后地质灾害预测与防治提供科学依据.     

The relationship between geology and rock weathering on the rock instability along Mugling–Narayanghat road corridor, Central Nepal Himalaya

The present study was conducted along the Mugling–Narayanghat road section and its surrounding region that is most affected by landslide and related mass-movement phenomena. The main rock types in the study area are limestone, dolomite, slate, phyllite, quartzite and amphibolites of Lesser Himalaya, sandstone, mudstone and conglomerates of Siwaliks and Holocene Deposits. Due to the important role of geology and rock weathering in the instabilities, an attempt has been made to understand the relationship between these phenomena. Consequently, landslides of the road section and its surrounding region have been assessed using remote sensing, Geographical information systems and multiple field visits. A landslide inventory map was prepared and comprising 275 landslides. Nine landslides representing the whole area were selected for detailed studies. Field surveys, integrated with laboratory tests, were used as the main criteria for determining the weathering zones in the landslide area. From the overall study, it is seen that large and complex landslides are related to deep rock weathering followed by the intervention of geological structures as faults, joints and fractures. Rotational types of landslides are observed in highly weathered rocks, where the dip direction of the foliation plane together with the rock weathering plays a principle role. Shallow landslides are developed in the slope covered by residual soil or colluviums. The rock is rather fresh below these covers. Some shallow landslides (rock topples) are related to the attitude of the foliation plane and are generally observed in fresh rocks. Debris slides and debris flows occur in colluviums or residual soil-covered slopes. In few instances, they are also related to the rock fall occurring at higher slopes. The materials from the rock fall are mixed with the colluviums and other materials lying on the slope downhill and flow as debris flow. Rock falls are mainly related to the joint pattern and the slope angle. They are found in less-weathered rocks. From all these, it is concluded that the rock weathering followed by geological structures has prominent role in the rock slope instability along Mugling–Narayanghat road section and its surrounding regions.     

全国边海防地区基础地质遥感调查

为满足全国边海防地区经济建设与国防建设对地质信息的需求,自2011年起,中国地质调查局国土资源航空物探遥感中心(简称航遥中心)联合全国相关地调中心与省级地质调查研究院、行业地质调查部门、高等院校和边海防地区国防建设应用与研究等24家单位,利用遥感技术快速获取了东北、西北、西南和南海三沙等边海防重点地区95万km²基础地质、工程地质、水文地质、矿产地质以及地质灾害等9类地质专题信息,编制了32类1:5万与1:25万服务于经济建设和国防建设的地质应用专题图件,形成了边海防地区遥感地质调查技术体系、共享数据库和应用成果,解决了边海防地区地质调查工作难点问题,创新了军民融合地质调查方式。该文围绕“全国边海防地区基础地质遥感调查”的目标任务,阐述了实施的技术路线和取得的成果,并对未来的工作进行了展望。     

牛背至天水高速公路路域环境地质安全性评价方法探讨

天(水)宝(鸡)高速公路牛背至天水段工程通过地区地质构造复杂,岩土种类繁多,岩土工程和环境地质安全如果不加以重视,易造成道路的地质灾害,直接影响到工程建设的质量和安全性,也将给未来运营安全带来严重的隐患和经济损失.在野外地质调查的基础上,探讨了公路路域环境地质安全性评价的影响因素和安全性评估内容,通过遥感技术等方法对地质和岩土工程信息提取并进行安全性评价,对研究区进行了初步评价,并提出了应对措施.     

基于高分遥感数据的东南亚跨境区重大工程扰动滑坡灾害分布规律研究浅析

本文主要以2019年的高分一号卫星(以下简称GF-1)遥感数据为基础,同时收集了1990年、2000年、2010年的ETM数据用以辅助遥感解译工作,查明了东南亚跨境区境内28×10⁴ km²范围内重大工程分布情况,发现研究区重大工程活动主要为水电(水利)工程、交通工程,还有一些矿山工程活动。查明了重大工程扰动滑坡的最新发育分布状况,发现区内对人居环境构成直接威胁的滑坡多达1373处,其中水电工程诱发625处,交通工程诱发723处,矿山工程诱发22处,口岸工程诱发3处。与地质环境的相关分析表明,区内重大工程扰动滑波多发育在海拔0～3000 m之间,坡度25°以上的人类活动频繁的阳坡,岩性主要为软岩、硬岩及软硬相间的工程地质岩组。     

高山峡谷地区高陡边坡深部裂缝一般特征分析

中国西南部,尤其是水能资源较为集中的青藏高原周边地区是近期工程建设的热点地区。由于强烈的内外动力地质作用,这些地区形成了高山耸立、沟谷深切的地貌景观,高山峡谷区的高陡岩质斜坡变形与稳定将是工程建设所面临的主要工程地质问题之一。高陡边坡的变形与稳定对工程建设的可行性起到决定性作用,并影响着施工周期和工程造价。本文分析了深裂缝现象的一般特征,认为深裂缝是在特定地质环境下内外动力地质共同作用的产物,一般均具有三高、继生这一共性。在工程处理方面,深裂缝可按山体加固的方法进行工程处理,预应力锚固洞可较好处理深裂缝问题。     

川藏铁路卡子拉山滑坡发育特征与防灾减灾对策

为查明川藏铁路卡子拉山隧道进口规划建设区地质灾害特征,评价其在川藏铁路建设和运营期间可能遭受的地质灾害风险,采用高精度遥感、机载LiDAR、工程地质勘查等“空-天-地”一体化技术对该隧道进口规划区开展调查研究。结果表明:川藏铁路卡子拉山隧道进口规划区内发育有1#、2#滑坡和俄洛堆不稳定斜坡;1#滑坡规模约32.48×106 m3,2#滑坡规模约10.15×106 m3,均为已发生的特大型岩质滑坡;俄洛堆不稳定斜坡位于2处滑坡中部,规模约35.80×104 m3,下部为强风化岩体,上部为碎石土结构,为中型复合型结构斜坡。评价认为:川藏铁路卡子拉山隧道进口选线从2处滑坡体中部山脊穿过,2处滑坡对铁路选线未构成地质安全风险,但隧道进口穿过的俄洛堆不稳定斜坡存在潜在地质安全风险;1#、2#滑坡体在天然工况下处于稳定状态,俄洛堆不稳定斜坡在天然和地震工况下处于稳定状态,在暴雨工况下处于欠稳定状态。为规避工程建设扰动诱发潜在的滑坡风险,建议将卡子拉山隧道选线进口向东南侧平移,通过边坡开挖的合理设计、施工期间的实时监测及运营期间的针对性治理等措施,从源头上对潜在滑坡风险进行防控,以保证工程建设及运营安全。研究结果可为川藏铁路选线提供科学的地质依据。