基于ConvLSTM的广西短临降水预报

针对传统雷达回波外推算法在快速增长或消散降水过程预报精度较低的问题,利用华南雷达回波拼图资料数据,建立ConvLSTM回波外推模型,对广西区域范围进行短临降水预报研究.采用气象业务中的正确率(POD)、临界成功指数(CSI)及误报率(FAR)评判标准检验预报模型,并将ConvLSTM与光流法的预报结果进行对比分析.结果...     

基于机器学习技术的黄山风景区及周围雷电临近预报方法

为探究影响山岳型景区雷电发展的关键因素,实时掌握黄山风景区及周围雷电发展趋势,采用多普勒天气雷达、气象探空、闪电定位等多种监测数据,根据雷电发生基本物理原理,从系统强度、旺盛程度和移动趋势3个方面提取雷达回波特征作为关键预报因子,基于多种机器学习算法建立了雷电临近预报模型,结果表明:随机森林(RF)、逻辑回归(LR)、K-临近(KNN)、贝叶斯(GNB)、支持向量机(SVM)5种机器学习算法均对雷电具有一定临近预报能力,RF的TS最高,SVM漏报率最低,LR空报率最低;在RF算法中雷暴系统强度和发展旺盛程度两类因子起主要作用,其中作用最大的是雷暴系统强度中-20℃层高度雷达基本反射率,其次是0℃层以上回波厚度。     

基于多对流参数的武汉地区雷电活动预报方法研究

利用2011—2013年6—8月291个样本武汉站的探空资料计算了20种与雷电活动有关的对流参数,经统计分析后发现多个对流参数与雷电活动具有显著的相关性;选取与雷电相关性较好的对流参数作为预报因子,并用多元线性回归方法建立雷电潜势预报方程,方程通过了α=0.05的显著性水平检验;使用2014年6—8月的观测数据进行预报效果检验,结果表明:雷电预报的命中率POD为82.6%,虚假报警率FAR为23.3%,临界成功指数CSI为63.3%。由此可见,该方法的建立对武汉市雷电天气的预报和预警具有参考价值和指示意义。     

基于多尺度特征深度学习的短临降水预报

雷达回波外推是短临降水预报的一种重要方法。针对雷达回波外推中随着外推时间的增加而出现回波演变信息丢失这一问题,本文提出一种多尺度特征融合的深度学习短临降水预报模型(以下简称为MSF2)。首先,采用多尺度的卷积核对网络的浅层信息进行特征提取,弥补单一特征检测带来的不足。其次,将不同维度的特征信息进行拼接及通道混洗,进一步增强特征图通道之间的信息流通和信息表达能力。最后,将特征图中的多尺度信息进行融合,从而有效保留不同尺度的特征信息。利用华南雷达回波拼图资料数据,在3种不同降水强度（5 mm/h、10 mm/h和25 mm/h）下进行降水预报研究,并与光流法和ConvLSTM两种主流算法进行了对比。结果显示,在3种不同降水强度条件下,MSF2在所有评价指标（命中率POD、临界成功指数CSI、误报率FAR）中表现最优,这表明引入多尺度机制能改善模型的特征提取能力。相比于目前主流的光流法和ConvLSTM,本文提出的模型对于短临降水预报具有较好的适用性和较高的预报精度,而且实现了业务化运行。     

基于雷达反射率因子和雷电定位数据的深度学习雷电预报模型

利用卷积神经网络和门控循环单元（Gated recurrent units ）神经网络,基于雷达反射率因子和雷电定位数据开展了雷电预报研究。首先构建了引用注意力机制的基于卷积神经网络和门控循环单元神经网络的深度学习模型（Attention ConvGRU）;然后将雷达反射率因子数据和对应时间段（6 min）的雷电定位数据处理成图像数据后输入深度学习模型,训练出可预报雷电的模型,包括3种模型：单雷电数据模型、单雷达数据模型和雷电〖CD*2〗雷达双数据模型;最后开展了预报试验和定量评估。综合评估表明,本文建立的雷电预报模型综合预报准确率达到96.74%,虚警率35.83%,关键成功指数（Critical Success Index, CSI）为0.2072。个例分析表明,预报模型对于具有明显移动趋势的雷暴过程（A类雷暴）的预报效果优于不具有明显移动趋势的雷暴过程（B类雷暴）,且随着B类雷暴强度减弱模型预报能力逐渐减弱。     

