Deep tectonic setting of the 2008 Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript>8.0 earthquake in southwestern China

Teleseismic P-wave receiver functions at 20 broadband seismic stations in the Longmenshan fault zone (LMFZ) and its vicinity were extracted, and the crustal thickness and the P- and S-wave velocity ratio were calculated by use of the H-k stacking algorithm. With the results as constraints, the S-wave velocity structures beneath each station were determined by the inversion of receiver functions. The crustal structure of the Rear-range zone is similar to that of the Songpan-Garze Block, whereas the velocity structure of the Fore-range zone resembles that of Sichuan Basin, implying that the Central Principal Fault of LMFZ is the boundary between the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze Block. Lower velocity zone exists in lower crust of the Songpan-Garze Block and the central-southern segment of the Rear-range zone, which facilitates the detachment of the material in upper and middle crust. Joint analysis of the receiver functions and the Bouguer gravity anomalies supports the thesis on the detachment-thrust mode of the LMFZ. A double-detachment pattern is suggested to the tectonic setting in the Songpan-Garze Block. The upper detachment occurs at the depth of 10-15 km, and represents a high-temperature ductile shear zone. There is a lower detachment at the depth of about 30 km, below which the lower crust flow exists in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Interpretation of the Bouguer gravity anomalies indicates that the Sichuan Basin is of higher density in upper and middle crust in comparison with that of the Songpan-Garze Block. The LMFZ with higher density is the result from the thrusting of the Songpan-Garze Block over the Sichuan Basin. In the lower crust, higher P velocity and higher density in the Sichuan Basin are related to more rigid material, while lower S velocity and lower density in the Songpan-Garze Block are related to the softened and weakened material. The higher density block beneath the Sichuan Basin obstructs the eastward flow of lower crustal material from the Tibetan Plateau, which is driven by the compression of northward movement of Indian Plate. The eastward movement of upper and middle crustal material is also obstructed by the rigid Yangtze Block, resulting in the stress concentrated and accumulated along the LMFZ. When the stress releases sharply, the Wenchuan M _s8.0 earthquake occurs. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40334041, 40774037) and Joint Foundation of Earthquake Science (Grant No. 1040062)     

青藏高原东缘及四川盆地的壳幔导电性结构研究

自从2008年M_S8.0级汶川大地震发生以来,青藏高原东缘便成为地质与地球物理研究的热点区域.该区域的龙门山断裂带标志着青藏高原东缘与四川盆地的边界.汶川地震即发生于龙门山断裂带内的映秀-北川断裂上.该地区现有的研究工作多集中于青藏高原东缘及四川盆地的西部,对四川盆地东部构造情况的研究目前较少.在SinoProbe项目的资助下,完成了一条跨越青藏高原东缘及整个四川盆地的大地电磁测深剖面.该剖面自西北始于青藏高原内部的松潘-甘孜地块,向东南延伸穿过龙门山断裂带、四川盆地内部及四川盆地东部的华蓥山断裂,最终止于重庆东南的川东滑脱褶皱带附近.维性分析表明剖面数据整体二维性较好,通过二维反演得到了最终的电性结构模型.该模型表明,从电性结构上看,沿剖面可分为三个主要的电性结构单元,分别为:浅部高阻、中下地壳低阻的松潘-甘孜地块,浅部低阻、中下地壳相对高阻的四川盆地,以及华蓥山以东整体为高阻特征的扬子克拉通地块.龙门山断裂带在电性结构上表现为倾角较缓、北西倾向的逆冲低阻体,反映了青藏高原东缘相对四川盆地的推覆作用.其在地下向青藏高原内部延伸,深度约为20 km左右.在标志逆冲推覆滑脱面的低阻层下存在一电性梯度带,表征着低阻的青藏高原中下地壳与高阻的扬子地壳之间的电性转换.位于四川盆地东边界的华蓥山断裂在电性结构上表现为一倾向为南东向的低阻体插入高阻的扬子克拉通结晶基底,切割深度约为30 km左右.这一结构反映出华蓥山向西的推覆作用.在电性结构模型的基础上,进一步讨论了青藏高原东缘的壳内物质流、青藏块体与扬子块体的深部关系以及青藏高原东部的隆升机制等构造问题.     

