钢筋混凝土箱涵竖向土压力理论研究 ——梯形沟谷设涵

梯形沟谷设涵在山区公路和铁路建设中的应用非常广泛。然而,目前规范中尚无梯形沟谷设涵的设计方法。现有的研究主要针对上埋式和沟埋式涵洞,对天然梯形沟谷埋设涵洞时的涵洞受力性状的研究甚少。通过数值模拟得出梯形沟谷设涵时,钢筋混凝土箱型涵洞顶部填土内的应力状态和土拱的分布规律。在此基础上建立理论模型,推导涵洞土压力理论计算式,并验证理论方法的正确性。此外,对涵顶土压力的影响因素进行了参数研究。结果表明,梯形沟谷设涵时涵洞的受力状态不同于上埋式和沟埋式两种情况。当涵顶填土高度到达临界高度时,填土中会形成上、下两层土拱。下层土拱效应使涵顶产生土压力集中,上层土拱效应会减小涵顶的土压力集中。涵顶土压力的大小取决于涵顶的填土高度、沟谷坡角、沟谷宽度、涵洞的几何尺寸及填土的性质。     

黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法

不论挡土墙填料采用砂性土,还是黏性土,其墙背主动土压力与墙体倾角和位移关系存在较大的联系,因而研究黏性土填料下的非极限主动土压力计算理论具有重要意义。通过应力状态分析给出了非极限状态下考虑土拱效应的侧向主动土压力系数,然后采用水平微分层析法给出了倾斜墙下非极限主动土压力解析解。通过与室内模拟试验及已有理论进行对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后研究了相关参数包括位移比?,墙土摩擦角与内摩擦角之比? /?,墙体倾角?,黏聚力c等对主动土压力分布及其作用点高度的影响。结果表明：土体由静止状态向极限主动土压力状态发展时,土拱效应的影响会越来越大。随着? /?的不断增大,土压力分布曲线非线性强度会不断增强,土压力合力作用点高度呈上升趋势,并且? /?对土压力的影响会随着位移比? 的增大而增大。随着挡土墙墙背倾斜角度? 的不断增大,土拱效应对非极限主动土压力的影响减小。随着土体填料黏聚力的不断增大,上部张拉裂缝高度也会随之增加,且土压力合力作用点越低。给出的考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法对于丰富挡土墙土压力计算理论具有重要意义。     

Modelling the effect of climate change induced soil settling on jointed drinking water distribution pipes

Soil settlements related to groundwater lowering are expected to be accelerated by climate change and may damage underground infrastructure networks. A 1D mechanical model, previously developed for continuous pipelines, has been extended towards jointed pipelines to calculate the stresses and joint rotations induced by the soil settlements. From the mechanical model, curve fits were acquired that can be used to estimate the bending moments and joint rotation. The curve fits differ per soil type, joint stiffness, joint position and joint distance. The stresses calculated by the 1D mechanical model and curve fits were validated by means of 3D finite element modelling. Using the curve fits, a probabilistic approach was followed by means of a Monte Carlo method to calculate the probability of failure of the pipeline system. The effect of joints is that the pipe stresses are reduced as the joints absorb a part of the soil displacement. For the probability of failure, the pipe stresses have a larger contribution than the joint rotation, as the joint rotation remains small compared to the maximum allowable joint rotation.     

砂土拱效应的挡板下落试验及机理研究

土拱效应对考虑拱效应时土压力的计算非常重要,而目前对土拱效应的形成机理认识还不深刻。通过自行设计的室内挡板下落试验对砂土拱效应的问题进行了试验研究。得到了不同的土体埋深情况下,随挡板下移挡板上土体重量、箱内土体的应力和侧压力系数的变化规律。试验结果表明,挡板微小的位移挡板上土体的重量就会快速降低;随着挡板继续下移挡板上土体重量降低的趋势逐渐减缓,认为挡板下移2.5 mm时上部土体达到临界状态;随挡板下移箱底挡板上部中心线上的竖向土压力减小,挡板两侧上部土体的竖向土压力增大;挡板上部中心线上的侧压力系数明显增大。通过土体内的应力变化规律对砂土拱效应的形成机理进行了分析。     

