基于振动台模型试验的高落差埋地管道地震响应研究

为研究高落差埋地管道的地震响应,进行了高落差埋地管道振动台模型试验和有限元数值模拟,探讨管道径厚比、管道倾角、地震波入射角、地震动峰值加速度和管道埋深对高落差埋地管道地震响应的影响规律。试验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好。研究结果表明,在入射角0°的地震波作用下,高落差埋地管道轴向应变峰值随着管道径厚比的增大而增大;在一定管道倾角范围内,管道轴向应变峰值随着管道倾角α的增大而增大;当地震波入射角度从0°变化到60°时,管道上下表面的轴向应变减小,侧面的轴向应变增大;管道应变随着地震动峰值加速度和管道埋深的增加而增大;相同地震作用下,管道最大轴向应变出现在下弯管1/3处附近。     

MM5V3模式对IPCCA1B情景下中国地区极端事件的模拟和预估

利用MM5V3区域气候模式单向嵌套ECHAM5全球环流模式,对中国地区1978—2000年及IPCC A1B情景下2038—2070年气候分别进行了水平分辨率为50 km的模拟试验.文章首先检验了模式模拟的当代极端气候结果,在此基础上对6个极端温度指数和6个极端降水指数的未来变化进行了预估.检验结果表明:MM5V3模式对中国地区当代日最高、最低温度及强降水(大雨和暴雨)日数的空间分布和概率特征均具有一定的模拟能力,但模拟的日最高温度在大部分地区偏低,日最低温度在南方地区偏低、西北地区偏高.概率统计结果显示日最高温度向低值频段偏移,日最低温度在0℃的峰值附近明显偏高.模式对大雨和暴雨年平均日数的模拟在东部地区偏多,概率统计结果则为一致偏大.未来中国地区极端气候预估结果表明:极端高温、极端低温和相对高温在全国范围内都将升高,且线性趋势均为上升;霜日日数则为减少,并具有下降趋势;暖日日数和相对低温在青藏高原和新疆部分地区有所减少、其它地区均为增加,且线性趋势暖日日数为上升,相对低温不明显.极端降水指数的变化具有区域特征,其中单日最大降水、连续五日最大降水、最长无雨期、强降水日数、简单降水强度和极端降水总量均在江淮、华南及西南地区有所增多,而在东北及内蒙古地区有所减少,未来中国南方地区降水的极端化趋势将更加显著.极端降水指数的线性趋势除最长无雨期外其它均为上升.     

Influence of soft clays on the response spectra for structures in eastern Canada

The 1990 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (Associate Committee of the National Building Code, National Research Council, Ottawa, 1990) makes a clear distinction between eastern and western Canada in terms of seismic acceleration and velocity zones. While it is well established that ground motions can be amplified significantly through loose clay deposits, no results are available that take into consideration the typical high frequency content of ground motions in eastern Canada. This paper develops ground amplification curves for clays having depths between 10 and 70 m excited by typical eastern Canadian ground motions scaled to two different values of peak horizontal accelerations. Simplified free-field spectral design curves, which could be used by structural designers, are proposed. The curves show that maximum spectral accelerations occur for structural periods between 0.2 and 0.5 s. In addition, soil depth does not appear to be an important parameter controlling the response of typical clay deposits in eastern Canada.     

Effect of extreme rainfall events on the water resources of the Jordan River

As a response to climate change, shifting rainfall trends including increased multi-year droughts and an escalation in extreme rainfall events are expected in the Middle East. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of these shifting trends on stream flow in the Jordan River and its tributaries. We use a non-homogeneous hidden Markov model to generate artificial daily rainfall simulations which capture independently shifting trends of increased droughts and escalated extreme. These simulations are then used as input into a hydrological model calibrated for the upper catchments of the Jordan River to compare the impact on stream flow and water resources between the different rainfall scenarios. We compare the predicted baseflow and surface flow components of the tested watersheds, and find that while an increase in extreme rainfall events increases the intensity and frequency of surface flow, the over all flow to the Jordan River, and the characteristics of the baseflow in the Jordan River system is not largely impacted. In addition, though it has been suggested that in the case of a multi-year drought the karstic nature of the aquifer might lead to more intense, non-linear reductions in stream flow, here we quantify and show the conditions when annual stream flow reduce linearly with rainfall, and when these relations will become non-linear.     

