Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion

Many of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex-shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m². The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer-grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.     

利用高帧频相机检测运动控制轴精细形变

在运动控制应用场景中,由于疲劳等原因会导致设备微小形变,因此需要更加密集的观测手段与恢复方法.考虑到待检设备的摄影测量属性及高帧频相机高信息量特性,利用240帧/s的高帧频电荷耦合元件(charge coupled device,CCD)相机结合摄影测量方法实现对运动控制轴形变信息的精确量测,具体步骤如下:(1)固定标...     

CE-1立体相机与激光高度计数据联合平差

CE-1三线阵立体相机和激光高度计主要用于获取月球形貌信息.CE-1沿轨运动过程中,可同时获取高分辨率的三线阵扫描影像和高精度的激光测高数据.在分析立体影像与激光高度计数据不一致性的基础上,为提高定位精度,将激光测距数据引入三线阵立体影像光束法平差处理.本文提出一种改进的外定向参数模型,采用3阶Lagrange多项式模型(LPM)建立外定向线元素内插模型,采用四元数球面线性内插建立外定向角元素模型,并根据改进模型建立激光高度计数据与影像数据的联合平差数学模型.试验表明,本文立体相机和激光高度计数据联合平差模型是有效的.     

数码相机检校中的病态性及其解决措施

应用参数关系度量法、观测组关系度量法等系统病态性空间分析法 ,客观地分析出系统病态性的产生原因 ,并采取相应的措施减弱了系统的病态性 ,保证了数码相机检校结果的可靠性。     

High-accuracy photogrammetric technique for human spine measurement

Close range photogrammetry has been recognised as an essential tool for the capture of high-accuracy spatial data for medical applications, in particular work involving dynamic human body parts such as limbs. Offline and online photogrammetric systems are readily available for a number of common applications. However, off-the-shelf systems are not always appropriate because of project site conditions. To achieve high measurement accuracy in a field environment, a modified field camera calibration technique was introduced. The technique is particularly important where each camera is limited to one captured image during calibration, as the camera and the calibration testfield are in fixed positions. In this paper a custom-built imaging system designed for the study of the human spine in an outdoor environment is introduced. The discussion addresses: (1) imaging system design; (2) modified field calibration techniques; and (3) a case study on human spines. Two field camera calibration techniques were evaluated, both of which improved the accuracy of the prototype system, the use of a detachable target board offering the best results. This modified camera calibration procedure has improved the 3D measurement accuracy from 1·25 ± 0·3 mm to 0·43 ± 0·1 mm. The improvement is at a level achievable in the laboratory. The technique is considered to provide accurate and reliable anthropometric landmark measurement at low cost. This was evaluated in a clinical setting where diurnal changes in spine length and contour were measured in a cohort of 30 university students. The capability of the technique to measure sagittal and frontal angular changes provides a novel way of examining changes in spine shape.     

Stereo-Photogrammetric Mapping of Tooth Replicas Incorporating Texture

Commercial digital photogrammetric software has been applied to convergent stereoscopic photography of human tooth replicas prepared to exhibit optical texture resulting in successful generation of 3D coordinate data. Tooth replicas were imaged using a semi-metric 35 mm camera and f = 100 mm macro lens on extension bellows. Model precision was within acceptable limits of 12  μ m or better for manual target matching and 21  μ m or better for automatic image matching. Further improvement in optical texture is required to achieve automatic image matching precision comparable to that of manual target matching. Small errors in interior orientation parameters attributed to instability in the bellows as well as small errors in the relative orientation resulted in some systematic errors. The use of a fixed camera lens system is expected to reduce these errors. When combined with commercially available, moderately priced, digital SLR cameras this brings 3D model generation closer to everyday clinical dental practice.     