基于土拱效应原理求解挡土墙被动土压力

对平移模式下的刚性挡土墙和滑裂面间的楔形土体处于被动极限平衡状态的应力进行分析,考虑墙面和滑裂面之间土体水平力平衡,运用土拱效应原理推导出被动土压力系数和滑裂面水平倾角。并根据水平单元土体的静力平衡条件建立平衡方程,提出被动土压力分布、土压力合力及其作用位置的公式。将公式计算结果与试验结果以及库仑、朗肯理论所得结果进行比较,结果表明,与试验结果接近,验证了所得计算方法的合理性。     

冻土力学性质影响因素的显著性和交互作用研究

冻土的力学性质不仅依赖于含水率、温度、应变率、含盐量、围压等因素,也可能依赖于这些因素之间的交互作用。为进一步明确冻土强度、模量等力学指标与以上各因素的依存关系,根据既有试验资料和统计学原理,对冻土力学性质影响因素的显著性和因素间的交互作用进行了研究。结果表明,温度对冻土力学性质的影响最为显著,是影响冻土力学性质的主要因素,含水率、含盐量、应变速率等对冻土力学性质也有显著影响;同时,温度、含水率和应变速率对强度的影响存在明显的交互作用。因此,在研究冻土强度等力学行为时,片面针对某一因素开展研究是不合适的,而应综合考虑各主要因素及因素之间的交互作用影响。     

抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效应影响的数值模拟

为揭示抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效应的影响规律,引入抗滑桩护壁外壁形态系数h,采用平面应变有限元方法,在不同抗滑桩外壁形态参数h下,研究了桩周及桩后土体位移、应力等因素的变化规律。研究结果表明：土拱效应的发挥程度,桩周土体的应力和变形与桩体外壁的形态有关。在h为4 cm、8 cm时,桩周土体的应力、位移变化量最大,增强了土拱的抗滑效用;当h大于8 cm时,桩周土体的应力、位移变化量随着h的增加逐级递减;当h接近极值时,桩周土体中的应力、位移变化不大,此时抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效用起不到积极作用。     

基于抗滑桩土拱效应形成的细观数值模拟

通过PFC2D数值模拟软件模拟边坡抗滑桩,研究不同桩型、桩间距及不同土体孔隙率对抗滑桩土拱承载能力的影响,利用颗粒位移不同对颗粒进行染色,进而观察土拱效应的形成、发展和破坏的过程。通过一系列数值模拟的比较,揭示出方形抗滑桩的土拱效应比圆形桩承载能力更强,且当桩间距S=4.6D时,土拱达到极限承载能力,之后土拱效应逐渐破坏。根据砂土孔隙率越大土拱效应越明显,但是超过一定区间抗滑桩将失去作用,指出桩的嵌入深度和滑动面以下土层同时影响土拱的承载能力。在观察抗滑桩土拱效应的形成发展及破坏的过程中,从细观角度分析桩间土体的位移与桩的边长之比ρ在（0.2, 0.8）时,才能产生有效的土拱效应。     

Numerical analysis of an experimental pipe buried in swelling soil

This paper investigates the pipe–soil interaction for pipes buried in expansive soil when subjected to swelling soil movement due to increase in moisture content. A laboratory experiment has been undertaken on a plastic pipe in a large-scale pipe box. A three dimensional numerical model is developed to analyse the pipe response, using FLAC^3D computer program. The pipe is assumed to behave as a linearly elastic material, while the soil is modelled as a nonlinear material with Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The water flow and soil/pipe deformations are decoupled, where water flow is calculated using simplified capillary rise theory on the basis of measurements made. A reasonably good agreement between the experimental results and model predictions is reported.     

考虑土拱效应的抗滑桩桩间挡土板压力计算方法

为合理计算抗滑桩桩间挡土板的内力与变形,采用弹性力学理论分析了桩间土拱效应,计算确定出土拱的平面形态呈中间凸起而两侧略微凹陷的曲线特征,在此基础上,引入Drucker-Prager强度准则以考虑中间主应力影响分析三维土拱效应,通过桩间土体的屈服函数分析确定了沿竖向变化的水平土拱矢高,进而计算出因桩间局部塌落拱的产生而作用于挡土板上的土压力,并按空间土压力分布模式与矩形简支板模型计算挡土板。实例分析结果表明,本文方法和数值模拟得到的沿深度方向土拱矢高值较为接近;本文方法与规范方法计算得到的板体最大弯矩值相近,其误差不超过3%。     

Combined loading of caisson foundations in cohesive soil: Finite element versus Winkler modeling