中国大陆7级以上地震频次场时空异常特征

本文以地震频次作为地震活动的变量,通过自然正交函数展开方法,计算中国大陆7级以上强震前的地震活动频次场,提取出强震前时间因子和空间等值线的异常。结果表明,强震前时间因子出现超过均方差的高值或低值异常,异常多数分布在频次场的前4个典型场,具有多分量特点,第1个典型场异常贡献率最大(占总场40%～60%),绝大部分强震前5～8年出现长期异常,部分强震前1～2年出现中期异常,少数强震前3月出现短临异常的特征。区域频次等值线出现的高梯度旋涡区域是异常危险区,等值线值大于0.9且具有活动构造的危险区往往是强震的发震位置。另外,地震频次场与传统方法的区域地震活动频次(3月)震例对比,表明频次场时间因子异常具有自己的独特优越性和缺陷,并讨论了这些方法的差异性。     

Seismic response of floor-anchored nonstructural components fastened with yielding elements

Failure of nonstructural components during an earthquake can lead to structure functionality loss, cause widespread property damage, and pose a life-safety threat to the occupants. Current code provisions for floor-anchored components aim to minimize the life safety threat by specifying lateral force demands and anchoring requirements. These code requirements are based on a simplified equation that does not fully consider the contribution of the attachment to the overall component dynamic response. Previous results from shaking-table tests of anchored components suggest that the component attachment is an important parameter that determines its dynamic properties. For this study, a nonstructural experimental model was attached via several attachment designs to a concrete slab and tested on a shaking table to evaluate this contribution. The attachments were dimensioned based on a capacity design approach, such that they would be the weakest element in the force path while providing a yielding mechanism. The attachment designs provide different plastic mechanisms that control the displacement ductility in the response of the component. This paper focuses on the contribution of the attachment to the dynamic response and seismic force demand on the component. The experimental results demonstrate that the selected attachment properties govern the boundary conditions of the nonstructural component and strongly influence its dynamic response. The more flexible attachments sustained large deformations, leading to tensile membrane action and enhanced tensile strength in the attachments. Consequently, the ductile attachments did not result in reduced seismic loads in the nonstructural components.     

Seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings including soil–structure interaction

This paper presents a systematic procedure for the seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings. The study employs an elementary stick model and a more sophisticated finite element formulation to compute response quantities. All dynamic stiffnesses of approach embankments and pile groups are approximated with frequency‐independent springs and dashpots that have been established elsewhere. A real eigenvalue analysis confirms the one‐to‐one correspondence between modal characteristics obtained with the three‐dimensional finite element solutions and the result of the simpler stick‐model idealization. A complex eigenvalue analysis yields modal damping values in the first six modes of interest and shows that modal damping ratios assume values much higher than those used by Caltrans. The validity of the proposed method is examined by comparing the computed time response quantities with records from the Meloland Road and Painter Street overcrossings located in southern and northern California, respectively. The proposed procedure allows for inexpensive parametric analysis that examines the importance of considering soil–structure interaction at the end abutments and centre bent. Results and recommendations presented by past investigations are revisited and integrated in comprehensive tables that improve our understanding of the dynamic characteristics and behaviour of freeway overcrossings. The study concludes with a step‐by‐step methodology that allows for a simple, yet dependable dynamic analysis of freeway overcrossings, that involves a stick model and frequency‐independent springs and dashpots. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical analysis of extreme events in a non-stationary context via a Bayesian framework: case study with peak-over-threshold data