利用单相机和神经网络估计的室内定位导航

由于三维场景与二维图像之间存在着非线性和高度复杂的关系,使用相机对用户的位置进行估计需要建立复杂的数学模型。针对该问题,本文提出了使用神经网络估计的单相机进行室内定位的方法。室内定位系统的主要优点是LED能够使用可见光通信发送其位置信息。首先,该方法充分利用LED光线的投影不变性,借助图像传感器通信（ISC）完成虚拟直线的构建;然后,运用神经网络估计从该虚拟直线中提取出相机的方向信息;最后,使用一个简单数学方程估计用户位置。仿真试验考虑了4种情形,结果表明,本文提出的方法性能优于同类方法,对于一个房间内的大部分地方,定位误差在35 mm以内。     

一种光机混合的图像识别系统

本文分析了光学图像识别和计算机图像识别二者的特点，提出了一种光机混合物的图像相关识别系统。首先用计算机制作高质量的匹配滤波器，然后用光学相关识别系统进行相关识别。     

Digital Photogrammetry and Microscope Photographs

The feasibility of applying commercial digital photogrammetric software to the measurement of small objects photographed through an optical microscope has been examined. The objects, about 20 mm across, were photographed using a 35 mm film camera (at the lowest magnification setting of the Olympus microscope) giving photographs at a scale of 2:1. The photographs were then scanned before processing with the VirtuoZo digital photogrammetric system. Various problems needed to be overcome, some due to the limited options available with the highly automated digital system which was not designed for such measurement tasks. The unusual image scales, the uncommon pixel sizes and the unconventional and uncertain imaging geometry, all impeded immediate photogrammetric implementation. Photographic problems with the microscope were also faced, as with all microscope photogrammetry. Creating control points and independently assessing the accuracy of results at these scales were also difficult operations, but an analytical plotter was utilized for both these purposes and to verify the imaging geometry. Once such problems were overcome, image matching proceeded well and an accurate DTM could be created successfully, provided that a suitably textured object was chosen.     

基于有理函数模型的线阵CCD遥感影像水平纠正技术

利用有理函数模型替代严格传感器模型已经成为当前高分辨率遥感影像通用的数据标准.对于附加有理函数模型系数的线阵CCD遥感影像,提出了一种利用反解有理函数模型实现倾斜像片与水平像片转换方法.其主要原理同传统框幅式倾斜影像与水平影像的转换相似:将倾斜像片上像点投影到物方水平面上;然后在物方水平面上根据原始倾斜像片的地面采样间...     

嫦娥二号影像密集匹配及DEM制作方法

嫦娥二号卫星搭载了一台两线阵CCD立体相机,以线阵推扫成像方式获取了覆盖全月球的7 m分辨率影像。与嫦娥一号影像相比,影像分辨率大大提高,月表地貌细节更加丰富,制作高分辨率月表DEM更加复杂而困难,现有的基于嫦娥影像制作方法难以满足应用需求。针对嫦娥二号影像特点,在基于RPC模型生成近似核线影像基础上,进行金字塔影像匹配,实现了原始影像的逐像素匹配;计算匹配点的月面坐标后,采用基于反距离插值方法生成月表三维地形;对于图像阴影等地形漏洞,采用基于径向基函数进行插值填补。试验结果表明,该方法生成的月表三维地形DEM数据,能准确真实地表达高分辨率的月表地形地貌细节,并较好地应用于嫦娥二号全月球三维地形DEM数据产品的生产任务中。     

数字天顶摄影仪中星象匹配识别与匹配星表编制

在利用数字天顶摄影仪通过天文测量确定重力垂线偏差的工作中,需要建立高精度高密度的恒星星表,实现CCD观测星象与星表中恒星匹配识别。本文提出了一种新的控制三角形匹配算法,利用CCD影像平面中星象与天顶切平面中恒星的三角形角、三角形边长及星等信息作为判定条件,快速准确实现CCD影像平面中星象与切平面中恒星的控制星和参考星识别匹配。根据数字天顶摄影仪CCD星象观测能力,通过对 Hipparcos、Tycho-2星表处理,分别编制了数字天顶摄影仪控制星和参考星匹配星表数据库。0．3s内完成一幅3073＆#215;2048大小的CCD实测图像星象准确匹配识别。     