The undrained response of massive caisson foundations to combined horizontal, vertical and moment loading is parametrically investigated through a series of 3D finite element analyses. The parameters are: (a) the embedment ratio (D/B), (b) the factor of safety against initial vertical loading (FS_V) and (c) the ratio of the overturning moment to the horizontal force applied at the top of the caisson (M/Q). Emphasis is given on: (i) the identification of all possible failure mechanisms in M–Q–N space, (ii) the developed stress distributions along the caisson walls for various load levels up to complete failure conditions. The results are then used as a feedback for calibrating the parameters of a generalized four-type spring model, originally proposed by Gerolymos and Gazetas (2006), through a genetic algorithm-based optimization procedure. The predictions of the Winkler model compare very well with the FE results, not only at the local response level (in terms of stress distributions along the caisson shafts), but at a global response level (in terms of force–displacement curves and M–Q–N failure envelopes at the top of the caisson) as well. Contrary to established lateral soil resistance theories, it is shown that both the ultimate horizontal soil reaction and resisting moment per unit depth do not solely depend on the strength properties of soil and geometry of the caisson but are also functions of the applied load ratio M/Q and initial soil yielding due to vertical loading. Interesting conclusions are also drawn regarding the transition from the elastic to the ultimate limit state (hardening). Quantifying through analytical expressions the contribution of each of the two basic lateral resisting mechanisms to the response of the caisson, a classification method for embedded foundations is then proposed. The capabilities of the Winkler model are further demonstrated through comparison with FE analysis of the caisson cyclic lateral response.     

黏性土桩间土拱效应计算与桩间距分析

土拱效应是安全经济地发挥抗滑桩等非连续支挡结构的支护功能的重要前提,桩间距与成拱作用密切相关。利用合理拱轴线几何特征与受压破裂角方位,通过力学概念分析,将黏性土土拱计算的平衡条件和强度条件综合简化为以拱脚处拱圈轴向压应力表达的形式。继而从最少且最易获得的土工材料参数（内聚力c、内摩擦角?）出发,根据轴向压应力与矢跨比函数关系,利用摩尔-库仑强度准则,推导了拱曲线与桩间距上下限的简便计算式,再以此进一步探讨了考虑土拱效应三维稳定的桩间距校核,并以工程实例验证,以对土拱效应的估算提供简便清晰的计算方法。     

地埋非圆形管道与土相互作用的分析计算

对地埋箱形涵道和蛋形管道结构的设计计算,现行的方法是给定作用荷载值和分布,按结构力学方法求解。实际上作用于管道上荷载是随管土的相对刚度而变化的。为此,采用管土相互作用的Winkler模型和传递矩阵法,提出地埋箱形和蛋形管道结构计算的新方法。通过对箱形和蛋形管道与土相互作用的分析计算表明,即使是“刚性”的箱形管道也应考虑与土的相互作用。最后讨论了模型参数、埋深以及管道结构尺寸的变化对管道受力与变形的影响,说明了考虑地埋管道与土的相互作用,对地埋箱形和蛋形管道结构的设计计算才更符合实际。     

高堆石坝砾石土心墙施工期应力监测与分析

对于高堆石坝,施工期心墙内部是否会出现过低的竖向土压力或较高的孔隙水压力对施工期以及蓄水期大坝安全稳定具有重要意义。以施工期砾石土心墙应力监测资料为基础,结合施工进度和过程资料,分别从时间、空间和影响因素分析砾石土心墙施工期竖向土压力和孔隙水压力,以期对土质心墙高堆石坝的设计理论和施工措施的完善具有促进作用。竖向土压力主要和土重度、土柱厚度和拱效应有关,沿坝轴线基本为对称分布;心墙拱效应最强烈的部位大约在1/3坝高处坝轴线附近;存在拱效应的高程土压力呈驼峰状分布,坝轴线附近土压力最小。孔隙水压力主要和竖直土压力、含水率有关。在大坝填筑过程中,应加强心墙土料和上下游坝壳含水率的控制,避免过高孔隙水压力的产生,并降低拱效应的影响。     

On the influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of pile foundation

The influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of group piles installed in sandy soil and connected together by a concrete cap is studied through finite elements analyses. The analyses focus on the five piles in the middle row of 3 × 5 pile groups. The vertical load is applied by enforcing a vertical displacement equivalent to 2% of the pile diameter through the pile cap prior to the application of the lateral loads. The results have shown that the lateral resistance of the leading pile (pile 1) does not appear to vary considerably with the vertical load. However, the vertical load leads to 23%, 36%, 64%, and 82% increase in the lateral resistance of piles 2–5, respectively. The increase in the lateral pressures in the sand deposit is the major driving factor to contribute the change in the lateral resistance of piles, depending on the position of the pile in the group. The distribution of lateral loads among piles in the group tends to be more uniform when vertical loads were considered leading to a more economical pile foundation design.     