JOINT INVERSION OF AMBIENT NOISE AND SURFACE WAVE FOR S-WAVE VELOCITY OF THE CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE BENEATH WEIHE BASIN AND ITS ADJACENT AREA

The Weihe Basin is the main component of the extrusion and escape shear zone between the ancient North China craton block in Ordos and the ancient Yangtze platform in Sichuan Basin, and carries the dynamic transmission from the main power source of the Qinghai-Tibet Block in the west to the North China and South China regions in the east. The basin itself plays multi roles in the east-west and north-south tectonic movement, and is an excellent site for studying the structural interlacing, dynamic transformation and transmission. At the same time, Weihe Basin is also a famous strong earthquake zone in China. Historically, there was a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 1/4 occurring in Huaxian County in 1556, causing huge casualties and property losses. In view of the special geological structures and the characteristics of modern seismicity activities in the Weihe fault-depression zone, it is necessary to carry out fine three-dimensional velocity structure detection in the deep part of Weihe Basin and its adjacent areas, so as to study the relationship between velocity structure and geological structural units and their evolution process, as well as the deep medium environment where earth￣quakes develop and occur. We investigate the S-wave velocity structure beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions based on continuous background noise data and teleseismic data recorded by 257 broadband stations in Shaanxi Province and its adjacent regions and China Seismological Science Array Exploration Project, and by adopting seismic surface wave inter-station method and background noise cross-correlation method, a total of 10 049 fundamental-mode Rayleigh surface wave phase velocity dispersion curves in the periods of 5~70s are obtained. Firstly, using the average dispersion curve in this study area, we obtain the one-dimensional average S-wave velocity structure model of the study area, and then we apply the ray-tracing surface-wave-dispersion direct inversion method to obtain the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle (3~80km) beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions. The test results of a 1°×1° grid checker board show that the recovery is good, except for the areas east of 111° and south of 32° of the study area, where there is almost no resolution. The imaging results show that the velocity structure beneath each tectonic unit in the study area has a certain distribution rule, and there is a good correlation between surface geological structure and deep velocity structure. Based on the analysis of velocity slices at different depths and S-wave velocity structures of three profiles, and combined with existing geological structures, geophysics and other deep exploration research results, we obtain the following knowledge and conclusions:1)The thick sedimentary layer covering the top of Weihe Basin is the cause of low velocity anomaly in its shallow crust, the middle and upper crust of the basin are of low velocity structure, and the low-velocity zone extends about 25km, the Moho interface uplifts abruptly relative to both the Ordos Block and the Qinling orogenic belt on opposite sides, and high-speed materials from the upper mantle intrude into the lower crust, which may be related to the underplating of mafic-ultramafic materials from the upper mantle in Mesozoic-Cenozoic period; 2)The south Ordos Block is not a homogeneous whole, the low-velocity structure of the shallow crust in southern Ordos Block is thin in east and thick in west, which may be related to the overall tilting of the Ordos Basin since the Phanerozoic, as well as the differential uplift and strong and uneven denudation of the Ordos Block since the Late Cretaceous. The crustal structure of the south Ordos Block is relatively simple and homogeneous. There is no significant low-velocity structure in the curst of the block, which shows that the low-velocity structure in the crust does not penetrate the whole Ordos block. We speculate that the southern Ordos Block still maintains the stable craton property, and has not been reformed significantly so far; 3)The variation characteristics of deep structure of the Qinling orogenic belt reflect the deep crustal structure and tectonic deformation characteristics of the orogenic belt which are strongly reformed by land-land collision and suture between North China plate and Yangtze plate, intracontinental orogeny, uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its northeastern expansion since the Late Hercynian-Indosinian period. The deep structure beneath the eastern and western Qinling orogenic belt is different and has the characteristics of segmentation. The low-velocity anomaly at the bottom of the lower crust of the orogenic belt may be affected by tectonic activities such as uplift and outward extension of the NE Tibetan plateau, and the analysis considers that there is little possibility of the existence of lower crustal circulation channel for the eastward flowing of Tibetan plateau materials in the Qinling orogenic belt. However, since the maximum depth from the inversion of this paper is 80km, which is located at the top of the upper mantle, our results cannot prove that there exists a mantle flow channel for the eastward flow of Tibetan plateau material beneath the Qinling orogenic belt.     

