正交各向异性介质P波走时分析及Thomsen参数反演

对于包含有垂向裂缝的横向各向同性地层或含有多组正交裂缝的各向同性地层，正交各向异性介质模型是最简单的与实际地层相符的方位各向异性模型.本文对单层水平反射界面正交各向异性模型采用射线追踪法计算了全方位角变化的P波走时，时距曲线表现出强方位各向异性.采用小生境遗传算法，对三条成一定角度的测线的走时信息进行速度和各向异性参数反演.模型算例表明，此方法可以得到高精度的裂缝方位角、P波垂直速度和较高精度的Thomsen各向异性参数.     

川西龙门山及邻区地壳上地幔各向异性地震P波走时层析成像研究

经典的地震层析成像假定介质为各向同性,通过走时反演确定地球介质的非均匀结构,得到的仅是近似地球模型。如果各向异性较强时,应用基于各向同性假设的层析成像算法,可能导致错误的结果。非均匀与各向异性效应是耦合的,如果仅考虑非均匀效应则各向异性结构可能映射到非均匀结构中造成非均匀速度结构的误差,反之亦然。因此,高分辨率的走时层析成像必须同时考虑非均匀和各向异性两种效应。同时反演非均匀和各向异性结构(即各向异性层析成像),不仅可以获得可靠的各向同性速度结构,同时可以确定各向异性结构。相对于S波偏振分析,体波走时方法基于不同的数据集,能提供独立的地震各向异性观测证据。利用地震走时层析成像方法同时研究介质的非均匀性和各向异性,对于认识地球的结构及动力学过程都具有非常重要的意义。     

求解二次方程的二维VTI介质qSV波和qSH波走时快速扫描算法

地震波走时计算在观测系统设计、偏移成像、速度模型走时反演和地震定位等方面起到重要作用.各向异性广泛存在于地球介质中,影响地震波传播的振幅和走时,忽略各向异性的影响将对成像、反演以及地震定位等造成一定的误差.因此对于高分辨率成像和反演,走时计算中考虑各向异性十分重要.快速扫描法不需要存储和追踪波前面信息,在各向异性初至波...     

非椭圆各向异性介质高阶优化走时计算方法及应用

随着地震勘探的深入,对勘探精度的要求越来越高,目前,提高勘探精度的主要方法之一就是提高地震波走时计算的精度,地震走时精度直接影响如动校正、静校正和偏移成像质量.根据地质模型假设条件的不同,有不同的走时计算方法,常用的有各向同性介质假设和各向异性介质假设条件下的走时计算方法,各向异性假设具有比各向同性假设更好的适用性,具有更高的走时计算精度,能够满足大偏移距和高陡构造情况下成像的要求.本文根据Alkhalifah的VTI介质中走时计算方法,以Fomel的TI介质中群速度的计算为基础,利用各向异性介质中Snell定律,提出了在非椭圆各向异性介质中的高阶优化走时计算方法,通过理论和实际数据的应用,表明该方法克服了常规各向异性走时方法中不能够计算大偏深比情况下地震波走时的缺点,具有走时计算精度高、便于实际应用等特点,对叠加和偏移成像有广阔的应用.     

VTI介质转换波动态聚焦束偏移成像方法研究

采用多分量地震数据进行处理,可以得到高质量的转换波成像结果,进而为流体识别和裂缝预测等提供有效支持.本文在前人研究的基础上,通过求解各向异性介质qPSV转换波运动学和动力学射线追踪方程,获得转换波中心射线走时、路径及动力学信息;同时,通过修改动态聚焦型传播算子,构建出各向异性介质动态聚焦束,提出了一种各向异性介质转换波动态聚焦束偏移成像方法.模型试算的结果表明,本文研究的方法,通过综合运用纵横波信息,能够对低速异常区等复杂各向异性介质地质构造有效成像;同常规的各向异性介质转换波高斯束成像方法相比,本文研究方法在保证浅层成像精度的前提下,能够提高深层能量聚焦性,有效增强深层振幅能量.     

横向各向同性介质中地震波走时模拟

横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛分布的一种各向异性介质.针对这种介质,我们对各向同性介质的最小走时树走时模拟方法进行了推广,推广后的方法可适用于非均匀、对称轴任意倾斜的横向各向同性介质模型.为保证计算效率,最小走时树的构建采用了一种子波传播区域随地震波传播动态变化的改进算法.对于弱各向异性介质,我们使用了一种新的地震波群速度近似表示方法,该方法基于用射线角近似表示相角的思想,对3种地震波（qP, qSV和qSH）均有较好的精度.应用本文地震波走时模拟方法对均匀介质、横向非均匀介质模型进行了计算,并将后者结果与弹性波方程有限元方法的模拟结果进行了对比,结果表明两者符合得很好.本文方法可用于横向各向同性介质的深度偏移及地震层析成像的深入研究.     

