西北太平洋边缘海的放射虫生物地理特征

系统了解不同海区沉积放射虫组成的区域特色、气候条件及其与水团和海流的关系是进一步探讨放射虫全球性分布规律与应用的重要基础.通过分析南海、东海、日本海、鄂霍次克海、白令海、菲律宾海以及北太平洋西边界流区等典型区域的代表性海底表层样品,较好地揭示了西北太平洋海区的放射虫生物地理特征,并初步探讨了其主要环境控制因素及其与北太平洋环流之间的关系.结果表明,西北太平洋各海区沉积物中的放射虫可以划分为类群A和类群B两个大的生物地理区系,其中,类群A主要分布在热带-亚热带海区,其放射虫丰度与分异度较高,群落组成以暖水种为主;而类群B主要分布于寒带-亚寒带海区,放射虫丰度与分异度较低,群落组成中冷水种含量较高.此外,类群A可分为A1至A5五个亚类,分别对应于东海、菲律宾海、南海、日本海以及黑潮区,类群B分为B1至B3三个亚类,分别与鄂霍次克海、白令海和亚北极环流区有着较好的对应关系.不同生物地理区放射虫沉积分布的总体特征表明,温度和盐度是西北太平洋海区沉积放射虫具有纬向性分布规律的主要原因,水体深度是同一海区不同区域放射虫沉积分布存在差异特征的另一影响因素.主要放射虫属种在相邻海区的出现表明不同生物地理区的放射虫组合存在一定的关联,进而依据不同海区放射虫共有属种的含量与分布特征,划出了五个放射虫特征组合,分别对应着黑潮主流、黑潮-东海分支、黑潮-南海分支、对马暖流以及亲潮水团.     

粤东沿岸上升流对2006年夏季台风响应

通过在粤东沿岸进行的大面走航CTD观测,特别是座底式的海床基测流资料,比较详细的探讨了台风过境对粤东沿岸上升流系统的影响.研究结果表明：南海夏季风驱动的东北向地转流在汕头附近存在显著的近海底向岸分量,与上层的离岸埃克曼平流共同构成了粤东近岸的典型上升流系统.进一步的分析表明粤东沿岸上升流系统对台风强度及其入侵路径比较敏感.当台风入侵路径位于上升流系统以北时（如0604号台风碧利斯和0605号台风凯米）,在台风过境初期,局地西南风的异常增大使得向岸流显著增强,即上升流增强;在台风过境期及后期,无论是由于局地风场过强导致的海洋受迫响应（0604号台风碧利斯）,还是中度台风诱发的惯性振荡（0605号台风凯米）,都不利于维持一个稳定的、持续的上升流系统.当台风从上升流系统以南入侵时（如0606号台风派比安）,有利于上升流产生的西南风被东北风取代,风驱向岸的埃克曼平流效应以及质量守恒使得海洋中、下层为离岸流,上层为向岸流,粤东沿岸传统的上升流结构遭到彻底颠覆;当台风过境后,典型的上升流结构会在1～2d内回复.     

南海北部陆架陆坡流系研究进展

受季节性反转的季风强迫、海峡水交换、地形等影响,南海北部陆架陆坡流系呈现复杂多变的形式.南海北部陆坡流、南海暖流、沿岸流及其与之相关的上升流(夏季)和下降流(冬季)系统等构成了南海北部典型的流系.本文回顾了自20世纪90年代以来南海北部陆架陆坡流系的研究进展,总结了黑潮入侵南海、季风、地形、冲淡水浮力热力效应等因素在南海北部陆架陆坡流系中的作用.指出南海北部内区海盆与陆架陆坡流的动力联系、南海暖流是否稳定存在、冬季下降流时空特征及其物质能量输运等方面还需要进一步加强研究.     

渤海盆地现代构造应力场与强震活动

渤海位于北华北新生代裂陷盆地的东部，是一个晚第四纪形成的内陆海盆. 渤海盆地活动断裂发育，地震活动强烈，交会于渤海中部的NE向营口——潍坊断裂带北段、庙西北——黄河口——临邑断裂带及NW向北京——蓬莱断裂带是主要的活动构造带，将海区分成4个次级新构造区，成为现代应力场作用的构造基础. 综合研究38个震源机制解和75个井区应力场等资料，以及构造应力场二维数值模拟计算结果表明，渤海及其邻区现代构造应力场的压应力方向为NE60～90，张应力为SN——NW30；以水平和近水平应力作用为主；不同构造区主应力方向存在一定的差异. 现今渤海地区地壳发育以NNE——NE和NW——WNW走向的共轭剪切破裂为特征，是控制地震活动的主要构造.      

南海北部深水底流沉积作用

南海北部深水陆坡区存在极为活跃的深水底流沉积作用. 通过浅地层地震剖面解释发现, 该地区由于深水底流的搬运作用, 在水深1000~2700 m左右的陆坡地带形成NE-SW向分布的迁移水道. 在水道东侧断续形成由东北向西南方向推进的高沉积速率堆积体, 堆积体内部叠加层呈NE-SW向前积堆积特征, 由牵引流沉积而成. 发育在东沙群岛东南侧的高沉积速率堆积体就是其中之一, 其12 ka以来沉积速率高达97 cm/ka, 是南海目前所知沉积速率最高的海区. 地震剖面显示, 该深水底流极有可能是由进入南海的西太平洋环流演变而成, 挟带南海北部来源的沉积物沿大陆坡由东北向西南方向搬运沉积, 最终消失在中央海盆中. 由于深水底流作用的存在, 造成南海北部深海区复杂的搬运沉积格局.     

