全球地表热流的产生与分布

全球地表热流是反映地球内部热与动力学过程的一种主要能流.本文在三维球坐标框架下，就几个不同的粘度模型分别研究地幔内部密度异常(基于全球地震层析结果)以及板块运动激发的地幔流动的热效应及其对于观测地表热流产生和分布特征的贡献.由于地幔动力系统具有较高的Pe数，可以期望由板块运动激发的地幔流动将强烈地扰动地幔内部初始传导状态下的温度场以及地表热的热流分布.结果表明，与地幔内部密度异常产生的热效应相比，运动的板块及其激发的地幔流动在全球地表观测热流的产生和分布特征上起着更为重要的作用.观测到的大洋中脊处的高热流在很大程度上可以归因于板块激发的地幔流动的热效应.计算的平均温度剖面较好地揭示了岩石圈和D″层的温度特征，即温度随深度的剧烈变化，这与我们目前通过其他手段对岩石圈和D″层的温度结构了解是一致的.一个下地幔粘度比上地幔高出30倍的粘度结构(文中使用的粘度模型2)较之其余模型的拟合程度似乎更好.     

全球地幔垂直流动速度研究

用高分辨率地震体波速度成像以及相关的地球物理资料,计算地幔垂直流动形式及流动速度,得到全球地幔流垂直运动模式.从全球尺度来看,地幔流基本可划分为以下几个区域：欧亚大陆—澳大利亚、北美洲—南美洲为两个大规模下降流区域,西印度洋—非洲及大西洋、中南太平洋及东太平洋为两个大规模地幔上升流区域.地幔上升流起源于核幔边界,主要表现在地幔中部和上地幔下部.地幔垂直流动速度约每年1～4cm.地幔流动对地表板块运动、海洋中脊和中隆、俯冲带和碰撞带的分布起着控制作用.地幔上升流与地表现代热点有密切关系.从东亚尺度看,地幔流大体分为三个区域：东亚边缘裂谷系和西太平洋边缘海为上升流、西伯利亚地幔深度表现为物质下降流、青藏高原—缅甸—印度尼西亚特提斯俯冲带地幔下降流,这三个区域地幔流动与地表的西太平洋构造域、亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域相吻合.勾勒出南海地区构造特征：从上到下的大体结构是上部呈“工"字型、中间为圆柱型、底部呈盾形的地幔上升流.     

横向黏度变化的全地幔对流应力场初步研究

将地幔地震波速度异常转换为地幔横向黏度变化(达到3个数量级),在球坐标系下计算了瑞雷数为106、上边界为刚性、下边界为应力自由等温边界条件下的岩石层底部的地幔对流极型和环型应力场.结果表明,地幔对流极型应力场与地表大尺度构造具有良好的对应关系:俯冲带和碰撞带的应力呈现挤压状态,而洋中脊处的应力则呈现拉张状态.地幔对流环...     

板块激发的地幔流动对于全球热流分布的作用

利用一个相对简单的等粘度模型 ,探讨了板块运动的热效应及其对于观测热流的形成与分布的作用 .结果表明 ,运动的板块确实对地幔内部的温度场有实质性影响 ,观测到的大洋中脊处的高热流在很大程度上可归因于板块激发的地幔流动的热效应     

海沟后退对地幔对流的影响

本文分析了有海底扩张无海沟后退、有海沟后退无海底扩张以及海底扩张与海沟后退共存等３种情况下，俯冲板片运动与海沟迁移的关系．用幂律流体有限元方法计算海沟后退对地幔对流的影响．地幔有效粘度除依赖应力偏张量的第二不变量以外，尚与温度、压力（含流体静压力和流动压力）有关．计算表明，对流环、高流动负压区以及低粘区的个数和位置，均受控于海沟是否后退以及海底是否扩张；温度场与海沟后退无明显关系．流动压力对形成洋中脊和弧后火山、驱动地幔对流以及维持板片的倾斜角度都具有重要意义．     

海洋热流与地幔上升流

从洋中脊上升的地慢物质带上来的大量热量,使在洋中脊裂谷处的海底热流及温度最高,向海沟逐渐减小．由于热胀冷缩,海底地势在洋中脊处最高．作者根据板块模型由一维运动物体的热传导方程推出裂谷处上升物体的温度分布公式．用此分布公式作为垂直边的边界条件,严格地求解了运动板块的二维运动物体热传导方程．用此方程研究了各参数与观测量之间的关系．通过改变公式中的参数值,使计算的理论曲线与实测海底热流一年龄及海底深度一年龄曲线拟合,从而求出了板块的厚度Ｌ＝９７ｋｍ,地幔上升速度ｕ＝３．ｇｍｍ／ａ,热膨胀系数ａ＝３．３７×１０－５／℃及温度分布．该方法克服了在洋中脊处理论热流值趋于无限大的问题,并可以计算出地幔上升流的速度及宽度．     