基于大比例尺航空影像共面约束条件的相机自检校方法

提出了基于大比例尺航空影像共面约束的相机自检校方法,该方法使用所有立体像对同名点基于共面约束对相机的内方位元素及畸变系数进行解算。首先进行航空影像同名点匹配,构建立体像对;然后基于共面约束使用直接解法和迭代优化进行相对定向,解算相机位置与姿态;最后使用最小二乘优化方法解算相机内方位元素和畸变系数。对于高分辨率大尺寸航空影像,图像中心及边缘的畸变差异较大,为了进一步提高解算精度,对图像进行网格区域划分解算畸变。使用大比例尺航空影像进行解算能真实精确反映航空摄影测量时所获取图像的相机参数和畸变系数,避免检校环境与使用环境不同解算得到的相机畸变参数不能真实反映所获取影像的畸变问题;使用所有同名点解算,避免由于选择不同特征点或控制点对检校精度的影响;通过区域网格划分,进一步提高了解算精度。对检校结果进行了分析,该方法精度较高,与基于室外检校场的精度相当,能真实精确反映航空摄影测量时所获取图像的相机参数和畸变系数,提高了三维重建的精度。     

Development of a geometric model for an all-reflective camera system

Currently in photogrammetry conventional camera optics, which are based on a combination of lenses, are solely used. These systems are also called refractive systems. The usage of refractive systems implies a general drawback for some applications. Due to the chromatic aberration of lenses, i.e. slightly different imaging functions for different spectral bands, a significant loss of image quality and geometric accuracy has to be accepted. This fact is important especially for applications that require imaging a wide spectral range. Conventional cameras are not able to satisfactorily capture the ultraviolet or near infrared spectral range in addition to the visible.These chromatic aberration problems can be completely be avoided in all-reflective optical systems, i.e. camera objectives which are completely based on mirrors. The paper will briefly describe the developed all-reflective optical systems designed for optical metrology purposes.A general disadvantage of the design of normal or wide angle all-reflective systems is the asymmetry of the mirror arrangement, which leads to large asymmetric geometric image distortions. These distortions cannot be modeled with standard methods of photogrammetry. Furthermore, the complete system is also more sensitive to local deviations from the ideal mirror surface. Therefore we developed a suitable geometric model, which is adapted to the special case. The model is based on the collinearity condition, extended by a specific additional parameter set optimized with regard to the characteristics of an all-reflective unobscured system. We will show various model variants based on the additional parameter sets of Brown, Ebner and Grün as well as Legendre polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials and Fourier series. The paper discusses the potential of these models to correct the distortion of an all-reflective unobscured optical system prototype based on four aspherical mirrors on the basis of test field self-calibration and describes different approaches to consider local deviations from the nominal aspherical mirror surface with the help of the finite elements method.     

无人机载多面阵组合宽角五相机影像拼接技术

近年来无人机在航空摄影测量中得到广泛应用,且多面阵宽角组合相机与单相机作业模式相比有诸多优势。针对无人机搭载的组合宽角五相机的影像处理问题,提出了实现大像幅影像拼接的方法与技术流程。通过在子影像重叠区域内建立视差方程,采用最小二乘法整体答解相对角元素修正量,最终得到精确的相对角元素值并作为影像的拼接参数,实现了多面阵组合五相机的影像拼接。     