Statistical analysis of extremes currently assumes that data arise from a stationary process, although such an hypothesis is not easily assessable and should therefore be considered as an uncertainty. The aim of this paper is to describe a Bayesian framework for this purpose, considering several probabilistic models (stationary, step-change and linear trend models) and four extreme values distributions (exponential, generalized Pareto, Gumbel and GEV). Prior distributions are specified by using regional prior knowledge about quantiles. Posterior distributions are used to estimate parameters, quantify the probability of models and derive a realistic frequency analysis, which takes into account estimation, distribution and stationarity uncertainties. MCMC methods are needed for this purpose, and are described in the article. Finally, an application to a POT discharge series is presented, with an analysis of both occurrence process and peak distribution.     

一个创新研究——大气数值模式变量的物理分解及其在极端事件预报中的应用

大气温度、湿度、位势高度和风等数值模式变量可以物理分解为纬圈-时间平均的对称部分和时间平均的非对称部分,以及行星尺度瞬变扰动和天气尺度瞬变扰动等四个部分.区域持续性干旱、暴雨、热浪、低温和雨雪冰冻等极端天气事件与前期及同期数值模式中的行星尺度和天气尺度大气扰动系统之间呈现出密切的关系.瞬变扰动天气图可成为预报极端天气事件的新工具.本文在归纳本期9篇原创性文章的基础上,探讨大气变量物理分解后需要进一步研究的理论问题和应用前景.     

用强震记录检验深厚土层小应变下一维等效线性化土层地震反应

本文以强震记录为基础,通过土层地震反应计算得到了地表加速度与加速度反应谱,对比研究了由强震记录得到的地表加速度以及由地表加速度得到的与土层地震反应相同阻尼下的加速度反应谱.结果表明:在高频段与中频段,用一维等效线性化计算得到的土层地震反应加速度值与反应谱值比地表实测得到的加速度记录值与加速度反应谱值偏低;但在低频段,计...     

高位转换框支剪力墙高层建筑抗震性能研究

本文通过对一个1：25比例的高位转换框支剪力墙结构高层建筑模型的模拟地震振动台试验,分析研究了高位转换高层建筑的自振特性、阻尼比、地震反应特征、破坏形态和破坏机理。应用三维有限元程序对结构的抗震性能进行了深入探讨,试验与计算值符合较好。成果可供高位转换结构设计和编制有关规程时参考。     

Seismic response of underground utility tunnels: shaking table testing and FEM analysis

Underground utility tunnels are widely used in urban areas throughout the world for lifeline networks due to their easy maintenance and environmental protection capabilities. However, knowledge about their seismic performance is still quite limited and seismic design procedures are not included in current design codes. This paper describes a series of shaking table tests the authors performed on a scaled utility tunnel model to explore its performance under earthquake excitation. Details of the experimental setup are first presented focusing on aspects such as the design of the soil container, scaled structural model, sensor array arrangement and test procedure. The main observations from the test program, including structural response, soil response, soil-structure interaction and earth pressure, are summarized and discussed. Further, a finite element model (FEM) of the test utility tunnel is established where the nonlinear soil properties are modeled by the Drucker-Prager constitutive model; the master-slave surface mechanism is employed to simulate the soil-structure dynamic interaction; and the confining effect of the laminar shear box to soil is considered by proper boundary modeling. The results from the numerical model are compared with experiment measurements in terms of displacement, acceleration and amplification factor of the structural model and the soil. The comparison shows that the numerical results match the experimental measurements quite well. The validated numerical model can be adopted for further analysis.     