地幔对流的数值模拟及其与表面观测的关系

本文从基本的热对流方程出发,并结合地幔对流特点,特别考虑到自重及非线性影响,探讨地幔对流及其与表面观测的关系,发展了相应的数值方法.结果表明,计算得到的长波大地水准面、地表地形、板块速度场水平散度与观测值符合程度较好.上、下地幔的非绝热温度异常与由地震层析得到的地震波速异常显示一定的相关性.地幔内部的流动呈现复杂形态,反映了高瑞利数对流的特征.     

现今的地幔流动及其与板块构造的相互作用:从观测证据得到的推论

地震波速度结构层析成像和地震各向异性分析,是推测现今地幔流动的主要观测依据．从已有研究结果看,全球尺度的地幔流动的两个主要边界驱动力是顶部的冷却和底部的加热,地幔的密度和粘度控制流动速率．沿海沟由消减板带动的地幔下沉,和沿热点下面幔柱及洋中脊的地幔上升,是地幔垂直向流动的表现．GPS等测量显示的全球板块运动在一定条件下反映地幔顶部的水平流动．地幔柱可能有不同的根源深度,沿幔柱上升的地幔流在200—350km深度转变为水平流动．消减带附近有复杂的地幔流动格局,表明局部构造条件对地幔流动的影响．大陆下一般出现两个地幔各向异性层,较深的可能反映地幔流动,并与大陆根的状态有关．在不同构造环境下,地幔流动与板块构造之间有不同形态的相互作用关系,它可能驱动板块运动,也可能对板块运动产生阻力。     

地幔对流与岩石层板块的相互耦合及影响──（Ⅱ）地幔混合对流理论及其应用

观测到的板块运动包含两种能量分布几乎相等的运动形态：极型场和环型场．纯粹的由热驱动的地幔自由对流不能预期和解释环型运动的产生．本文提出地幔混合对流理论，既考虑了热驱动的自由对流，也考虑了由板块自身激发的强迫对流．根据板块处于动力学平衡状态的观测事实，建立了相应的模型．数值结果表明，根据混合对流模型所预期的板块速度场，既能产生极型场，也能产生环型场，而且在空间分布特征及功率谱分布上与观测资料符合相当好．地幔物质的上升流动基本和洋脊对应，而下降流动和俯冲带对应．     

地幔对流与岩石层板块的相互耦合及影响──（Ⅱ）地幔混合对流理论及其应用

观测到的板块运动包含两种能量分布几乎相等的运动形态：极型场和环型场．纯粹的由热驱动的地幔自由对流不能预期和解释环型运动的产生．本文提出地幔混合对流理论，既考虑了热驱动的自由对流，也考虑了由板块自身激发的强迫对流．根据板块处于动力学平衡状态的观测事实，建立了相应的模型．数值结果表明，根据混合对流模型所预期的板块速度场，既能产生极型场，也能产生环型场，而且在空间分布特征及功率谱分布上与观测资料符合相当好．地幔物质的上升流动基本和洋脊对应，而下降流动和俯冲带对应．     

Two-dimensional mantle flow beneath a rigid accreting lithosphere

This study considers two-dimensional mantle flow beneath a rigid lithosphere. The lithosphere which forms the upper boundary of a convecting region moves with a prescribed uniform horizontal velocity, and thickens with distance from the accreting plate boundary as it cools. Beneath the lithosphere, the mantle deforms viscously by diffusion creep and is heated radiogenically from within. Solutions for thermal convection beneath the lithosphere are obtained by finite-difference methods. Two important conclusions have resulted from this study: (1) convective patterns of large aspect ratio are stable beneath a rigid moving lithosphere; (2) even for a lithosphere velocity as small as 3 cm/yr. and a Rayleigh number as large as 10⁶, mantle circulation with large aspect ratio is driven dominantly by the motion of the lithosphere rather than by temperature gradients within the flow. Gravity, topography and heat flow are determined and implications for convection in the upper mantle are discussed.     

