城市结构的分形研究

分形理论在我国已不陌生，但用分形理论研究城市结构及演化在我国几乎是空白。与传统的几何学方法相比较，分形提供了研究城市结构复杂性的一种新手段，笔者对国外城市结构的分形研究作了介绍和回顾。     

城市结构的分形研究

分形理论在我国已不陌生，但用分形理论研究城市结构及演化在我国几乎是空白。与传统的几何学方法相比较，分形提供了研究城市结构复杂性的一种新手段。笔者对国外城市结构的分形研究作了介绍和回顾。     

研究城市复杂系统的有力工具——分形论

本文简要介绍了分形论的基本概念和分形集合的一些性质，在总结近年来国内学者应用分形理论研究城市系统成果的基础上，探讨了城市系统研究的主要方向和存在的问题以及复杂性研究的未来发展方向。     

研究城市复杂系统的有力工具--分形论

本文简要介绍了分形论的基本概念和分形集合的一些性质,在总结近年来国内学者应用分形理论研究城市系统成果的基础上,探讨了城市系统研究的主要方向和存在的问题以及复杂性研究的未来发展方向.     

西北地区城市规模分形结构的研究

本文利用分形理论和相空间概念，从理论的角度演绎推导出城市规模分形结构的一般模式，并以此为基础，结合西北地区自然，经济，社会状况，对五省萄城市规模分形结构进行初步分析，为深入研究其城市体系，制定城市，区域发展战略提供一定的参考。     

山地城市的分形美学特征

分形美学以一种新观念和方法研究城市美学,通过建立简单分形模型探讨和度量城市的不规则性和复杂性,使山地城市美学研究从定性走向定量,从模糊走向科学。山地城市与平原城市比较,在地形地貌、空间形态和景观格局等方面表现出了独特的分形美学特征。     

城市地理研究中的单分形、多分形和自仿射分形

分形几何学在城市地理研究中具有广泛的应用,然而很多基本概念却让初学者感到迷惑。如何区分单分形、自仿射分形与多分形,是一个基本而重要的问题。简单分形容易理解,而真实的地理现象很少是单分形的。城市生长过程具有自仿射特征,而城市空间格局却具有多分形性质。作者发现,各种分形的共性在于三个方面：标度律、分数维和熵守恒。论文基于标度、分维和熵守恒公式,借助隐喻城市生长的规则分形来区分单分形、多分形和自仿射分形,讨论分形系统演化的机理、分形与空间自相关和空间异质性的联系,同时澄清一些在地理分形研究中的常见错误概念。最后以城市位序-规模分布为例,说明并对比单分形和多分形在城市地理研究中的建模与应用思路。     

区域城市人口分布的分形测度

以河南省北部为研究区,研究了城市（镇）分布的分形测度,间接地证明了学者们关于区域人口空间分布的多分形猜想。     

中国城市空间形态分形维及时空演变

基于国家资源环境数据库土地利用数据,估算了1990年和2000年我国31个大城市的分形维,讨论了基于面积周长关系定义的分形维和基于周长尺度关系定义的分形维之间关系,表明二者之间虽有差异,但存在显著的线性正相关关系,即随着基于周长尺度关系定义的分形维数值增加,基于面积周长关系定义的分形维数值也增加.我国城市的分形维总体变化趋势是:从1990到2000年均呈减少趋势,且南方城市的分形维大于北方城市.造成这一现象的原因是区域自然地理环境和土地利用方式的差异.     

