BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this article
F. S. G rant and G. F. W est , Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics, McGraw-Hill Comp., New York, 1965, 583 pp., price $ 17.50.
A rchaeo -P hysica . Technische und naturwissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Feldarchäologie. Mit Beitragen von E. Le Borgne, I. Scollar, J. D. Mudie, J. Görier, H.-J. Appel, G. Strunk-Lichtenberg, Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Graz, 1965, 202 pp., 124 fig.
H. T akeuchi , Theory of the Earth's Interior, Blaisdell Publishing Company, Waltham (Mass.), Toronto, London, 1966, 131 pp.
G. D. G arland , The Earth's Shape and Gravity, The Commonwealth and International Library, Geophysics Division, Pergamon Press, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, New York, Paris, Frankfurt, 1965, 183 pp., price: 17s 6d.     

Changes in surface temperature at Taal Volcano,Philippines 1965 – 1966

Taal Volcano erupted in September 1965 ending a dormant period of 54 years. A quiescent interval of 9 months followed, terminated by new eruptions in July 1966 at the same site. Aerial surveys with a scanning infrared radiometer were made at three periods during the quiescent interval and twice following the July 1966 eruption. The survey technique yields a quasiphotographic image of the radiant temperature of the volcanic terrain. Results indicate that the principal changes in surface temperature stemmed from changes in convective heat transfer by hydrothermal fluids. New hot springs developed along the structurally-controlled northwest and southeast flanks of the 1965 explosion crater. The northwest spring grew in size prior to the 1966 eruption, persisted through that eruption and has since maintained its discharge. The 1965 cinder cone meanwhile showed a persistent rim of hydrothermal activity with some shift in position of maximum discharge. The July 1966 eruptions took place on the rim about midway between two positions of maximum discharge.     

邢台余震频度增高及以后发生的华北强震

本文就1966年邢台地震的余震频度的增高出现于华北诸大震之前的事实, 讨论了余震活动区可以作为监视区域构造应力场增减情况的“窗口”, 邢台余震频度增高可以作为华北地区大震活动的前兆.      

BOOK REVIEW

Book review in this article
N. A. O gil'vi , D. I. F edorovich , Groundwater Seepage Rates. English translation by N. H. Choksy, Consultants Bureau, New York 1966, 33 pp., 12 fig.     

AN UNDERWATER SOUND SOURCE WITH HIGHER SEISMIC EFFICIENCY *

In order to increase the seismic efficiency of the Sparker-system developments were made in 1966/67. Results illustrating the main steps of this development are discussed. A new type of electrode called Transploder electrode was field-tested and proved to be promising.     

A remarkable formation of helmholtz waves near tropopause level

Summary A unique and very impressive wave cloud formation near tropopause level could be observed on 22 February 1966 over Southwestern Germany. This phenomenon may have been induced in a limited layer of rapid increase of wind speed by the updraught over the Schwarzwald mountains (Feldberg).     

Volcano-seismic crisis in Montserrat,West Indies, 1966–67

The Soufriere Hills volcano in the south-eastern part of Montserrat erupted pyroclast flows as recently as A. D. 1646 ± 54 years and must therefore be considered dormant, not extinct. The highly destructive nature of pyroclast flow eruptions makes it imperative that such activity should be predicted and, if the threat of eruption becomes sufficiently large, the population should be moved to a sale distance from the volcano. Sharp increases in seismic and solfataric activity occurred in 1966 and these events indicated the abnormally high risk of an eruption in the near future. A network of four short period seismographs was established in the island in May 1966 and between this date and the end of 1967, 723 local earthquakes were recorded, of which 32 were reported felt in the island. Hypocentres were determined for 189 of these earthquakes, and most of these lay in a WNW to ESE belt beneath the Soufriere Hills, at depths of less than 15 km. The average rate of seismic energy release decreased with time throughout the series but there was a strong seasonal variation with maxima in May and November–December of each year. The average depth of the earthquakes decreased from 5.2 km in April and May 1966 to a minimum of 2.8 km from July to September 1966. After September the mean focal depths increased again and by the end of the crisis in November 1967 the mean depth was 9.7 km. Measurements carried out using water-tube tiltmeters showed that the region 2–3 km south-east of the Soufriere Hills was doming upwards until January 1967, then subsided between January–March 1967 and finally rose again at a slower rate between March and September 1967. Heat flow from Galway’s Soufriere which was 3 × 10⁵ cal/sec in 1954 increased to a maximum of 2 × 10⁵ cal/sec in October 1966, then declined to 5 × 10⁵ cal/sec in September 1967. The earthquake series was not the aftershock sequence of any major tectonic earthquake, and only two hypocentres were determined at depths greater than 15 km. It is concluded that magma was intruded into the upper crust beneath the Soufriere Hills volcano and that the earthquakes and other phenomena resulted from the upward migration of this magma.     