VTI介质中准P波方程叠前逆时深度偏移

根据具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的一阶准P波方程,导出了该方程在交错网格中逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式,给出了其稳定性条件,采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件解决边界反射问题,分别应用下行波最大能量法和归一化互相关成像条件, 实现了VTI介质中准P波方程的叠前逆时深度偏移．各向异性Marmousi模型的试算结果表明,VTI介质准P波方程叠前逆时深度偏移算法不受地下构造倾角和介质横向速度变化的限制,对复杂模型具有良好的成像能力;应用归一化互相关成像条件能得到更好的成像效果．对比该模型的各向异性和各向同性逆时偏移剖面表明,在各向异性地区采集的纵波数据用各向异性偏移算法理论上能得到更好的成像结果．      

基于面波走时的三维结构面波直接成像：方法综述与应用

利用面波频散数据进行各向同性和各向异性横波速度结构成像是研究全球和区域构造变形、获取地壳上地幔和近地表精细结构的一种非常有效的方法.传统的基于频散数据的面波成像通常采用两步法,即首先反演二维相速度或群速度分布图,然后再基于格点的纯路径频散反演格点下方的一维横波速度模型,之后再拼合成三维速度模型.在本文中我们较为详细地综述新发展的基于面波频散走时的三维面波直接成像方法体系,即面波一步法成像.该方法体系包括通过所有路径、不同频率的面波频散走时直接反演三维各向同性横波速度结构的方法（DSurfTomo）、直接反演三维方位各向异性横波速度结构的方法（DAzimSurfTomo）,以及直接反演三维径向各向异性横波速度结构的方法（DRadiSurfTomo）.新的面波直接成像方法计算不同周期的面波射线路径,从而更好地考虑复杂结构下面波射线路径弯曲对成像精度的影响.随后我们介绍面波直接成像方法的应用实例,包括地壳上地幔及地壳浅部的多尺度各向同性和各向异性横波速度结构的成像,这些成像研究为认识区域构造演化、孕震构造、断裂带浅部结构、成矿构造、城市地下结构等提供了重要的约束.最后我们讨论面波直接成像方法...     

三维各向异性TI介质中的P/S波快速解耦技术及在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Transverse Isotropy, TI)介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Vertical Transverse Isotropy, VTI)介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量.     

各向异性TI介质qP反射波走时层析成像

地震走时层析成像是反演地层各向异性参数分布的有效方法,但是关于地震各向异性介质走时层析成像的研究并不多,其技术远远没有达到成熟的阶段.在野外数据采集时,地表反射波观测方式相对井间和垂直地震剖面观测方式的成本更低,利用qP反射波走时反演各向异性参数具有更加广泛的实用价值.本文实现的TI介质地震走时层析成像方法结合了TI介质反射波射线追踪算法、走时扰动方程和非线性共轭梯度算法,它可以对任意强度的TI介质模型进行反演,文中尝试利用qP反射波走时重建TI介质模型的参数图像.利用qP反射波对层状介质模型和块状异常体模型进行走时反演,由于qP波相速度对弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数的偏微分不同,所以可以分别反演弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数.数值模拟结果表明:利用qP反射波可以反演出TI介质模型的弹性模量参数与Thomsen参数,不同模型的走时迭代反演达到了较好的收敛效果,与各向同性介质走时反演结果相比较,各向异性介质走时反演结果具有较好的识别能力.     

Crosshole ultrasonic tomography and its application to karst investigation

Crosshole ultrasonic tomography is referred to ray tracing by gilding method and image reconstruction by combining the successively linearized iteration with damping least-squares QR decomposition, with which the result has better precision than that with crosshole seismic tomography by using the same inversion method in engineering geological investigation. It has been proved in practice that the investigation with crosshole ultrasonic tomography can clearly show the location and shape of the abnormal geological unit with the volume more than 60 cm when the crosshole distance exceeds 30 m. The result of investigation has been confirmed by the drilling. The crosshole ultrasonic tomography method will be extensively used in the engineering geological investigation.     

井间超声波层析成像及其在岩溶勘察中的应用

井间超声波CT技术采用网格法进行射线追踪，应用逐次线性化迭代与带阻尼最小二乘QR分解相结合的方法进行图象重建. 该技术应用于工程地质勘察领域，能够达到采用相同反演方法的井间地震波CT技术所无法达到的勘察精度要求．工程实践证明，对于井间距超过30 m的情况，超声波CT能分辨大于60 cm的地质异常体. 此方法在工程地质勘察领域具有广阔的应用前景．      

井间地震层析成像的现状与进展

综述了井间地震层析成像研究的现状，给出了小波变换域井间地震层析成像方法的最新进展，并对井间地震层析成像研究给予展望。     

CONVOLUTIONAL BACK-PROJECTION IMAGING OF PHYSICAL MODELS WITH CROSSHOLE SEISMIC DATA1

The development of crosshole seismic tomography as an imaging method for the subsurface has been hampered by the scarcity of real data. For boreholes in excess of a few hundred metres depth, crosshole seismic data acquisition is still a poorly developed and expensive technology. A partial solution to this relative lack of data has been achieved by the use of an ultrasonic seismic modelling system. Such ultrasonic data, obtained in the laboratory from physical models, provide a useful test of crosshole imaging software. In particular, ultrasonic data have been used to test the efficacy of a convolutional back-projection algorithm, designed for crosshole imaging. The algorithm is described and shown to be less susceptible to noise contamination than a Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) algorithm, and much more computationally efficient.     