Rayleigh wave phase velocities of South China block and its adjacent areas

Using records of continuous seismic waveforms from 609 broadband seismic stations in the South China Block and its adjacent areas in 2010–2012, empirical Green's functions of surface waves were obtained from cross-correlation functions of ambient noise data between these stations. High quality phase velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves were obtained using time-frequency analysis. These interstation dispersion curves were then inverted to build Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps at periods of 6–50 s. The results of phase velocity maps indicate that phase velocities at 6–10 s periods are correlated with the geological features in the upper crust. Major basins and small-scale grabens and basins display slow velocity anomalies; while most of the orogenic belts and the fold belts display high velocity anomalies. With the gravity gradient zone along Taihang Mountain to Wuling Mountain as the boundary for the phase velocity maps at period of 20–30 s, the western area mainly displays low velocity anomalies, while the eastern side shows high velocity anomalies. Phase velocities in the eastern South China Block south to the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt is higher than that in the eastern North China Block to the north, which is possibly due to the differences of tectonic mechanisms between the North China Craton and the South China Block. The phase velocities at periods of40–50 s are possibly related to the lateral variations of the velocity structure in the lower crust and upper mantle: The low-velocity anomalies in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau are caused by the thick crust; while the Sichuan Basin and the southern part of the Ordos Basin display distinct high-velocity anomalies, reflecting the stable features of the lithosphere in these blocks. The lateral variation pattern of phase velocities in the southern part of the South China Block is not consistent with the surface trace of the block boundary in the eastern Yunnan Province and its vicinities. The phase velocities in the Sichuan Basin are overall slow at short periods and gradually increase with period from the central part to the edge of the basin, indicating the features of shallower basement in the center and overall stable lithospheric mantle of the basin. The middle and upper crust of the southern Ordos Basin in the North China Block is heterogeneous, while in lower crust and the uppermost mantle the phase velocities mainly exhibit high anomalies. High-velocity anomalies are widespread at the middle of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, as well as the areas in southeastern Guangxi with Caledonian granite explosion, but its detailed mechanism is still unclear.     

青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔电性结构研究进展

经过数十年的努力,中国学者针对青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔探测,累积完成超过20000 km的大地电磁测深剖面,取得了一系列重要科学数据和认识,为青藏高原东缘构造格局、地壳上地幔电性结构、地震机制和动力学研究奠定了基础.根据青藏高原东缘的主要构造和断裂分布特征,本文重点对龙门山构造带、川滇构造带和三江构造带三个构造带分区进行研究,主要依据大地电磁探测工作成果和壳幔电性结构特征,系统地对青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔电性结构、与扬子西缘接触关系、汶川地震和芦山地震的电性孕震环境及弱物质流通道等几个方面进行了梳理和分析.一是青藏高原东缘地壳表层岩块和物质沿壳内高导层向龙门山造山带仰冲推覆,表现为逆冲推覆特征的薄皮构造;二是高原东部地壳中下部及上地幔顶部向龙门山造山带和上扬子地块西缘岩石圈深部俯冲,呈现刚性的上扬子地块西缘高阻楔形体向西插入柔性青藏块体的楔形构造;三是将汶川地震和芦山地震的震源投影到大地电磁剖面上,发现震源位于剖面下方的高阻块体与低阻体之间靠近高阻体的一侧,龙门山构造带岩石圈表现出高阻、高密度和高速的"三高"特征,这种非均匀电性结构可能构成地震孕育发生条件;四是川滇和三江地区的多条大地电磁剖面探测结果表明,在青藏高原东缘中下地壳存在下地壳流和局部管道流,大地电磁结果对其空间分布形态、位置及大小进行了较好的刻画.根据研究区壳幔电性结构特征的构造解析和综合实例分析,总结了青藏高原东缘六类壳幔电性结构模型,提出了下一步重点研究领域和目标.总之,青藏高原东缘壳幔电性结构的研究对揭示研究区岩石圈结构和构造格局提供了重要依据,对油气及矿产资源远景评价提供了背景资料,对"Y"型多地震区的构造关系和发震机理研究具有重要指导意义.     