不连续走时曲线的反演

本文系统地求解了不连续走时曲线的反演问题.所得到的解答表明,除了在低速层(若存在)内,其余各处的速度分布以及低速层的厚度均可唯一地确定.本文指出Slichter(1932)关于低速层厚度上界的推导和Gerver-Markushevich(1966)的反演公式是不合理的.      

Three dimensional viscoelastic simulation on dynamic evolution of stress field in North China induced by the 1966 Xingtai earthquake

Introduction Among the mechanisms of earthquake, the essentials may be that the earthquake is a dynamic process of energy accumulation, reaching critical status and failure in focal region. Some nonlin-ear mechanical studies (Bak, Tang, 1989; Ito, Matsuzaki, 1990) show that earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon may be induced by relative small stress disturbance. WANG, et al (1980) already carried out the numerical simulation on earthquake migration in the beginning of 1980s. …     

Phytoplankton and zooplankton of some lakes in northeastern Norway

During the summer of 1966 some limnological aspects of thirteen lakes and one pond in the most northeasterly part of Norway were studied. A total of 418 taxa of algae including 104 genera, and 70 taxa of zooplankton including 46 genera are identified. The composition of the plankton in all the waters is shown to be typical for fundamentally oligotrophic lakes. A few of the lakes show some humic influence. This is in agreement with the hydrographic results from these waters (Bøyum [1]).     

1966年邢台地震引起的华北地区应力场动态演化过程的三维粘弹性模拟

利用三维粘弹性有限元模型，首先研究了1966年3月22日邢台7.2级地震所引起的库仑破裂应力的震时变化，以及百年时间尺度流变效应的动态演化图象及其特征，然后模拟了自该地震开始，经过1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震，直到1980年的15年间，两次7级以上强地震对华北地区应力场的震时扰动作用及其引起的１年时间尺度的库仑破裂应力的动态变化速率，探讨了一次强地震对潜在的下一次强地震可能的加速触发作用．      

怀来、延庆地区的水平形变

本文利用1966年和1986年的两期三角(边)测量资料,研究了怀来、延庆地区水平形变场的主要特征     

Double boundary layers in standing surface waves

Summary The double boundary-layer theory ofStuart (1963, 1966) andRiley (1965, 1967) is employed to investigate the mass transport velocity due to two-dimensional standing waves in a homogeneous fluid. The double boundary-layer structure occurs only at the bottom, and the existence of jet-like motions is predicted, due to the nature of the mean flows in the bottom boundary layers. A vector equation governing mean motions in the secondary layer is derived for threedimensional wave motions.     

Temporal changes in the chemistry of lake water within Yugama Crater,Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano,Japan: Implications for the evolution of the magmatic hydrothermal system

The chemical composition and temperature of lake water within Yugama Crater, Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, Japan, have fluctuated markedly over the period 1966 to 2005. From 1966 to 1981, water temperature was relatively low, and Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ concentrations gradually decreased. These trends are explained by the growth of a sealing zone that formed between the region of hot rock surrounding the degassing magma and cool crust saturated with groundwater. The sealing zone acted to restrict the emission of magmatic volatiles.     

与大震孕育过程有关的地电阻率变化研究

我国地震预报研究中的地是贩主要特点在于有着广泛分布于各主要地震带和对国民经济有重要意义地区的固定台网，并长期连续定点地观测电阻率随时间的变化。从而在我国大陆１９６６年以来的地震活跃期中积累了大量与大地震发生有关的地电阻率异常变化资料。与此同时，关于地电阻率法以及它和孕震过程的关系的理论研究工作也在深入进行，本文对这些震例资料和地电阻率法理论研究进行了讨论。     

A search for precursors to the Sitka, 1972, earthquake: Sea level,magnetic field,andP-residuals