Logistic回归联合ROC曲线模型在雷电潜势预报中的应用

利用贵阳站2020年1—10月逐日探空资料和闪电监测资料,逐一选取72个物理量参数纳入单因素逻辑回归,筛选具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.001)的指标进入多因素逻辑回归模型,选取满足检验条件P<0.05的参数得到雷电潜势预报模型,通过Logistic回归联合ROC曲线模型开展雷电潜势预报研究。结果表明：(1)多因素逻辑回归模型预警效果优于单因素模型,预警准确度从75.4%提高到79.5%;(2)联合ROC曲线确定预报模型的概率阈值为0.611,雷电潜势预报的命中率POD为84.01%,虚假警报率FAR为26.05%,临界成功指数CSI为69.38%,准确率较高,雷电潜势预报具有较好的预报能力;(3)Logistic回归模型联合ROC曲线法在气象预测预报,特别是非线性预测中有一定的应用价值。     

基于Logistic回归蚌埠地区致灾雷电预报研究

利用2007—2013年安徽省闪电定位资料和蚌埠地区雷电灾害资料,选取安徽省蚌埠地区36个致灾雷电样本作为建模样本,采用全球预报系统GFS(Global Forecasting System)模式的强对流参数作为预报因子,利用Logistic回归法建立了蚌埠地区4种类型致灾雷电的预报模型。结果表明:CAPE、LFTX和PW共3个参数可作为蚌埠地区致灾雷电预报的指标;建立的4种类型致灾雷电模型的预报效果较好,其中08—14时雷电预报模型的总体预报准确率最高,可达83.00%。当雷电预报模型输出概率偏高且超过0.7时,4种致灾雷电预报模型的预报技巧评分最高,且预报准确率最高,失误率和虚警率较低,预报效果较好。夏季致灾雷电预报模型的整体预报效果较好,平均预报准确率达82.20%,特别是在雷电发生的密集地区,预报出了雷电的高概率分布。     

基于深度学习和雷达观测的华南短临预报精度评估

利用最新的深度学习算法,即卷积长短期记忆(Convolution Long-Short Term Memory)神经网络,构建基于深度学习的人工智能短临预报系统,以广州地区2019年3-5月雷达观测的数据为输入进行训练,然后进行短期1h内的降水预报。利用常用的统计评分指标(探测率POD、误报率FAR、临界成功指数CSI,相关系数CC)检验模型。结果表明,预报结果与实际观测的相关系数在1h内预报均保持在0.6以上,在1h内预报探测率均保持在80%以上,临界成功指数在降水强度为10mm·h^-1时,基本保持在60%,误报率均小于40%。     

基于随机森林算法的广州白云机场终端区雷暴潜势预报

利用2014—2015年夏季雷达资料获取雷暴发生有无数据,计算探空资料的对流指数与雷暴发生有无数据的灰色关联度,发现雷暴产生跟抬升凝结高度气压、850～700 hPa的温度和露点温度、风切变的关系最紧密。接着建立广州白云机场终端区内3类区域(离塔台中心8 km、50 km、100 km)的12小时随机森林分类模型,对不同区域的雷暴潜势进行预报和评估,发现终端区区域面积越大,雷暴发生样本比例越高,临界成功指数CSI、预报准确率AF、探测概率POD越来越高,虚假报警率FAR越来越低,表明预报出来的准确率越来越高。离塔台中心50 km和100 km区域的预报准确率AF和探测概率POD超过70%,对航空重要天气MDRS通报业务有指示作用。同时袋外错误率均低于1/3,随机森林算法的泛化性能好。     

基于雷达产品和随机森林算法的冰雹天气分类识别及预报

冰雹是一种致灾性较强的强对流天气,但在气象业务工作中对其进行快捷、准确的预警和预报仍有一定的难度。本文基于C波段雷达回波资料,构建并应用随机森林模型对冰雹及其伴随强对流天气进行了分类识别及预报。结果发现,随机森林模型对训练集(2008-2017年)中四类冰雹天气(冰雹、冰雹大风、冰雹短强、冰雹大风短强)的平均命中率(Probability of Detection,POD)为90.2%,平均空报比率(False Alarm Ratio,FAR)为11.1%。对于2018-2019年的独立样本测试集,模型的平均POD和FAR则分别为72.8%和34.7%。因此,本文构建的随机森林模型较为理想。应用模型和风暴单体识别与跟踪产品(Strom Cell Identification and Tracking,SCIT)对未来15～60 min的强对流天气进行预报,结果表明四类冰雹天气的平均POD为74.8%,平均临界成功指数为60.8%,平均FAR为24.4%。因此,利用C波段雷达产品,随机森林模型能高效、自动化且较为准确地分类预警、预报冰雹及其伴随强对流天气,可应用于天气预报业务工作。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;