How valid are dynamic models of subduction and convection when plate motions are prescribed?

A detailed comparison between fully dynamic and kinematic plate formulations has been made in models of mantle convection. Plate velocity is computed self-consistently from fully dynamic plate models with temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity and preexisting mobile faults. In fully dynamic models, the flow is driven solely by internal buoyancy, while in kinematic models the flow is driven by a combination of the prescribed surface velocity and internal buoyancy. Only a temperature-dependent viscosity, close to the effective viscosity determined from the fully dynamic models, is used in the kinematic models. The two types of models give very similar temperature structures and slab evolutionary histories when the effective viscosity and surface velocity are nearly identical. In kinematic plate models, the additional work introduced by the prescribed velocity boundary condition is apparently dissipated within the lithosphere and has little influence on the convection under the lithosphere. In models with periodic lateral boundary conditions, slabs sink into the lower mantle at an oblique angle and this contrasts with the vertical sinking which occurs with reflecting boundary conditions. Models show that we can simulate fully dynamic models with kinematic models under either periodic boundary conditions or reflecting boundary conditions.     

地幔对流与岩石层板块的相互耦合及影响──（Ⅰ）球腔中的自由热对流

板块运动是地幔对流的主要证据之一．同时，作为地球动力系统中一个相对独立部分，板块自身的存在和运动对地幔内部物质的流动形态有巨大影响．地幔内部的流动由两部分组成：一是由内部非绝热温度差异造成的自由对流解；另一部分是由在地表运动的板块所激发．作为系列工作的第一部分，本文研究球腔中的自由热对流问题．得到了对地幔对流研究有实际意义的下边界为自由、上边界为刚性情况下的临界瑞利数值，不同的瑞利数时球腔内流场和温度场的分布形态等．     

南北地震带岩石圈S波速度结构面波层析成像

本文利用天然地震面波记录和层析成像方法,研究了南北地震带及邻近区域的岩石圈S波速度结构和各向异性特征.结果表明南北地震带的东边界不但是地壳厚度剧变带,也是地壳速度的显著分界.其西侧中下地壳的S波速度显著低于东侧,强震大多发生在低速区内部和边界.青藏高原东缘中下地壳速度显著低于正常大陆地壳,在松潘甘孜地块和川滇地块西部大约25～45 km深度存在壳内低速层;这些低速特征与高原主体的低速区相连,有利于下地壳物质的侧向流动.地壳的各向异性图像与下地壳流动模式相符,即下地壳物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结运动,东向的运动遇到扬子坚硬地壳阻挡而变为向南和向北东的运动.面波层析成像结果支持青藏高原地壳运动的下地壳流动模型.南北地震带的岩石圈厚度与其东侧的扬子和鄂尔多斯地块相似但速度较低.川滇西部地块上地幔顶部(莫霍面至88 km左右)异常低速;松潘甘孜地块上地幔盖层中有低速夹层(约90～130 km深度).岩石圈上地幔的速度分布图像与地壳显著不同,在高原主体与川滇之间存在北北东向高速带,可能会阻挡地幔物质的东向运动.上地幔各向异性较弱且与地壳的分布图像显然不同.因此青藏高原岩石圈地幔的构造运动具有与地壳不同的模式,软弱的下地壳提供了壳幔运动解耦的条件.     

Heat transfer between a thermochemical plume channel and the surrounding mantle in the presence of horizontal mantle flow

Heat and mass transfer processes in the conduit of a thermochemical plume located beneath an oceanic plate far from a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) proceed under conditions of horizontal convective flows penetrating the plume conduit. In the region of a mantle flow approaching the plume conduit (in the frontal part of the conduit), the mantle material heats and melts. The melt moves through the plume conduit at the average velocity of flow v and is crystallized on the opposite side of the conduit (in the frontal part of the conduit). The heat and the chemical dope transferred by the conduit to the mantle flow are carried away by crystallized mantle material at the velocity v.The local coefficients of heat transfer at the boundary of the plume conduit are theoretically determined and the balance of heat fluxes through the side of the plume conduit per linear meter of the conduit height. The total heat generation rate, transmitted by the Hawaiian plume into the upper and lower mantle, is evaluated. With the use of regular patterns of heat transfer in the lower mantle, which is modeled on the horizontal layer, heated from below and cooled from above, the diameter of the plume source, the kinematic viscosity of the melt in the plume conduit, and the velocity of horizontal lower-mantle flows are evaluated and the dependences of the temperature drop, viscosity and Rayleigh number for the lower mantle on the diameter of the plume source are presented.     

