香炉碗子金矿床成矿物质来源及矿床成因探讨

通过对香炉碗子金矿床中稀土元素特征及硫,铅,氢,氧同位素地球化学研究表明,矿床中矿石与主要赋矿围岩次火山隐爆角砾岩,靠细岩,变辉绿岩的稀土元素配分模式和特征值相近,围岩提供了成矿物质来源,矿石硫同位素组成显示出硫主要来自深源岩浆原,矿石铅同位素组成显示出铅来源单一,来自上地幔或下地壳;氢氧同位素组成显示出成矿流体除岩浆水外,还有大气降水加入,成矿与燕山期次火山活动密切相关,成因应属浅成次火山热液型     

攀西裂谷带轻稀土矿床与地幔过程的关系

在攀西裂谷带集中分布着牦牛坪、大陆槽及攀枝花等轻稀土矿床(点),它们与霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体密切相关.碳、氧同位素研究表明,杂岩体中的碳酸岩是典型的岩浆碳酸岩,它是地幔过程的产物.电子探针研究显示,杂岩体中的流体-熔融包裹体富含轻稀土元素,反映其原始岩浆富集轻稀土,它可以为区域的轻稀土矿化提供充足的物质来源.赋存于霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体的稀土矿化与杂岩体有关它们均是地幔过程的产物.稀有气体同位素研究也在一定程度上揭示了轻稀土矿化与地幔过程之间存在着成因联系.     

攀西裂谷带轻稀土矿床与地幔过程的关系

在攀西裂谷带集中分布着牦牛坪、大陆槽及攀枝花等轻稀土矿床(点),它们与霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体密切相关。碳、氧同位素研究表明,杂岩体中的碳酸岩是典型的岩浆碳酸岩,它是地幔过程的产物。电子探针研究显示,杂岩体中的流体-熔融包裹体富含轻稀土元素,反映其原始岩浆富集轻稀土,它可以为区域的轻稀土矿化提供充足的物质来源。赋存于霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体的稀土矿化与杂岩体有关,它们均是地慢过程的产物。稀有气体同位素研究也在一定程度上揭示了轻稀土矿化与地幔过程之间存在着成因联系。     

云南哀牢山金矿带含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉的研究

在云南哀牢山金矿带北段老王寨金矿区和北衙金矿区发现３条含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉．岩脉中球粒为主要由白云石和方解石组成的碳酸盐，微量元素、稀土元素和Ｃ同位素组成具岩浆碳酸盐（即碳酸岩）特征；基体的主要矿物组合、主要元素、微量元素和稀土元素均与矿区无碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉相似，为来源于交代富集地幔的钙碱性煌斑岩．结果表明，该区含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉为区内喜山期煌斑岩岩浆演化到相对晚期硅酸盐－碳酸盐液态不混溶作用产物，岩浆演化过程中存在ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ为主的去气作用．     

浙江大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢、氧同位素研究

浙江大桥坞矿床是赣杭火山岩铀成矿带重要的铀矿床之一。本文通过对大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢和氧同位素及前人资料的综合研究,探讨了矿床成矿流体和成矿物质来源。结果表明花岗斑岩、凝灰岩、辉绿岩、矿石中黄铁矿、蚀变围岩中黄铁矿的Ph同位素组成变化较小,可能指示它们具有相似的源区。在铅同位素构造环境判别图解中,铅同位素投影点分布范围较广,但多数集中于地幔和造山带演化线之间,偏向造山带,反映了铅的来源与岩浆活动有关。氢、氧同位素组成显示,成矿流体主要来自大气降水。成矿物质来源于壳幔混合源。     

新疆阔尔真阔腊金矿田成矿流体地球化学及其意义

新疆阔尔真阔腊金矿田是萨吾尔金矿带中最重要的金矿田, 对矿田中阔尔真阔腊金矿床和布尔克斯岱金矿床的流体包裹体及矿物中氢、氧、氦、碳、硫、铅、锶等同位素的研究, 确定了这两个矿床成矿流体来源相同, 主要来自具壳幔混合性质的幔源流体, 少量来自壳源流体, 其中水以岩浆水为主, 有少量大气降水的加入, 矿化剂和成矿物质主要来自地幔, 混入有少量壳源物质. 结合矿床产出的构造环境和矿床地质研究结果, 文中提出这两矿床成因相同, 是火山晚期热液型金矿床的新认识.     