青藏高原东缘岩石圈物性结构特征及深部构造涵义

青藏高原东缘是研究青藏高原地壳物质向东侧向挤出的焦点地区.为探索青藏高原东向挤出其东部壳幔结构响应及深部地质构造依据,本文利用卫星测高重力数据、数字地震台网("喜马拉雅"项目一期)634个台站的观测数据、以及跨越龙门山构造带、攀西构造带的两条长周期大地电磁测深资料,获得了青藏高原东缘视密度物性结构、P波速度异常结构、以及电性成像结构.物性成像结果表明:(1)松潘地块、川滇地块中-下地壳、上地幔具有低密度、低速、高导的韧性物性结构,部分地区这种韧性物性结构甚至可到达150 km处;(2)四川盆地下方扬子克拉通岩石圈具有稳定的高密度、高速、高阻的刚硬物性结构,其结构向下可延伸至150 km深处;(3)青藏高原东缘横向和垂向的物性结构差异,为揭示龙门山构造带、川滇地块隆升机制提供了物质基础和动力学依据;(4)岩石圈物性结构中,沿岷山一龙门山一锦屏山一玉龙雪山构造带一线存在明显的密度、速度梯级带,其东西两侧呈明显物性二元结构,该物性梯级带可能反映了中上扬子地块西边界位置.     

The crustal structures of the central Longmenshan along and its margins as related to the seismotectonics of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

In 2010, a 500-km-long wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was completed, running northwest from the central Sichuan Basin. This profile orthogonally crosses the meizoseismal area of great Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008, which occurred in the central part of the Longmenshan. The profile also passes through the northwestern Sichuan Plateau, along which a new deep seismic sounding observation system was set up that was much improved over previous datasets and enabled abundant observations to be recorded. Seismic wave phase records that reflect the structural characteristics of different tectonic blocks, especially the complicated phase features associated with the Wenchuan earthquake, were calculated and analyzed in detail. A 2D crustal P-wave velocity model for the orogenic belt in the central Longmenshan and its margins was determined, and crustal structure differences between the stable Sichuan Basin and the thickened northwestern Sichuan Plateau were characterized. Lithological variations within the upper and lower crust in the interior of the plateau, especially a great velocity decrease and plastic rheological properties associated with strong lithologic weakening in lower crust, were detected. From west to east in the lower crust beneath the orogenic belt lying between the Sichuan Basin and the northwestern Sichuan Plateau, a giant shovel-like upwelling is observed that dips gently in the lower part and at higher angles in the upper part; this is inferred to be related to the fault systems in the central Longmenshan. An upwelling in the upper-middle crust along the eastern margin of the orogenic belt is associated with steeply dipping thrusts that strongly uplift the upper crust and crystalline basement beneath a central fault system in the Longmenshan. The data, combined with an understanding of the regional tectonic stress field and previous geological results, enable a discussion of basin-and-range coupling, orogenic tectonics, the crustal fault system, and the seismogenic tectonic environment of the central Longmenshan along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

ESTIMATING THE LOWER CRUSTAL VISCOSITY OF THE WESTERN QINLING-SONGPAN TECTONIC NODE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS BY USING LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY

The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node is located at the intersection of three major tectonic units of Tibetan plateau, the South China Block and the Ordos Block, and is at the forefront of the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It has unique geological and dynamic characteristics from the surface to the deep underground. Based on the model for ductile flow in the lower crust, the geomorphological form is used to estimate the viscosity of the lower crust, and how the rheological process of the deep lithosphere acts on the upper crust deformation and structural geomorphology. And combined with GPS velocity field data, the current crustal deformation is analyzed to further study the regional dispersive deformation process. The results show that the viscosity of the north and northeast of the Zoige-Hongyuan Basin is smaller than that of the east and southeast. Therefore, the lower crust flow has a tendency of flowing to the northeastern low viscosity zone. We believe that when the lower crust flows from the central plain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the rigid Sichuan Basin with a higher viscosity of the lower crust, it cannot flow into the basin, and part of the lower crust flow accumulate here, causing the upper crust to rise, and the uplifting led to the formation of the Longmen Mountains and a series of NNE-striking faults as well. When the lower crust flows to the northeast direction with a low viscosity, the brittle upper crust is driven together. Because of the remote effects from the Ordos Basin and the Longxi Basin, the mountains in this region are built slowly and the stepped arc-shaped topography of the current 3 000-meter contour line and the 2 000-meter contour line are developed. At the same time, a series of NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults are developed. This explains the seismogenic tectonic model of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node as from NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faulting to the NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting and both having a thrust component. The current crustal movement direction revealed by the GPS velocity field is consistent with the direction of historical crust evolution of the lower crust revealed by the viscosity, implying that there is a good coupling relationship between the lower crust and upper crust. The results provide a basis for studying the development of fault systems with different strikes and properties, the formation of orogenic belts, the macroscopic geomorphological evolution characteristics, and the rheological and uplift dynamics of the lithosphere in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, our research differs from the previous studies in the spatial and temporal scale. Previous studies included either the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or only the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, our analysis on the contours and topographical differences in the topography of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic knot reveals that the study area is controlled by the lower crust flow. Our results are confirmed by various observations such as seismology, magnetotellurics and geophysical exploration. Moreover, the previous studies did not point out enough that the elevation contours are elliptical, and the elliptical geomorphology further illustrates that the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has rheological characteristics and also conforms to the continuous deformation mode. Meanwhile, in terms of time scale, the evolution time of the study area is divided into three types of simulation time according to geochronology. And the GPS velocity field is introduced to observe the present-day crustal deformation.     