走滑断层对洋中脊热结构与流动场的影响规律及对太平洋南部边界RRF型三联点的解释

选取太平洋板块南部边界的板块相对运动速度不同的两个洋脊－洋脊－转换断层（RRF）型三联点,即麦夸里（Macquarie）三联点和南太平洋三联点,为研究对象,通过数值模拟的方法,研究该类型三联点走滑断层边界两侧的板块相对运动速度对三联点附近地区地幔流动场和温度结构的影响。模拟结果表明:太平洋南部边界RRF三联点走滑断层边界两侧的板块相对运动速度控制着三联点附近的温度分布和地幔流动;随着走滑断层边界两侧板块相对运动速度的增加,转换断层相对滑动速度增加,温度上升,距洋脊边界100 km范围内的地幔流体速度变大;麦夸里三联点和南太平洋三联点处3个板块的相对运动,使得三联点的转换断层边界浅部产生剪应力集中,导致震源深度集中在15—25 km;同时相对运动产生的地幔流动引起温度结构变化,该变化控制着地形变化。      

Anisotropy and large-scale lateral inhomogeneity of the upper mantle

An investigation of travel-time residuals of P waves as compared to an average global travel-time curve with a base-line determined shows that about 400–500 km of the upper mantle at the boundary with the crust and a similar thickness of the lower mantle at the boundary with the core are laterally inhomogeneous. The upper mantle both under continents and under oceans consists of crust-mantle blocks distinguished by longitudinal wave velocity, surface tectonics and intensity of the heat flow. It has been revealed that within individual crust-mantle blocks there is an azimuthal relationship of P-wave travel-time indicative of possible anisotropy of upper mantle elastic properties down to depths of the order of several hundred kilometers.     

Numerical simulations of mantle flow around slab edges

A simple kinematic-dynamic model of mantle flow around the slab-edge is constructed in order to understand the flow complexity there. The flow velocity on the top and the small boundary region around the shallow plate boundary is kinematically imposed in order to achieve a subduction-like feature and the flow in other part is dynamically calculated. The geometry of the plate mimics the region around the junction of Aleutian Islands and Kamchatka, that are examples of the convergent-transform fault plate boundaries. In a simple model in which the overlying plate is almost stationary, the lateral flow from the mantle under the subducting slab to the mantle under the neighboring plate is of minor importance, once the slab penetrates into the high viscosity layer where the downward flow encounters the resistance. Similar situation was found when the trench is advancing, that is, the trench moves toward the overlying plate. For the case with retreating trench, that is, the trench moves toward the subducting plate, a lateral flow exists even after the slab penetrates into the high viscosity layer, although its magnitude is significantly smaller than that of the plate velocity. The presence of a low viscosity layer just beneath the subducting plate may promote the emergence of lateral flow. A significant lateral flow is observed when the high temperature anomaly, that is, buoyant and low viscosity block carried by the movement of subducting plate, approaches the slab. These results may have important implications for the possible existence of trench parallel flow in the sub-slab mantle.     

Mantle flow with existence of plates and generation of the toroidal field

The observed plate velocities contain two types of motions. The poloidal component is related to the formation of ridges and subduction zones and the toroidal field expresses the shearing of surface plates. One very important consideration in modeling flow in the earth's mantle is the existence and motion of the lithospheric plates. The motion of plates represents a large-scale circulation with strong viscous coupling to the mantle underneath. The mantle flow probably is neither a purely free convection driven by buoyancy forces due to nonadiabatic temperature gradients in the mantle nor a forced convection generated by boundary forces, but a mixed convection that combines the effects of boundary and buoyancy forces. We present, in this paper, the mixed convection model resulting in a surface velocity field that contains both the observed poloidal and toroidal components.     

板块绝对运动及地幔热对流

本文以板块绝对运动AM1-2模型为边界条件探讨了不同的瑞利数下地幔热对流模型.结果表明,瑞利数小于10000（529.41）时,地幔对流呈现以板块驱动图式,运动的极型场和环型场由板块运动激发,两种场占有差不多相同的功率.当瑞利数增加到接近或略超过最低临界值时（约1.5倍）,对流呈现出复杂状态:1.板块运动速率小于下伏地幔对流速率;2.区域性的双层对流环出现;3.对流谱成分发生变化;4.环型场仅在地幔很浅的区域中起作用,而在地幔深部对流图式中影响很小.