Inversion of multiple intersecting high-resolution crosshole GPR profiles for hydrological characterization at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site

The integration of geophysical data into the subsurface characterization problem has been shown in many cases to significantly improve hydrological knowledge by providing information at spatial scales and locations that is unattainable using conventional hydrological measurement techniques. In particular, crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tomography has shown much promise in hydrology because of its ability to provide highly detailed images of subsurface radar wave velocity, which is strongly linked to soil water content. Here, we develop and demonstrate a procedure for inverting together multiple crosshole GPR data sets in order to characterize the spatial distribution of radar wave velocity below the water table at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS) near Boise, Idaho, USA. Specifically, we jointly invert 31 intersecting crosshole GPR profiles to obtain a highly resolved and consistent radar velocity model along the various profile directions. The model is found to be strongly correlated with complementary neutron porosity-log data and is further corroborated by larger-scale structural information at the BHRS. This work is an important prerequisite to using crosshole GPR data together with existing hydrological measurements for improved groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling.     

Mineshaft imaging using surface and crosshole 3D electrical resistivity tomography: A case history from the East Pennine Coalfield, UK

Hidden mineshafts located in urban areas are a significant problem across much of the industrialized world. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a technique that can detect and characterize hidden mine entries by exploiting resistivity contrasts between the shaft and surrounding materials, resulting from either compositional or structural differences. A case study is presented in which both surface and crosshole 3D ERT surveys are used to image a hidden backfilled mineshaft at a built environment site, situated on Carboniferous Lower Coal Measures strata in the UK.Backfilled shafts generally present the greatest challenge for detection using geophysical methods, as contrasts between the fill and bedrock are typically low compared to air or water-filled conditions. Nevertheless, the shaft in this case was identified by both the surface and crosshole 3D surveys. The shaft appeared as a strongly resistive anomaly relative to background materials, which we interpreted as resulting from the disturbed fabric of the fill materials rather than any significant compositional differences. The study highlighted the respective strengths and weaknesses of the surface and crosshole ERT methodologies for this type of problem. The surface survey, which covered a non-rectangular area to accommodate irregular boundaries and other physical obstructions, provided a relatively rapid means of investigating the study site. However, this method had a limited depth of investigation and was constrained in its coverage by the locations of buildings. By contrast, the 3D crosshole method was able to image the shaft to the level of the deepest borehole electrodes. Although crosshole ERT is too expensive to be used for large-scale mineshaft surveys, this study clearly demonstrates its suitability for targeted investigations where surface methods cannot be deployed, such as scanning beneath surface structures or in situations where it is essential for resolution to be maintained with depth.     

井间电阻率层析成象的几个问题研究

井间电阻率层析成象是一种较新的高精度电法勘探方法，尚有许多问题需要探讨。本文针对平滑度约束反演算法，研究了平滑因子及迭代次数对成象结果的影响，给出了约束条件的施加方法。     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播有限元方程及数值模拟

基于Biot双相各向异性介质理论和动态问题的哈密顿原理，推导出任意双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播的有限元方程，并给出双相各向异性介质中弹性波有限元方程的数值解法．最后进行有限元法的数值模拟，对双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播特征进行了模拟与分析．       

Ray-based amplitude tomography for crosshole georadar data: a numerical assessment

Analyses of travel times and amplitudes of crosshole georadar data provide estimates of the electromagnetic velocity and attenuation of the probed media. Whereas inversions of travel times are well established and robust, ray-based inversions of amplitudes depend critically on the complex directive properties of the georadar antennae. We investigate the variations of radiation patterns in the presence of water-filled boreholes and/or changes of electrical material properties in the vicinity of the transmitters or receivers. To assess the implications of such complicating factors for ray-based georadar amplitude tomography, we generate crosshole georadar data for a suite of canonical models using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates. The emitting dipole-type antenna is approximated by an infinitesimal vertical electric dipole, whereas a corresponding receiving antenna is emulated by recording the vertical component of the transmitted electric field. Inversions of the amplitudes of these synthetic data demonstrate that the presence of water-filled boreholes as well as changes in the material properties along the boreholes may cause substantial artifacts in the estimated attenuation structure. Furthermore, our results indicate that ray-based amplitude tomography of crosshole georadar data is unable to constrain absolute values of attenuation. Despite these inherent limitations, the method is surprisingly robust at detecting and constraining relative changes in attenuation. In particular, we find the method to be highly effective for locating conductivity contrasts that are not associated with corresponding changes in dielectric permittivity, and hence, cannot be located by travel time tomography alone.     

井间电阻率层析成像研究新进展

由于井间电阻率层析成像方法具有施工方便、成本低、对钻孔无破坏作用且穿透深度也较大等优点，因而得到越来越广泛的应用，在过去几年内对该方法研究的重点在于提高计算效率和改善成像质量，本文从井间电阻率层析成像的基本原理出发，对该方法近年的新进展进行了比较和综述，还介绍了概率层析成像算法的原理，认为今后几年内在此领域内的理论研究重点将是探索有效的反演方法和提高成像质量。