P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region

A deep seismic sounding profile located in the western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region extends from Batang (Zhubalong) to Zizhong, Sichuan. It passes through the Songpan-Garzê Fold System and the Longmenshan Tectonic Zone, and ends in the Yangtze Craton. Based on the travel times of phases on the profile, incorporating information on the relevant amplitudes, we determined 2-D P-wave crustal velocity structure along the profile, analyzed the principle differences between the crustal and upper mantle structure in the Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin, discussed the deep feature of the major faults on the profile, the tectonic relation between the Yangtze Craton and the Tibetan Plateau and the deep structural environment where strong earthquakes occurred.     

龙门山构造带壳幔电性结构特征及其与汶川、芦山强震关系

青藏高原东缘龙门山构造带是研究青藏高原地壳物质向东侧向挤出的焦点地区.为探索龙门山构造带活动构造特征及其与发震构造的关系,本文通过布置垂直龙门山构造带南段芦山地震震源区的大地电磁测深剖面,运用多种数据处理手段,得到研究区可靠的电性结构,并通过与已有龙门山中段和北段剖面进行对比分析.研究表明：（1）青藏高原东缘岩石圈存在明显的低阻异常带--松潘岩石圈低阻带,该低阻异常带沿龙日坝断裂-岷山断裂-龙门山后山断裂分布,形成松潘-甘孜地块向扬子地块俯冲的深部动力学模式,通过统计研究区的历史强震,发现震源主要沿低阻异常带东侧分布,同时,低阻异常带也是低速度、低密度异常带,松潘岩石圈低阻带可能是扬子地块的西缘边界;（2）青藏高原物质东移过程中,受到克拉通型四川盆地的强烈阻挡,龙门山构造带表层岩块和物质发生仰冲推覆,表现为逆冲推覆特征的薄皮构造,中下地壳和上地幔顶部物质向龙门山构造带岩石圈深部俯冲,印支运动晚期,扬子古板块持续向华北板块俯冲,在上述构造运动作用下,呈现出刚性的上扬子地块西缘高阻楔形体向西插入柔性青藏块体的楔状构造;（3）根据电性结构推断,芦山地震受到深部上里隐伏壳幔韧性剪切带向上扩展的影响,构成芦山地震的深部主要动力来源;汶川地震的发生,在龙门山南段形成应力加载区,是触发或加快芦山地震孕育发生的另一个动力来源.     

P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region

A deep seismic sounding profile located in the western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region extends from Batang (Zhubalong) to Zizhong, Sichuan. It passes through the Songpan-Garzê Fold System and the Longmenshan Tectonic Zone, and ends in the Yangtze Craton. Based on the travel times of phases on the profile, incorporating information on the relevant amplitudes, we determined 2-D P-wave crustal velocity structure along the profile, analyzed the principle differences between the crustal and upper mantle structure in the Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin, discussed the deep feature of the major faults on the profile, the tectonic relation between the Yangtze Craton and the Tibetan Plateau and the deep structural environment where strong earthquakes occurred.     