福建崇安—宁化地区金锡多金属成矿地球化学研究

本文较系统地研究了成矿元素，稀土元素和铅、硫、氢、氧同位素以及流体包裹体等成矿地球化学特征，探讨了成矿物质和成矿溶液来源，研究结果表明，不同成因类型矿床的成矿物质和成矿溶液来源存在很大差异。     

同位素方法在下庄花岗岩型铀矿床研究中的应用

在分析中庄铀矿田成矿地质背景的基础上，运用氢氧铅碳同位素的对该矿田铀成矿热液和成矿物质来源进行了研究和探讨，研究结果表明，下庄矿田铀成矿热液的水源属大气降东成因，铀主要来自花岗岩，矿化剂（ＣＯ２）来自深部岩浆源或变质成因碳。     

铅锌矿床中的Cd同位素组成特征及其成因意义

由于Cd同位素分馏主要受蒸发和冷凝以及海洋生物摄取等作用的控制,Cd同位素已被广泛应用于宇宙演化和海洋环境等方面的研究．然而,在复杂的成矿环境中,特别是在热液参与的成矿体系中,Cd同位素是否能够指示成矿物质来源或成矿演化过程还鲜有研究．通过对我国西部五个铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Cd同位素的研究,发现铅锌矿床中Cd同位素组成变化范围大,其δ^114／110Cd值介于-1．53％,0．34％0,总变化范围为1．87‰,远大于目前所测定的大部分地质样品．同时,通过不同矿床Cd含量和Cd同位素的对比研究,不同成因的铅锌矿床其Cd含量和Cd同位素组成不同,具有明显的“元素一同位素”分组,这可为矿床成因研究提供重要信息．另外,生物（有机质）作用和结晶分异作用也可能是导致Cd同位素组成差异的原因．尽管Cd同位素的研究还处在初始阶段,特别是涉及成矿过程的研究,然而,通过本次初步研究,我们认为Cd同位素有可能作为一种示踪成矿流体以及成矿环境演化的有效手段．     

中国大别山双河超高压变质大理岩的氧、碳同位素

中国大别山双河超高压变质岩板中发育了一系列大理岩层和透镜体 ,其δ18O值介于 1 1 1‰～ 2 0 5‰ (SMOW)间 ,δ13 C值介于 1 .0‰～ 5 .7‰ (PDB)间 .详细调查表明 ,大理岩的氧、碳同位素值在厘米尺度上表现出均一化 ,但在大于1m的范围内则不均一 .与已经同地幔中的碳发生均一化的挪威榴辉岩相大理岩不同 ,双河超高压大理岩的碳同位素则保留了沉积碳酸盐岩的特征 ,而且表现出白云石含量与δ13 C间的负相关关系 .与原岩相比 ,双河大理岩18O有所亏损 .这种亏损来自 3种可能的地质过程 :( 1 )在超高压变质作用前曾与亏损18O的水发生过氧同位素交换 ;( 2 )在超高压变质过程中发生过脱碳酸盐作用 ;( 3)在退变质过程中与围岩片麻岩在接触部位发生过有限的氧同位素交换 .氧、碳同位素研究表明 ,超高压变质岩的俯冲和折返过程历时较短 ,且在该过程中 ,流体的活动性极为有限 .     

The occurrences and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ore in the Bayan Obo deposit,Northern China

The Bayan Obo deposit in northern China is an ultra-large Fe–REE–Nb deposit.The occurrences,and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ores from the Bayan Obo Main Ore Body were examined using chemical analysis,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometer,and automatic mineral analysis software.Results identified that 91.69%of ThO2 in the combined samples was mainly distributed in rare earth minerals(bastnaesite,huanghoite,monazite;56.43%abundance in the samples),iron minerals(magnetite,hematite,pyrite;20.97%),niobium minerals(aeschynite;14.29%),and gangue minerals(aegirine,riebeckite,mica,dolomite,apatite,fluorite;4.22%).An unidentified portion(4.09%)of ThO2 may occur in other niobium minerals(niobite,ilmenorutile,pyrochlore).Only a few independent minerals of thorium occur in the iron ore samples.Thorium mainly occurs in rare earth minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution.Analyses of the geochemical characteristics of the major elements indicate that thorium mineralization in the Main Ore Body was related to alkali metasomatism,which provided source material and favorable porosity for hydrothermal mineralization.Trace elements such as Sc,Nb,Zr,and Ta have higher correlation coefficients with thorium,which resulted from being related to the relevant minerals formed during thorium mineralization.In addition,correlation analysis of ThO2 and TFe,and REO and TFe in the six types of iron ore samples showed that ThO2 did not always account for the highest distribution rate in rare earth minerals,and the main occurrence minerals of ThO2 were closely related to iron ore types.     