The impact of extreme weather events on the seagrass Zostera noltii and related Hydrobia ulvae population

Coastal areas are typically subjected to a range of stressors, but they now face the additional stressor of climate change, manifested in part by an increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. Thus, the Mondego estuary (Portugal) has experienced organic enrichment (eutrophication) issues and these are potentially exacerbated by extreme weather events (floods, droughts and heat waves). In this paper, we explore the impact of interactions of these different stressors on the ecology of the system, specifically on the two key components, the seagrass Zostera noltii and the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae. Extreme events affected different components of the estuarine ecosystem (primary producers and macrofauna) differently. Whilst the floods directly impacted on H. ulvae, by wiping out part of its population, they did not directly affect the biomass of Z. noltii. In contrast, drought events, through their effects on salinity, directly impacted the biomass of Zostera, which had knock-on effects on the dynamics of H. ulvae. We conclude that over the period when the estuary experienced eutrophication, extreme weather events contributed to the overall degradation of the estuary, while during the recovery phase following the introduction of a management programme, those extreme weather episodes delayed the recovery process significantly.     

Seismic response of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls

In this study, a validated Finite Element procedure was used to investigate the similarities and differences of seismic performances between single- and multi-tiered reinforced soil walls. Three-tiered walls at a total height of 9 m were analyzed together with vertical walls at the same height. It was found from the Finite Element analyses that the resonant frequency of reinforced soil walls might increase with an increase in the tier-offset. The multi-tiered configuration could considerably reduce the residual lateral facing displacement and the average reinforcement load, and the reinforcement load distribution with height was different from that in vertical walls. With the same reinforcement length and spacing, the multi-tiered walls resulted in smaller reinforcement connection loads with the facing blocks. The study filled the gap of seismic behavior of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls and revealed a few unique dynamic properties of this type of earth structures.     

Seismic response of shallow circular tunnels in two-layered ground

The effect of ground stratification on the seismic response of circular tunnels is investigated, as most practice-oriented studies consider homogeneous ground. A finite element plain-strain model of a circular tunnel cross-section embedded in a two-layered ground is used to highlight the influence of stratification on the tunnel׳s seismic response. The layers interface was placed at the crown, centre and invert level.It is proved that ground stratification has an important role in the lining seismic forces. When the tunnel is fully embedded in one of the layers, the seismic lining forces may vary significantly in comparison with the single-layer case. If the tunnel intercepts both layers, maximum lining forces aggravation occurs when the lower layer is very stiff.     

MEMS地震烈度仪在结构地震反应观测中的应用

工程结构地震反应观测台阵获取常时和震时结构反应记录,是工程结构健康诊断和震害评估的重要技术手段之一。2019年,云南大理建设了一个由8个地震烈度仪测点组成的结构地震反应观测台阵,每台烈度仪内置一个3分向微电子机械系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System, MEMS)加速度计。通过标准振动台检测,确定台阵配备的烈度仪的幅频响应特性曲线和线性度误差符合相关行业标准的要求。该台阵于2021年5月获得了大理漾濞地震序列的多次结构地震反应记录,本文选取其中3次M_S3.0～M_S3.2级地震,分析了观测记录的加速度时程、傅里叶幅值谱和信噪比等数据,由结果可知：该台阵可较好地记录幅值≥0.5 cm/s²、频带1.0～39.0Hz的振动信号,对于近场小震具有一定的监测能力。     

极端气候事件综合危险性等级指标构建及近60年来长江流域极端气候综合分析

本文利用经过均一化订正的长江流域共669个气象站近60年(1961—2020年)逐日观测资料,采用相对阈值和绝对阈值相结合的极值分析方法,对长江流域近60年极端高温事件、极端低温事件、极端干旱事件和极端降水事件进行识别,分析了年发生频率和线性变化趋势.在此基础上,考虑到全国极端气候事件发生情况,构建了多个极端气候事件综合危险性等级指标,比较客观地给出了长江流域极端气候事件综合危险性等级.研究结果表明,相对于全国其他地区,长江流域大部分地区极端气候综合危险性等级较高,虽然自1961年以来综合年发生频率呈现弱的线性减少趋势,但自20世纪90年代以来,长江流域极端气候事件发生的危险性相对于全国其他地区明显偏高.通过对不同极端气候事件危险性和变化规律研究,结果表明：长江流域近60年极端干旱事件年发生频率呈现线性减少趋势,与全国他其区域相比较,长江流域大部分地区极端干旱发生的危险性等级都在中级以上,说明长江流域容易发生极端干旱事件;长江流域近60年极端降水事件年发生频率呈现弱的增加趋势,危险性等级指数分析表明,高危险区主要位于长江中下游地区,湖南西部、江西大部、湖北南部等地发生极端降水事件的危险性很高;近60年长江流域大部分地区极端高温事件显著增加,尤其进入21世纪以来发生更加频繁,但相对于全国其他地区,危险性等级较低;近60年长江流域极端低温事件显著减少,但相对于全国其他地区,极端低温事件发生的危险性增加明显.进入21世纪以来,长江流域极端气候事件的综合危险性不断增加,极端高温和极端干旱相伴而生的高温干旱复合型事件频繁发生,极端降水事件和极端低温事件在全国的占比不断升高,造成的社会经济影响越来越严重,说明长江流域加强极端气候事件风险防范的重要性和紧迫性.