青藏高原东缘的地壳流及动力过程

黏滞性地壳流对地壳及上地幔变形作用及动力机制,是大陆新生代造山带的一个重要研究内容.青藏高原中下地壳存在部分熔融或含水物质的黏滞性流体,已为一系列地球物理及岩石学研究所证实.为研究青藏高原东缘地壳流的动力作用,本文用密集的被动源宽频带地震台的观测数据,反演了地壳上地幔精细速度结构和泊松比.研究表明,川西及滇西北高原的中地壳内普遍存在低速层,而高泊松比的地壳只分布在川西北地区.位于中地壳的黏滞性地壳流从青藏高原腹地羌塘高原流出,自北西向南东流入青藏高原东缘.这些黏滞性地壳流带动了上地壳块体水平移动,当它们受到刚强的四川盆地及华南地块阻挡时将发生分层作用,地壳流将分为二或更多分支不同方向的分流,向上的一支地壳流将对上地壳产生挤压,引起地面隆升,向下的一支地壳流将使莫霍面下沉加厚下地壳·黏滞性地壳流的运动在地壳中产生应变破裂发生强烈地震活动,地震的空间分布与震源机制也受到地壳流动力作用控制.     

利用剪切波分裂研究青藏高原东北缘及东南缘上地幔各向异性

利用从IRIS上下载的青藏高原东北缘238个台站以及中国地震科学探测台阵喜马拉雅一期350个台站记录到的远震波形数据,通过采用剪切波分裂方法,获取各个台站下方各向异性分裂参数——快波偏振方向（φ）和分裂时差（δt）,从而得到青藏高原东北缘、东南缘上地幔的各向异性特征。研究结果表明,祁连块体、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体北部,快波方向为NNW-SSE,明显不同于GPS测量得到的近NE-SW的地表位移场方向,延迟时间平均~0.85 s;羌塘块体以及松潘-甘孜褶皱带的西部,快波方向呈现沿顺时针方向旋转的趋势,并且与GPS测量得到的地表位移场方向一致,延迟时间平均为~1.24 s;松潘-甘孜褶皱带东部、秦岭造山带与鄂尔多斯块体南部的交界处,快波方向呈现无序分布,与GPS方向表现出不一致的分布,延迟时间平均~1.08 s;川滇块体北部,快波方向近似N-S方向,与GPS测量得到的地表位移场方向相同,平均延迟时间为~0.925 s;位于北纬26°以南的川滇块体南部,快波方向近E-W方向分布,明显不同于GPS地表位移场方向,平均延迟时间~1.065 s。综合分析推测,羌塘块体、松潘-甘孜褶皱带的西部以及川滇块体北部,地表形变和深部之间的变形是相互耦合的;祁连块体、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体北部,松潘-甘孜褶皱带东部、秦岭造山带与鄂尔多斯块体南部的交界处以及川滇块体南部,壳幔之间可能存在解耦现象。     

中国南北地震带北段及其周缘地壳厚度与泊松比研究

本文利用中国地震科学探测台阵2013-2015年在南北地震带北段及其周缘架设的673个台站所记录到的远震波形所提取到的接收函数并应用H-κ扫描方法获取了南北地震带北段及其周缘的地壳厚度和泊松比,结果显示研究区地壳厚度从青藏高原东北缘向鄂尔多斯块体逐渐减小,从65 km逐渐减薄至40 km,不同块体之间地壳厚度存在明显差异.祁连造山带西部地壳厚度超过60 km,而东部地壳厚度仅为约50 km左右,表明祁连造山带东、西部地壳增厚变形存在着明显差异.西秦岭造山带地壳厚度从60 km减薄到40 km,其东部具有较薄的地壳厚度可能经历了拆沉.阿拉善块体作为华北克拉通西部块体的一部分,西部地壳厚度约50 km,而东部约45 km,表明阿拉善块体西部由于印度一欧亚板块碰撞也受到了活化改造,其克拉通性质只在其中东部残留.研究区泊松比变化范围为0.20~0.31,平均泊松比约0.25,表明地壳主要由长英质矿物组成,较高的泊松比主要分布在六盘山断裂带和银川一河套地堑.研究结果显示地壳厚度与高程之间具有较好的相关性,表明地壳整体上处于相对均衡的状态,而西秦岭造山带和祁连造山带东部的部分区域地壳可能处于不均衡状态.     

南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层速度结构特征研究

本文利用重力数据采用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演了南北构造带及邻域地区的地壳厚度,同时采用体波地震层析成像方法反演了研究区的地壳至上地幔的三维速度结构.根据计算结果对研究区的地壳及岩石层结构进行了探讨,力图揭示南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层变形特征,并且对青藏高原边缘活动带壳幔构造演化的深部成因、研究区的上地幔流变性及其动力学意义进行了相应的讨论.通过分析研究表明南北构造带地区为地壳厚度剧变区,西侧为地壳增厚区,东侧的鄂尔多斯、四川盆地为地壳稳定区,而再向东为地壳逐渐减薄区.中国岩石层减薄与增厚的边界基本被限定在大兴安岭—太行山—秦岭—大巴山—武陵山一带,这也是东部陆缘带和中部扬子、鄂尔多斯克拉通地区深部构造边界的分界线,其两侧不仅浅层地质构造存在较大的差异,上地幔深部的物性状态和热活动也明显不同,这说明研究区的岩石层和软流层结构以及深部物质的分布存在横向非均匀性.中部地区和青藏高原深部构造边界的分界线位于东经100°—102°左右.     