哈大齐工业走廊中心城市扩展过程对比研究

本研究基于1989年、2001年和2007年TM／ETM＋遥感影像,以RS和GIS技术为手段,从城市扩展强度、重心转移情况、紧凑度和分形维数等方面对哈大齐工业走廊中心城市即哈尔滨市、大庆市和齐齐哈尔市的城市扩展过程进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：①1989-2001年间,哈尔滨市、大庆市和齐齐哈尔市建设用地面积持续增加,扩展强度不断增强,2001-2007年间,哈尔滨市与齐齐哈尔市城市扩展强度有所增强,而大庆市则表现为下降的趋势;②1989-2007年间,哈尔滨市城市重心先向东南方向偏移,后向西北方向偏移,大庆市城市重心先向西北方向偏移,后向东北方向偏移,齐齐哈尔市城市重心则先向东南方向偏移,后向西南方向偏移;③哈尔滨市城市紧凑度表现为先减小后增大,分形维数先增大后减少,表明城市发展发生了转型,城市由原先复杂、不规则转向简单规则,大庆市城市紧凑度表现为不断增长,分形维数逐渐减少,表明城市规则简单,齐齐哈尔市城市紧凑度表现为先升后降,而分维数则先降后升,表明城市形态由简单到复杂,由规则到不规则：④政府政策是哈尔滨市城市扩展的最主要因素,资源分布则是大庆市城市扩展的最主要因素,而重工业分布则是齐齐哈尔市城市扩展的主导因素。     

1978年以来中国城市地理研究进展

以国内出版的专著和重要学术期刊发表的学术论文为资料基础,运用文献计量学方法,对1978年改革开放30多年来中国城市地理的研究进展进行了总结。研究发现：中国城市地理研究总体上日益繁荣,研究内容不断拓展和深化,研究方法逐步走向“科学化”和“规范化”,研究的空间尺度总体上“由大向小”转变,研究视角向多样化转变;国家政策和城市热点问题对研究内容具有重要影响,西方理论和流派对研究视角具有重要影响;基础研究与应用研究并重是重要特色,城市化与城市体系是重要的研究主题。建议在未来的研究中培养全球化视野,批判性地引进西方理论,加强理论创新、科学规范、跨学科交叉与新方法引进。     

基于空间分形特征的城市群实体空间识别方法

城市群是城市地理学的重要研究领域,对城市群的实体空间进行界定识别是研究城市群的前提和基础。城市群作为众多城镇的集群,前人对城市群的空间识别主要是以城市为单元进行的,缺少对识别单元空间形态的考虑。城市群实体空间的形态具有自相似性,空间分形特征可作为自相似性的表征工具,通过对空间分形特征的分析、识别及提取,可以实现对空间对象基于形态的客观测度。本文借鉴单个城市其边界的相关识别方法,从不同尺度的空间最小可识别单元出发,测度城市群城镇空间形态的分形特征,并据此提出了城市群城镇的客观识别方法。该方法利用城镇的空间分形特征识别归属于城市群的城镇,通过空间最小可识别单元的变化得到不同的城镇规模并获取城市群城镇的空间分形特征,再以此为基础对空间分形特征的存在范围进行识别,将其映射于空间最终实现对城市群城镇的识别,进而得到城市群在空间上的分布状况。本文将该方法应用于京津冀城市群,基于2016年Landsat卫星遥感影像,实现了对京津冀城市群构成城镇的识别,为界定城市群的实体空间提供了一次有益尝试。     

Overview and progress of Chinese geographical human settlement research

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following: (1) Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement. (2) No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical & economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China’s urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention: (1) Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents’ socio-economic attributes. (2) Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differentiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities. (3) Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns. (4) Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development. (5) Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.     

The socio-spatial dimension of behavior analysis: Frontiers and progress in Chinese behavioral geography

The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Behavioral geography provides a new effective theoretical and methodological framework to investigate behavior patterns in cities. In recent years, behavior approach has become an influential analytical paradigm in Chinese urban geography. This paper provides an overview of behavioral geography research in China, by introducing the theoretical and empirical progress in behavior analysis. It is argued that behavioral approach offers a new perspective to understanding China’s urban sociospatial reconstruction and addressing social and environmental issues at micro scale. Although theoretical development still lags behind developed countries, Chinese scholars have made much progress in empirical investigations of classical socio-spatial behavior theories. This paper also provides an overview of new trends in Chinese behavioral geography that has started to apply the behavioral approach to urban social, economic and environmental issues. This paper suggests that social dimensions of behavior should be addressed more comprehensively and rigorously by using interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, to better understand the complexity of Chinese cities and research the critical social and environmental issues in cities.     