白令海盆pCO2分布特征及其对北极碳汇的影响

利用中国首次北极科学考察期间所观测到的白令海及楚克奇海表层海水CO2分压(pCO2)的变化及其异常, 研究了白令海盆pCO2的分布特征及与周围水文环流的相关关系. 结果表明, 与具有高生产力的白令海陆架区不同, 在白令海盆观测区内, 叶绿素整体水平较低, 生物作用不是pCO2空间分布的主要调控因子, 而水文环流要素呈现出重要影响, 是典型的高营养盐低叶绿素(HNLC)海区. 研究表明, 白令陆坡流(Bering Slope Current; 后变性为阿纳德尔流, Anadyr Current)对白令海盆pCO2空间分布也产生了重要影响. 从HNLC的白令海盆流过来的白令海亚北极水, 将补充西北冰洋夏季几乎耗尽的表层营养盐, 有利于浮游植物的生长, 增强对大气CO2的吸收能力, 形成有机碳汇; 另一方面, 注入白令海的淡水来源的无机碳在白令海没有向深海输出, 多数会通过阿拉斯加沿岸流注入北冰洋, 形成一个重要的无机碳汇, 这两大碳汇都在北极对全球变化的响应中起着十分重要的反馈作用.     

南海新生代海底扩张的构造演化模式:来自高分辨率地球物理数据的新认识

根据高分辨率重、磁测网数据的分析,结合多波束海底地貌的构造解释,南海海盆新生代经历了两期不同动力特征的海底扩张,25 Ma的沉积-构造事件是其重要分界.早期扩张从约33.5 Ma开始至25 Ma停止,在东部海盆南、北两侧和西北海盆形成了具有近E-W向或NEE向磁条带的老洋壳,是近NNW-SSE向扩张的产物;晚期扩张从2...     

基于镭同位素分布的黄海和东海垂直混合速率计算

在黄海和东海采样测定了水体中的镭同位素分布,用平流扩散模型描述镭同位素分布,最小二乘方法计算了垂直涡动扩散系数和上升流或下降流流速.结果给出北黄海中部、南黄海中部、浙江沿岸和台湾北部海域存在上升流,流速分别为0.46×10^-3cm·s^-1、0.17×10^-3~1.39×10^-3cm·s^-1、2.02×10^-3~3.04×10^-3 cm·s^-1和1.06×10^-3~2.51×10^-3 cm·s^-1.北黄海中部和东海东北部存在下降流.流速分别为-2.30×10^-3 cm·s^-1和-0.61×10^-3~-2.10×10^-3 cm·s^-1.计算同时给出的垂直涡动扩散系数为5.84~48.2 cm²·s^-1,平均值为22.3 cm²·s^-1.北黄海和浙江沿岸上升流流速与文献的结果一致;北黄海中部存在下降流与文献的结论一致.本研究结果与文献结果一致是对所建立的方法的肯定,也是对文献研究结果的支持.     

中国近海海平面变化特征分析

用经验正交函数分析方法,对中国近海14年多的测高海平面同化格网资料进行分析,给出了黄海、东海和南海各海平面变化主要主成分的空间变化和时间变化特征.用标准Morlet小波变换方法分析了各海区主成分时间变化序列的时频特征.分析结果表明,各主成分的空间分布特征与当地的海洋环流或洋流特征相对应.时频分析结果显示,中国近海海平面变化的显著周期主要为年周期信号.其次,黄海和东海还显示准2个月的非稳态信号,东海和南海具有较显著的半年周期信号,东海半年周期信号的能量不稳定.此外,在南海及台湾东部海域,首次发现存在较为显著的准540天周期信号,其动力学机制目前尚不明确.坎门和西沙验潮站资料的时频特征分析也验证了该信号的存在.最后本文给出了中国近海海平面在1993~2007年间的平均上升速率和其区域分布特征.     

白令海盆pCO2分布特征及其对北极碳汇的影响

利用中国首次北极科学考察期间所观测到的白令海及楚克奇海表层海水CO₂分压(pCO₂)的变化及其异常, 研究了白令海盆pCO₂的分布特征及与周围水文环流的相关关系. 结果表明, 与具有高生产力的白令海陆架区不同, 在白令海盆观测区内, 叶绿素整体水平较低, 生物作用不是pCO₂空间分布的主要调控因子, 而水文环流要素呈现出重要影响, 是典型的高营养盐低叶绿素(HNLC)海区. 研究表明, 白令陆坡流(Bering Slope Current; 后变性为阿纳德尔流, Anadyr Current)对白令海盆pCO₂空间分布也产生了重要影响. 从HNLC的白令海盆流过来的白令海亚北极水, 将补充西北冰洋夏季几乎耗尽的表层营养盐, 有利于浮游植物的生长, 增强对大气CO₂的吸收能力, 形成有机碳汇; 另一方面, 注入白令海的淡水来源的无机碳在白令海没有向深海输出, 多数会通过阿拉斯加沿岸流注入北冰洋, 形成一个重要的无机碳汇, 这两大碳汇都在北极对全球变化的响应中起着十分重要的反馈作用.     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。