龙泉山背斜的地壳缩短与隆升——来自河流阶地变形的证据

位于龙门山逆冲推覆构造带东侧的龙泉山背斜,构成了四川前陆盆地的前陆隆起。通过室内航空相片对凯江跨背斜段的地貌面的解译,结合野外考察可知凯江发育3级阶地,其中T₁、T₂为堆积阶地,T₃为基座阶地。在野外用差分GPS测量了阶地的空间坐标信息,同时采集了各级阶地堆积物的测年样本,并经实验分析约束了阶地的形成年龄。另外,对石油地震剖面解译揭示出龙泉山背斜北段地壳缩短和隆升主要是通过褶皱膝折带迁移机制进行的,滑脱层的深度约6km。利用面积守恒准则计算出龙泉山背斜晚更新世以来的地壳缩短速率约为(1.36±0.41)mm/a、隆升速率为(0.64±0.19)mm/a。通过滑脱层的推覆抬升机制形成的龙泉山背斜,给青藏高原东缘变形模式中的逆断层推覆地壳缩短造山增加了证据。     

Contemporary crustal deformation of the Chinese continent and tectonic block model

We obtain the preliminary result of crustal deformation velocity field for the Chinese continent by analyzing GPS data from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China (CMONOC), particularly the data from the regional networks of CMONOC observed in 1999 and 2001. We delineate 9 technically active blocks and 2 broadly distributed deformation zones out of a dense GPS velocity field, and derive block motion Euler poles for the blocks and their relative motion rates. Our result reveals that there are 3 categories of deformation patterns in the Chinese continent. The first category, associated with the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan orogenic belt, shows broadly distributed deformation within the regions. The third category, associated with the Tarim Basin and the region east of the north-south seismic belt of China, shows block-like motion, with deformation accommodated along the block boundaries only. The second category, mainly associated with the borderland of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the Qaidam, Qilian, Xining (in eastern Qinghai), and the Diamond-shaped (in western Sichuan and Yunnan) blocks, has the deformation pattern between the first and the third, i.e. these regions appear to deform block-like, but with smaller sizes and less strength for the blocks. Based on the analysis of the lithospheric structures and the deformation patterns of the regions above, we come to the inference that the deformation modes of the Chinese continental crust are mainly controlled by the crustal structure. The crust of the eastern China and the Tarim Basin is mechanically strong, and its deformation takes the form of relative motion between rigid blocks. On the other hand, the northward indentation of the Indian plate into the Asia continent has created the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan Mountains, thickened their crust, and raised the temperature in the crust. The lower crust thus has become ductile, evidenced in low seismic velocity and high electric conductivity observed. The brittle part of the crust, driven by the visco-plastic flow of the lower crust, deforms extensively at all scales. The regions of the second category located at the borderland of the Tibetan Plateau are at the transition zone between the regions of the first and the third categories in terms of the crustal structure. Driven by the lateral boundary forces, their deformation style is also between the two, in the form of block motion and deformation with smaller blocks and less internal strength.     

青藏高原东北部多尺度重力场及其地球动力学意义

由于受到SN和EW双向挤压作用的综合影响,处于年轻高原与古老地块交接区的青藏高原东北部岩石圈强烈变形,构造活动十分活跃.为了整体性地了解青藏高原东北部重力场和深部动力学机制,本文基于EGM2008全球重力场模型数据,利用小波多尺度分析获得不同尺度的重力异常信息;同时反演了研究区的地壳厚度;通过构建穿越龙门山造山带和西秦岭造山带两条剖面的岩石圈密度结构模型,分析了地壳上地幔内不同介质的分布特征.研究结果表明,青藏高原东北部岩石圈显示十分复杂的塑性体的特征,其重力异常走向多以EW或SSE为主,反映了高原岩石圈物质向东运移的趋势;地壳厚度由西向东逐渐减薄,边缘造山带深部并没有发现"山根"痕迹,结合该地区低重力的特征,推测西秦岭—松潘构造结岩石圈发生过大规模地幔流底侵作用;地幔流上涌的动力可能来源于印度板块向欧亚大陆板块俯冲,激发了地幔流体侧向移动,在扬子地台和华北地台附近受到坚硬岩石圈的阻挡而被迫上移,并因此造成龙门山与西秦岭的隆升.     