宽视场遥感相机像移速度模型及补偿策略

宽视场遥感相机在轨成像期间,受地球自转、卫星颤振、姿态机动等因素影响而产生像移,导致成像质量降低。为此,提出了一种适用于宽视场遥感相机的像移速度模型,并考虑了离轴角对计算精度的影响,推导了离轴三反相机像移速度和偏流角解析式。以某卫星为例,仿真分析了3种典型成像模式下像移速度和偏流角在焦面的分布情况,仿真结果与定性分析结果一致,验证了像移速度模型的正确性。在此基础上,针对侧摆兼具俯仰成像模式,提出了相应的像移补偿策略。补偿效果表明,卫星侧摆35°兼具俯仰35°成像时,采用全局优化偏流角匹配策略能保证整个焦面区域的调制传递函数（modulation transfer function,MTF）均大于0.95（16级）;采用局部优化偏流角匹配策略能保证焦面重点观测目标的MTF大于0.95（96级）;采用提出的像移速度匹配策略在分11组调节行周期情况下,能保证整个焦面区域的MTF均大于0.95（16级）。仿真结果表明,提出的像移补偿策略能有效解决侧摆兼具俯仰成像时的像质下降问题,可为宽视场遥感相机像移补偿提供可靠依据。     

图像的空间频谱识别与分类

本文介绍一种光学－计算机混合处理系统对图像进行空间频谱分析的原理和方法。该系统的光学部分是一个夫琅和费衍射装置，它把光学图像转换成二维的傅立叶频谱，即空间频谱。计算机则负责频谱数据的采集与分析。鉴于遥感地质日视解译中区分岩类的主要识别指标是遥感图像的影纹特征，文中以岩石的遥感图像的空间频谱采样与特征提取，对空间频谱进行识别和分类为例，阐明利用衍射图样对图像进行识别的方法。     

Digital Photogrammetry for Automatic Close Range Measurement of Textureless and Featureless Objects

Diffraction grating based simultaneous projection of a large number of distinct and circular laser dots was adopted to solve correspondence and accuracy problems during automatic three dimensional measurement of a textureless and featureless object at close range. After rigid placement of the projector over the telescope of a geodimeter, accurate calibration and derivation of a camera model of the virtual active camera (the projector) was done without a control field and using a bundle adjustment procedure. While automatic detection and labelling of the actively placed target points over any given object remained a problem, algorithms were developed to locate and label these target points placed over a nearly flat and textureless surface. A conventional thresholding method was combined with least squares matching (LSM) to provide automatic subpixel image co-ordinate measurement of the target points placed over a textureless object but, considering the real object conditions, semi-automatic image co-ordinate measurement was done by LSM. The system provided an intersection parallax of 0.3 mm during a laboratory test scan of a planar object at 4.5 m distance.     

多幅面数字航摄仪外视场拼接倾角对图像变形的影响

研究多面阵数字航摄仪的影像拼接技术,对于航空影像采集实现高效快速的数字化生产具有重要意义。本文详细研究了多面阵数字航摄仪相机外视场拼接过程中,相机倾斜角度对拍摄图像变形的影响。推导并计算出了双拼、四拼相机、常规相机中相机倾角导致的任意CCD单元的GSD变化倍率。     

Assessment of crop stress conditions using low altitude aerial color‐infrared photography and computer image processing

Stress conditions on various crops caused by moisture deficiency, nutrient deficiency and plant diseases were studied using low altitude aerial color‐infrared (CIR) photography. A remotely controlled aircraft, carrying a color video camera and a 35 mm reflex camera, flying at altitudes of 50 to 100 m, was used for obtaining aerial photography. The CIR transparencies recorded for different crops were scanned into an AT 386 desktop computer and processed by MIPS software using on screen interpretation to classify crop stress conditions. In a rootrot‐affected lemon orchard diseased trees could be identified and differentiated from healthy trees. Soybean plots under moisture stress were classified into high, moderate and low stress levels. These stress levels related well with infrared (IR) thermal measurements of the crop canopy. In a wheat field experiment that was fertilized at different levels of phosphorus (P), areas with P deficiency and sufficient P could be classified on the processed CIR image. Soil P and wheat yield correlated well with the classified CIR image. Results indicate that low altitude CIR aerial photography obtained from remotely controlled aircraft and image processing computers can be a relative inexpensive tool to assess crop stress conditions.