Ore-forming fluid and mineralization of Caijiaying and Dajing polymetallic ore deposits

Fluid inclusions from the Dajing and Caijiaying deposits have nearly the same ho-mogenization temperature. Correlation between temperature and salinity shows that both Sn-and Cu-bearing fluids Sn and Cu were present in the Dajing deposit but only one kind of fluids continuously evolved in the Caijiaying deposit. Study on rare earth elements (REE) in ancient fluid from the inclusions indicates that the fluid of Sn mineralizing stage in Dajing was derived from remelting magma of the continental crust, and the fluid of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralizing stage in the Dajing deposit and the fluid of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization in the Caijiaying deposit were derived from the mantle. It is concluded that the Cu-Pb-Zn mineralizations in the Dajing and Caijiaying deposits resulted from the identical tectono-thermal event of magma-fluids induced by Mesozoic tectonic transition and extension in the eastern part of North China Craton.     

Investigation of matrix effects in the MC-ICP-MS induced by Nb,W, and Cu: Isotopic case studies of iron and copper

Some elements normally occur at trace levels while the majority of natural geological materials may be exceedingly enriched in some special cases, such as the Bayan Obo ore deposit where REE and Nb are extremely enriched. These elements may not be removed completely during purification. Therefore, matrix effects will be caused during stable isotope ratio measurement in the MC-ICP-MS. Experiments have shown that the established methods of chromatographic separation of Cu, Fe, and Zn using AG MP-1 Anion Exchange Resin cannot make ef-fective separation of Nb, W, and Cu from Fe using 20 mL 6 M HCl. It is also observed that the elution curves of W and Cu overlap at working conditions and thus W is present in measurable amounts in some sample solutions. Matrix effects in the MC-ICP-MS induced by Nb, W, and Cu during Fe isotope ratio measurements and by W during Cu isotope ratio measurements were thus investigated by examining their changes in delta values between doped and undoped standards. The results show that the effects of the matrix elements Nb, W, or Cu on Fe isotope ratio measurements are minimal in the case of m(Nb)/m(Fe)0.005, m(W)/m(Fe)0.01, or m(Cu)/m(Fe)0.6. This finding, combined with the extremely low levels of W and Cu, and the fact that nearly 90% of Nb can be removed during purification, demonstrates that the methods of chromatographic separation of Fe established before are suitable for Bayan Obo ore samples and that the methods can be simplified when Cu elution is unnecessary. The effects of the matrix element W on Cu isotope determinations are minimal in the case of m(W)/m(Cu)0.7. Therefore, W exerts no significant effect on the measurements of Cu isotopes for the majority of natural geological materials.     

Study on the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province

Three carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes have been found in the Laowangzhai and Beiya gold orefields in the northern sector of the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province. Ocelli in the lamprophyre dykes are carbonates composed mainly of dolomite and calcite. Their trace elements, REE and C isotopic compositions are characteristic of carbonatite and the main mineral assemblages, major elements, trace elements and REE in the matrix are similar to those in the carbonate ocelli-barren lamprophyre dykes in the orefields, which are calc-alkaline lamprophyres that derived from the fertile mantle. The results indicate that the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in this area were produced at the time when the Himalayan lamprophyre magma evolved to a relatively late stage of silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility. In the process of magmatic evolution there took place magmatic degassing with CO₂ and H₂O as the dominant released gases.     

Geology and isotopic composition of helium,neon, xenon and metallogenic age of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits,northwest Yunnan,China

TheJindingoredeposit,locatedinthenorthwestYunnanProvince,isthelargestPb-Zndeposit(Pb Zn>15Mt1),averagingZn=6.08%andPb/Zn=1/4.7)inChinaatpresent.Toitsnorth,alargeCu-Co-AgdeposithasbeenfoundatBaiyangpingrecently1).TheJindingPb-Zndepositishostedinsandstonesa…     

Pb isotope geochemistry of lead,zinc, gold and silver deposit clustered region,Liaodong rift zone,northeastern China

