民用建筑工程中土壤氡浓度检测的实践

近年来,随着社会的不断发展,由于土壤氡元素污染引发的民用建筑内部环境污染问题在逐年增多,逐渐成为了影响群众身体健康的重要因素;氡是一种放射性气体,是危害人类身体健康的辐射源之一;氡经过衰变,形成一系列的带辐射微粒,当这些微粒被吸入肺部,部分会堆积聚集,并继续散发辐射,容易令吸入者患上肺癌。天然氡气的散发出自泥土、岩石或者黄岗岩制造的混凝土能建筑材料,从墙壁、地板、或经由地面上的裂缝进入建筑物的内部。由于部分建筑物通风不足,氡气会滞留堆积在房间内部;氡气的超标,则会对长期呆在室内的人们造成健康隐患,因此。对土壤中氡元素的检测变得越来越重要。     

环境辐射的评价方法及现场检测技术

地球上所有生物都受到天然辐射和人为辐射的照射 ,天然辐射是主要来源。在人类所受到的天然辐射照射中一半以上来自放射性气体氡及其子体的贡献 (联合国原子能效应委员会 ,2 0 0 0 )。氡及其子体是诱发肺癌的主要因素之一 ,已被世界卫生组织 (ＷＨＯ)列入室内致癌物质。因此 ,氡危害预测及新的环境辐射现场检测技术自 2 0世纪 80年代以来一直是热点研究课题。我“辐射与环境实验室”自 1995年以来取得如下主要成果 :1　建立了自然环境中大地大气氡交换理论模型在某些花岗岩或构造断裂带等潜在土壤氡高浓度区 ,室内积累的高氡浓度将对公众健…     

环境中氡及其子体的危害与控制

简要回顾氡致肺癌的长时间认识过程和研究历史,简述了当年铀矿工人和矿工吸入氡及其子体与肺癌发病率的关系,指出环境中氡的危害。重点讨论了国内外室内氡和地下建筑物中氡浓度分布及其来源,从而启发人们研究环境中氡的地质来源以及控制室内氡水平的基本措施;进一步阐述了我国室内氡研究的成果和需要进一步研究的问题。     

居室氡的影响因素及分布特点

氡是天然放射性系列铀系中唯一的气态元素,它对人体健康的影响尤其是氡与肺癌的关系已引起人们的高度重视,已成为环境保护研究的一个重要对象.本文就地壳中放射性元素的分布规律及氡的迁移进行介绍,并着重讨论了居室氡的影响因素,以期利于今后氡危害防治工作的进行.     

喀斯特洞穴氡研究综述

氡对人体健康的影响向来是医学、化学、核物理学等学科的研究热点。近年来学术界虽然对喀斯特洞穴氡的来源(岩石、地下水)、氡浓度的影响因素(地质因素、洞体结构、洞内外气象参数)、氡浓度的测量(测量对象、测量仪器及方法)、氡的危害、氡的防治(隔离氡气渗入途径、排风通氡、控制洞穴内停留时间减少吸入量、加强监测)等方面开展了研究并取得了不少的成果,但对于喀斯特洞穴氡的形成机理、喀斯特洞穴氡测量标准的制定及有效剂量的估算、喀斯特洞穴氡的防治技术及员工的健康管理等方面的研究还比较薄弱,有待加强。      

用于资源勘查和环境监测的α测氡技术

近一个世纪以来,氡气测量一直是国内外众多学者的重要研究课题,早在二十世纪初叶α测氡就开始试用于地质工作,随着人类对铀矿资源需求程度的变化,特别在上世纪80年代以后,人们将放射性测量重点应用于非铀矿勘探地学领域,氡气测量技术和仪器设备经历了数次重要的发展阶段,用于土壤、空气和水中测量的瞬时法、累积测氡仪器设备已经形成有多个种类和型号.     

氡气灾害调查的一些结果

氡气灾害是一种广泛分布的地质灾害。室内氡气浓度偏高会使居民患肺癌的几率增高，而室内氡气主要来自房屋地基所在的地质单元。笔者在美国犹他大学研究所工作期是，研究了瑞丁普朗花岗片麻岩带近地表氡的浓度与铀含量的关系以及铀的分布与居民癌症死亡率之间的相关关系。铀的区域性分布是利用航空伽马能谱测量资料求得的，说明利用航空伽马能谱测量资料开展氡气灾害区域评价的可能性。文中还举例说明氡气调查在制定建设规划方面的作     

泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气浓度与地质背景的关系

通过泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气测量,取得约465 km2土壤氡气环境调查成果,从结果来看,泉州市区和晋江市区土壤中氡气浓度普遍较低;市郊主要为山地,土壤中氡气浓度普遍较高;从土壤中氡气浓度水平的分布来看,土壤中氡气浓度水平主要与地质背景有关,二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩、钾长浅粒岩及黑云片岩风化土壤中氡气浓度明显高于其他地质背景来源土壤。     

空气中氡浓度的预测

氡是一种放射性惰性气体,它与肺癌的关系已引起人们的高度重视,世界上许多国家都开展了环境氡的研究工作;氡的母体元素铀、镭在地质环境中的分布与空气中的氡浓度水平有密切关系,通过研究地质环境中铀、镭的分布资料,就能快速定性地评价空气中氡浓度水平.     

泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气浓度与地质背景的关系

通过泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气测量,取得约465 km2土壤氡气环境调查成果,从结果来看,泉州市区和晋江市区土壤中氡气浓度普遍较低;市郊主要为山地,土壤中氡气浓度普遍较高;从土壤中氡气浓度水平的分布来看,土壤中氡气浓度水平主要与地质背景有关,二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩、钾长浅粒岩及黑云片岩风化土壤中氡气浓度明显高于其他地质背景来源土壤.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861