Summary The Sitka earthquake of 30 July, 1972, was a shallow strike-slip fracture of 170 km lenght and it closed a gap defined bySykes (1971). A tide gauge station, a magnetic observatory and a seismological station are located 40 km to the east of the center of the rupture. A comparison of the sea level at Sitka with that at three tide gauges up to 430 km from Sitka indicates that the sea level at Sitka remained constant for 32 years before the earthquake (standard deviation ±1.5 cm) with the exception of the years 1966 and 1967 when the land may have been elevated by 3 cm. Preliminary analysis of mean teleseismic-P-residuals suggests that aP-wave delay may have existed under the station Sitka during 1966 and 1967. The quiet annual means of the horizontal component of the magnetic field at Sitka were compared to that at College, Alaska, and Victoria, Canada, for all years since the establishment of these stations in 1941 and 1957 respectively. Starting 7.5 years before the earthquake the field differences appear to have decreased by approximately 20, gradually returning to normal the year after the earthquake.     

Modellseismische Untersuchungen an 2- und 3-dimensionalen Testmodellen,Teil 1

Summary Following the recommendation of the European Seismological Commission (Copenhagen 1966) to carry out comparative measurements on simple seismic models with a prescribed velocity-depth distribution (test models), an attempt was made to compare results obtained with different model techniques. In the present paper, model investigations with the first two proposed test models carried out by 2- and 3-dimensional model techniques are described. Seismogrammes, travel-time curves and amplitude-distance curves of the models investigated are given. A quantitative comparison of the results shows a satisfactory agreement.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this article
B arsukov , B linova , V ibornyky , G ulin , P akhnov , L arionov and K holin , Radioactive Investigations of Oil and Gas Wells, English Translation by Muhlhaus, Pergamon Press, 1965, 300 pp., 140 fig.
Stuart R. K aplan (editor), A Guide to Information Sources in Mining, Minerals and Geosciences, Vol. 2, Interscience Publishers, Division of John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, 1965, price 95 s.
F. J. P ettijohn and P. E. P otter , Atlas and Glossary of Primary Sedimentary Structures, in English, Spanish, French, German, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, New York, 1964, 117 plates, XVI, 370 pp., cloth DM 59,–.
J. C oulomb and G. J obert , The Physical Constitution of the Earth, translated by A. E. M. Nairn, Publishers Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and London, price: 50 s.
G. A. G amburzew , Grundlagen seismischer Erkundung, German Edition, Leipzig, 1964, pp. 430, 271 fig., price MDN 51,–.     

High-frequency loading effects by the Ligurian Sea — a statistical investigation

In the present work we analyzed the high-frequency band of crustal tilts at Genoa in order to investigate indirect loading effects by the quarter-diurnal oceanic tides, as well as by an observed oceanic oscillation of 3.66 h which was previously ascribed to the proper oscillation of the Ligurian Sea. With this aim two hourly series of tidal observation recorded by an horizontal pendulum along a NS direction have been submitted to spectral analyses (1 May 1965-28 February 1966; 1 June 1966-31 December 1966).Power spectra revealed two peaks near the periods of 6.15 and 3.66 h and highly resolved Fourier spectra allowed us to detect the loading effects by the oceanic tides M₄, MS₄ and MK₄. As regards to the oscillation of 3.66 h we have found a spreading of spectral lines and non-significant values for the phases. This result provides a decisive verification of the existence of a proper oscillation of the Ligurian Sea regarded as a wide oscillating system with an open boundary from Nice (Côte d'Azur) to Calvi (Corsica).Finally, a spectral analysis performed on sea-level observations at Genoa revealed a complete correspondence between ocean and earth oscillations in the quarter-diurnal band and at the frequency of the longitudinal free oscillation of the Ligurian basin, with a mean amplitude ratio of about 1 mseca/mm.     

Heat flow by conduction and latent heat in volcanic soil of Mt. Wrangell,Alaska

Summary In August 1966 temperature profiles in the volcanic soil of Mt. Wrangell (4160 m) were measured and the boiling point was found in depths between 20 and 80 cm. The measurements indicated that at least 50 percent of the heat transport is caused by latent heat, the same order of magnitude, which is expected from theoretical considerations.

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Zusammenfassung Im August 1966 wurden am Mt. Wrangell (4160 m) im vulkanischen Boden Temperaturprofile gemessen. Der Siedepunkt wurde in einer Bodentiefe zwischen 20 und 80 cm angetroffen. Die Messungen ergaben, dass mindestens 50 Prozent des Wärmetransportes durch latente Wärme verursacht wurde, die gleiche Grössenordnung, die nach theoretischen Überlegungen zu erwarten ist.