As one of the important deposit-clustered regionsof China, the Liaodong (eastern Liaoning Province)rift zone contains many large lead, zinc, gold, boron,magnesite and talc ore deposits with a long mininghistory. Recently, large-scale Xiaotongjiapuzi gold andGaojiapuzi silver deposits were discovered in the re-gion. Much work on the origin of these deposits hasbeen carried out, however, the discrepancy on the ageand the metal source of the deposits still rem- discu…     

The unique nature in ore composition,geological backgroudd and metallogenic mechanism of non-conventional superlarge ore deposits: A preliminary discussion

The unique nature of four non-conventional superlarge deposits: the Bayan Obo deposit, the Shizhuyuan deposit, the Dachang deposit and the Franklin Furnace deposit is discussed. It is postulated that the unique nature of these deposits is related to the rare geological processes and their coupling.

     

Fluid mixing as the mechanism of formation of the Dajing Cu-Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit,Inner Mongolia ——Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence

Since the 1990s, interest in the magmatic fluids and their relation to mineralization has been re-aroused[1—6]. Studies on stable isotopes of low-sulfidation deposits commonly show the predominance of meteoric water[7]. Paradoxically, the evidence for me…     

Proterozoic anorogenic magmatic rocks and their constraints on mineralizations in the Bayan Obo deposit region, Inner Mongolia

The Proterozoic anorogenic magmatic rocks are well developed in the Bayan Obo deposit region. They are composed of trachyte, magnesioarfvedesonite-feldspatite, potash-rhyolite, dacite, rhyolite, quartz porphyry and trachy basalt. A lot of high-K diabase veins (dykes) are also found. These anorogenic magmatic rocks are derived from the mantle. They have lowerεNd (t) (4.52-5.88) with T(Nd DM)=1.54-1.92 Ga. Their Nd isotopic compositions and T(Nd DM)are consistent with those of ores, implying that the ore-forming materials were derived from these anorogenic magmatic rocks. The zircon U-Pb ages of the rocks are 1.8 Ga. Research results indicate that the Bayan Obo Group was replaced by the hydrothermal solution related to the anorogenic magmatic rocks, resulting in the formation of the deposit.     

Ore-forming mechanism for the Xiaoxinancha Au-rich Cu deposit in Yanbian,Jilin Province,China: Evidence from noble gas isotope geochemistry of fluid inclusions in minerals

The Xiaoxinancha Au-rich copper deposit is one of important Au-Cu deposits along the continental margin in Eastern China. The deposit consists of two sections: the Beishan mine (North), composed of altered rocks with veinlet-dissemination sulfides and melnicovite-dominated sulfide-quartz veins, and the Nanshan mine (South), composed of pyrrhotite-dominated sulfide-quartz veins and pure sulfide veins. The isotope compositions of noble gases extracted from fluid inclusions in ore minerals, i.e. ratios of 3He/4He, 20Ne/22Ne and40Ar/36Ar are in the ranges of 4.45―0.08 Ra, 10.2―8.8 and 306―430, respectively. Fluid inclusions in minerals from the Nanshan mine have higher 3He/4He and 20Ne/22Ne ratios whereas those from the Beishan mine have lower 3He/4He ratios. The analysis of origin, and evolution of the ore fluids and its relations with the ore-forming stages and the ages of mineralization suggests that the initial hydrothermal fluids probably come from the melts generated by partial melting of oceanic crust with the participation of fluids from the mantle (mantle-plume type)/aesthenosphere. This also corresponds to the continental margin settings during the subduction of Izanagi ocaneic plate towards the palaeo-Asian continent (123―102 Ma). The veinlet-dissemination ore bodies of the Beishan mine were formed through replacement and crystallization of the mixed fluids generated by mixing of the ascending high-temperature boiling fluid with young crustal fluid whereas the melnicovite-dominated sulfide-quartz veins were formed subsequently by filling of the high-temperature ore fluid in fissures. Pyrrhotite-dominated sulfide-quartz veins in the Nanshan mine were formed by filling-deposition-crystallization of the moderate-temperature ore fluids and the pure sulfide veins were formed later by filling-deposition-crystallization of ore substance-rich fluids after boiling of the moderate-temperature ore fluids. The metallogenic dynamic processes can be summarized as: (1) formation of fluidand ore substance-bearing Adakitic magma by degassing, dewatering and partial melting during subduction of the Izanagi plate; (2) separation and formation of ore fluids from the Adakitic magma; and (3) success-sive ascending of the ore fluids and final formation of the Au-rich Cu deposit of veinlet-dissemination and vein types by secondary boiling.