行为分析的社会—空间维度——中国行为地理学前沿进展（英文）

The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Behavioral geography provides a new effective theoretical and methodological framework to investigate behavior patterns in cities. In recent years, behavior approach has become an influential analytical paradigm in Chinese urban geography. This paper provides an overview of behavioral geography research in China, by introducing the theoretical and empirical progress in behavior analysis. It is argued that behavioral approach offers a new perspective to understanding China's urban sociospatial reconstruction and addressing social and environmental issues at micro scale. Although theoretical development still lags behind developed countries, Chinese scholars have made much progress in empirical investigations of classical socio-spatial behavior theories. This paper also provides an overview of new trends in Chinese behavioral geography that has started to apply the behavioral approach to urban social, economic and environmental issues. This paper suggests that social dimensions of behavior should be addressed more comprehensively and rigorously by using interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, to better understand the complexity of Chinese cities and research the critical social and environmental issues in cities.     

地理学视域中国人居环境研究回顾与进展（英文）

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following:(1) Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement.(2) No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China's urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention:(1) Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents' socio-economic attributes.(2) Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differen-tiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities.(3) Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns.(4) Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development.(5) Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.     

河南省城镇体系空间结构的多分形特征及其与水系分布的关系探讨

基于河南省城镇体系空间结构的多分形性质及其与水系的分维关系的实证探讨发现如下地理规律:①在较大标度范围内,河南省城市体系的空间结构为简单分形,但在较小标度范围内,系统已经具有明确的多重分形特征;②多分维谱在参数q≈-4处出现标度间断,从而城市体系的空间结构发生对称破缺。③城市体系空间结构的分维小于水系空间结构的分维。由此证明:第一,多分形是由单分形演化而来,城镇体系的多分形结构是基于地球表面的分形支体由测度集中区向测度疏散区渐近发育的。第二,城市体系的分形发育与水系的分维结构具有一定的数理关系,城市体系的分维理当小于水系维数。     

西方城市社会地理学研究动向分析

在地理学社会化和人文化的大背景下,人文地理学的重要分支城市社会地理学逐渐成为西方研究的热点。而中国城市地学界一直重经济而轻社会、文化,对城市社会地理学的研究相对滞后。因此,亟须对西方城市社会地理研究成果进行梳理,以期整体把握其研究框架与趋势,为中国城市社会地理学的发展提供借鉴与指导。该文在概念界定基础上,总结1990s以来西方城市社会地理学的研究趋势,归纳西方社会公平、疾病与健康地理、城市管制等研究重点。     

Progress of research on urban-rural transformation and rural development in China in the past decade and future prospects

Urban-rural transformation and rural development are issues at the forefront of research on the topic of the urban-rural relationship in the field of geography, as well as important practical problems facing China’s new urbanization and overall planning of urban and rural development. The Center for Regional Agricultural and Rural Development, part of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established in 2005. The Center has laid solid foundations for integrating research in the areas of agricultural geography and rural development in China over the past decade. The paper aims to review the major achievements in rural geographical research in China during the past decade, analyze innovative developments in relevant theories and methods, and suggest prospects and countermeasures for promoting comprehensive studies of urban-rural transformation and rural geography. The research shows that innovative achievements have been made in rural geography studies of China in the past decade as major national policy development, outputs of result and decision making support; new breakthroughs have been achieved in such major research projects as geographical integrated theory, land remediation projects and technology demonstration projects, new urbanization and urban-rural integration; significant progress has been made in actively expanding the frontiers of rural geography and pushing forward theoretical innovations in land and resource projects; and, with China’s development goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving modernization in mind, future innovative developments in agricultural and rural geography should aim to make research more strategic, systematic, scientific and security-oriented, with attention given to promoting systematic scientific research on international cooperation and global rural geography.