冻融作用下水泥及石灰改良土静力特性研究

为扩大季节冻土区高速铁路路基填料的使用范围,对不同冻融次数、冷却温度和围压下水泥及石灰改良土的应力-应变关系、静强度参数和破坏图像进行了研究。试验结果表明,水泥土的应力-应变关系为加工软化型,冻融作用下石灰土的应力-应变关系为加工硬化型;水泥土以脆性破坏为主,而石灰土的破坏形式为塑性破坏;围压对改良土应力-应变关系曲线形式影响不明显,随着围压的增加,改良土的峰值强度增大;改良土的黏聚力随冻融次数的增加而逐渐减小,而内摩擦角与冻融次数的关系无规律可循;冷却温度对改良土黏聚力的影响不明显;反复冻融作用下水泥土的改良效果要优于石灰土。     

砂性土成拱应力释放特性的模型试验及数值模拟研究

通过室内模型试验研究了卸荷尺度及孔隙率对砂性土成拱应力释放特性的影响,并应用离散元分析软件PFC2D进一步对颗粒摩擦性质影响、成拱后应力场以及位移场变化规律和应力释放分区进行了细观研究。研究发现：（1）数值模拟对卸荷尺度影响因素的研究结果与室内试验一致,应用PFC2D研究砂性土应力释放特性是可行的。（2）应力释放区内竖向应力释放大于应力加载区,而水平应力释放小于应力加载区;侧压力系数在应力释放区内距离卸荷位置越近增量越大,而在应力加载区距离卸荷位置越近增量越小。（3）砂性土摩擦性质会减小土体成拱对应力释放以及侧压力系数变化的影响。（4）应力释放随着卸荷尺度及孔隙率的增大而增大;对于侧压力系数,在应力释放区内随着卸荷尺度或孔隙率的增大而增大,而在应力加载区随着卸荷尺度或孔隙率的增大而减小。     

Effects of soil anisotropy on a soil structure interaction in a heat exchanger pile

A coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical computational modeling of actual field tests, which had been conducted on an end bearing heat exchanger pile, has been carried out. Results of a conventional triaxial test program, which was performed during the site investigation, indicated that two soil layers were anisotropic. A simplified form of a transverse isotropy was used to model the response of these layers. Additional analyses were carried out for completely isotropic soil layers. Comparisons between the measurements obtained during the field testing and predictions of the computational models showed a very good to excellent agreement. Overall the anisotropic model performed better than the isotropic model.     

土拱效应原理求解挡土墙土压力方法的改进

对应用土拱效应原理求解挡土墙主动土压力强度分布存在其所采用的滑裂面不满足墙后滑裂楔体水平力平衡等问题进行分析,提出水平力平衡的滑裂面水平倾角的计算方法;由此根据单元水平土层的静力平衡条件建立了竖向土压力强度、挡土墙主动土压力强度、土压力合力及其作用位置的计算公式。对运用该公式的计算结果与其他方法计算值及模型试验成果进行比较,结果表明文中方法安全性高且最接近试验结果。     

桩板墙土拱效应及土压力传递特性试验研究

为更深入地研究桩板墙背侧的土拱效应,分析其土压力荷载的作用规律及传递特性,进一步揭示桩板墙土拱效应与荷载分配之间的联系,采用现场大型试验及室内模型试验开展相关的监测研究工作。基于对土拱结构承载机制的认识,将作用于桩背侧与桩间挡板中部土压力的比值作为衡量土拱效应作用效果的直观标准。在某一自然边坡上,设计施工桩板墙堆载试验的模型槽,在挡土板与抗滑桩背侧分别安装土压力计,并开展持续21 d的现场试验监测。现场试验结果表明,随着时间的发展,该土压力的比值呈现先增加后趋于稳定的特点,时间效应相对较显著。还设计多工况室内模型推桩试验,为深入分析桩板墙背侧土拱效应与土压力传递特性之间的关系,试验重点对挡板刚度、桩间距、填料性质和挡板布置方式对桩板墙土拱效应的影响进行对比研究,并揭示被动状态下桩板墙背侧的土压力传递特性。