     

Seismic response control of a building complex utilizing passive friction damper: experimental investigation

Multi‐storey main buildings constructed with a low‐rise podium structure possess some architectural merits but the setback features of such a building complex may lead to seismic response enlargement of the main buildings. This paper explores the possibility of using passive friction dampers to connect the podium structure to the main buildings to prevent their seismic response enlargement without violating the architectural features. A series of shaking table tests were carried out on one 3‐storey and one 12‐storey building models in fully‐separated, rigidly connected, and friction damper‐linked configurations. Four sets of seismic ground motions were selected as inputs to the shaking table. The control competence of two buildings linked with friction damper was evaluated by comparison of their responses with those from fully‐separated and rigidly connected cases. Experimental results showed that unfavourable seismic response amplification did occur in the building complex in the rigidly connected case. By contrast, friction damper showed effectiveness in reducing absolute acceleration and interstorey drift responses of both buildings if friction force level was appropriately applied. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of storm characteristics and catchment conditions on extreme flood response : A case study based on the brue river basin,U.K.

Methods for estimating the magnitude of extreme floods are reviewed. A method which combines a probabilistic storm transposition technique with a physically-based distributed rainfallrunoff model is described. Synthetic storms with detailed spatial and temporal distributions are generated and applied to the calibrated model of the Brue river basin, U.K. (area 135 km²). The variability of catchment response due to storm characteristics (storm area, storm duration, storm movement, storm shape and within storm variation) and initial catchment wetness conditions is investigated. A probabilistic approach to estimating the return periods of extreme catchment responses is suggested.     

Seismic response control of smart sliding isolated buildings using variable stiffness systems: an experimental and numerical study

Effectiveness of a new semiactive independently variable stiffness (SAIVS) device in reducing seismic response of sliding base isolated buildings is evaluated analytically and experimentally. Through analytical and experimental study of force—displacement behaviour of the SAIVS device, it is shown that the device can vary stiffness continuously and smoothly between minimum and maximum stiffness. Passive sliding base isolation systems reduce interstorey drifts and superstructure accelerations, but with increased base displacements, which is undesirable, under large velocity near fault pulse type earthquakes. It is a common practice to incorporate non‐linear passive dampers into the isolation system to reduce bearing displacements. Incorporation of passive dampers, however, may result in increased superstructure accelerations and drifts; while, properly designed passive dampers can be beneficial. A viable alternative is to use semiactive variable stiffness systems, which can vary the period of the sliding base isolated buildings in real time, to simultaneously reduce bearing displacements and superstructure responses further than the passive systems, which deserves investigation. This study investigates the performance of a 1:5 scaled smart sliding base isolated building model equipped with the SAIVS device analytically and experimentally, under near fault earthquakes, by developing a new moving average non‐linear tangential stiffness control algorithm for control of the SAIVS device. The SAIVS device reduces bearing displacements further than the passive cases, while maintaining isolation level forces and superstructure responses at the same level as the passive minimum stiffness case, indicating the significant potential of the SAIVS system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.