青藏高原东北缘祁连山造山带至阿拉善地块壳幔电性结构研究

在青藏高原东北缘祁连山造山带至阿拉善地块之间完成了一条372km的大地电磁剖面,通过二维反演计算,获得了沿剖面180km深的壳幔电性结构模型,结合研究区地质和地球物理资料开展综合分析,研究结果表明:(1)剖面自南向北所经过的祁连山造山带、走廊过渡带和阿拉善地块对应3种壳幔电性结构模型:东祁连壳幔高-低-高阻似层状电性结构、河西走廊壳幔低阻带状电性结构和阿拉善南缘壳幔高-低-高阻层状电性结构.(2)剖面所经过的主要断裂带在电性结构上表现为低阻异常带或电性梯度带,并且止于中上地壳或消失于下地壳低阻层中.除这些分布于中上地壳的断裂系统以外,在下地壳至上地幔顶部还存在两条切割莫霍面的壳幔韧性剪切带:西华山北缘壳幔韧性剪切带和阿拉善南缘壳幔韧性剪切带.其中,西华山北缘壳幔韧性剪切带可能是1920年海原8.6级地震发生的深部背景之一;而阿拉善南缘壳幔剪切带可能是卫宁北山燕山晚期和喜山期幔源岩浆上升到地壳浅部或喷出到地表的通道,为在该区域寻找晚中生代至新生代含矿隐伏岩体提供了深部电性结构依据.(3)由若干形状不规则、彼此不相连的"碎块状"极高阻块体组成的中上地壳与"似层状"的中下地壳低阻层共同构成的地壳电性结构,是引起青藏高原东北缘强烈破坏性地震最佳的地壳电性结构组合之一.印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞楔入引起青藏高原块体向北东方向运移与阿拉善地块向南的俯冲碰撞楔入,是青藏高原东北缘强震活动带产生的动力学背景.     

青藏高原东缘龙门山逆冲构造深部电性结构特征

通过对汶川地震前观测的碌曲—若尔盖—北川—中江大地电磁剖面的数据处理和反演解释,揭示了沿剖面的松潘—甘孜地块、川西前陆盆地、龙门山构造带及秦岭构造带50 km深度的电性结构特征及相互关系,表明青藏高原东缘向东挤压,迫使向东流动的地壳物质沿高原东缘堆积,并向扬子陆块逆冲推覆.龙门山恰好位于松潘—甘孜地块与扬子陆块对挤部位,主要受松潘—甘孜地块壳内高导层滑脱和四川盆地基底高阻体阻挡的约束,地壳深部存在着西倾且连续展布的壳内低阻层,表明龙门山深部确实存在着逆冲推覆构造,其逆冲断裂系中的三条断裂不仅以不同的倾角向西北倾斜,并且向深部逐渐汇集,但茂县—汶川断裂可能在深部与北川—映秀断裂是分离的.龙门山两翼的四川盆地和松潘甘孜褶皱带的电性结构既具有明显差异性,又具有一定的相关性.四川盆地显示巨厚的低阻沉积盖层和连续稳定的高阻基底的二元电性结构,而松潘—甘孜地块则表现为反向二元结构,即上部大套高阻褶皱带,下部整体为低阻的变化带,龙门山逆冲构造带本身又表现为松潘地块逆冲上覆在四川盆地之上,构成上部高阻褶皱带、中部低阻逆冲断裂带和底部盆地高阻基底的三层电性结构.对比龙门山逆冲构造断裂带的西倾延伸上下盘两侧的两个反对称的二元电性结构,松潘区块深部推断的结晶基底与龙门山断裂带下盘推断的下伏盆地结晶基底又存在某种内在对应关系,推断可能存在一个西延至若尔盖地块的泛扬子陆块.因此,龙门山构造带地壳电性结构研究对于揭示青藏高原东缘陆内造山动力过程,探索汶川大地震的深部生成机理都具有重要意义.