交错网格高阶差分法三维弹性波数值模拟

本文应用交错网格高阶有限差分方法模拟弹性波在三维各向同性介质中的传播。采用时间上二阶、空间上高阶近似的交错网格高阶差分公式求解三维弹性波位移-应力方程,并在计算边界处应用基于傍轴近似法得到的三维弹性波方程吸收边界条件。在此基础上进行了三维盐丘地质模型的地震波传播数值模拟试算。试算结果表明该方法模拟精度高,在很大程度上减小了数值频散,绕射波更加丰富,而且适用于介质速度具有纵向变化和横向变化的情况。     

基于MC-PML的二维Rayleigh波正演模拟及频散特征分析

Rayleigh波正演模拟是认识Rayleigh波传播规律的重要手段,也是Rayleigh波反演的基础.然而,在浅地表高泊松比地质体的Rayleigh波正演模拟中,应力镜像与二阶速度展开的自由表面处理方法配合传统的C-PML技术会产生严重的数值不稳定问题.为此,本文首先从弹性波动方程出发,基于应力镜像与二阶速度展开法,推导了自由边界条件下应力分量与速度分量的更新公式;然后再借助MC-PML边界条件处理模型左右两边和底部的人工截断边界,以确保自由边界与吸收边界耦合区域的计算稳定;最终采用GPU并行编程架构,实现了基于MC-PML的Rayleigh波正演模拟技术．通过四组典型模型试验及频散分析结果表明:应力镜像与二阶速度展开的自由表面处理方法结合MC-PML技术能够准确刻画Rayleigh波传播规律,MC-PML技术不受自由表面影响,未见数值不稳定,频散能量谱的峰值连线与理论频散曲线的高度一致性进一步证实本文Rayleigh波正演模拟所采用的关键处理技术是正确的．     

一阶弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分解法

提高计算精度和运算效率是所有波场正演方法所追求的目标,本文通过将速度 （应力）对时间的奇数阶高阶寻数转化为应力（速度）对空间的导数,运用时间和空间差分精度 均可达任意阶的高阶差分法,通过交错网格技术,对一阶速度－应力弹性波方程进行了数值求 解．波场快照以及实际模型的正演结果表明,这种求解一阶弹性波方程的高阶差分解法,和 常规的差分法相比网格频散显著减小,精度明显提高,而且可以取较大的空间步长,提高计算 效率。     

黏弹TTI介质中旋转交错网格高阶有限差分数值模拟

以Carcione黏弹各向异性理论为基础,给出了适用于黏弹性具有任意倾斜对称轴横向各向同性介质(黏弹TTI介质)的二维三分量一阶速度-应力方程,采用旋转交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式求解该方程,并推导出了二维黏弹TTI介质完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件公式和相应的旋转交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式,实现了该类介质的地震波场数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:该方法模拟精度高,边界吸收效果好,可以得到高精度的波场快照和合成记录;并且波场快照和合成记录能较好地反映地下介质的各向异性特征和黏弹性特征.     

任意倾斜各向异性介质中弹性波波场交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟

给出了任意倾斜各向异性介质中二维三分量一阶应力速度弹性波方程交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式及其稳定性条件,并推导出了二维任意倾斜各向异性介质完全匹配吸收层法边界条件公式和相应的交错网格任意偶数阶精度差分格式. 数值模拟结果表明,该方法模拟精度高,计算效率高,边界吸收效果好. 各向异性介质中弹性波波前面形态复杂, 且qP波波速不总是比qS波波速快. qS波波前面和同相轴的三分叉现象普遍, 且其同相轴一般不是双曲线型. 当TI介质倾斜时,3个分量上均能够观测到横波分裂现象, 而且各波形的同相轴变得不对称.      

一阶弹性波方程错网格高阶差分解法

提高计算精度和运算效率是所有波场正演方法所追求的目标,本文通过将速度（应力）对时间的奇数阶高阶转化为应力（速度）对空间的导数,运用时间和空间差分精度均可达任意阶的高阶差分法,通过交错网格技术,对一阶速度－应力弹性波方程进行了数值求解;波场快照以及实际模型的正演结果表明,这种求解一阶弹性小听高阶差分解法,和常规的差分法相比网格频散显著减小,精度明显提高,而且可以取较大的空间步长,提高计算效率。     

孔隙介质中面波有限差分模拟及应力镜像条件（英文）

地震波沿自由表面传播P波和S波干涉会产生面波现象。因此,地震波数值模拟中需要精确地处理自由表面边界以获取面波传播的数值解。本文提出了一种基于动态孔弹性理论包含自由表面边界处理的时空域交错网格有限差分数值计算方法。针对自由表面,推广弹性介质中的传统应力镜像自由边界处理方法,提出一种新的描述孔隙介质固体和流体自由边界特征适用于面波模拟的应力镜像法。自由表面所在网格节点上的相应镜像的处理就能获得稳定精确的面波数值解。数值模拟得到的第一类Rayleigh波的结果表明该算法在相应的弹性介质中一样的网格剖分下就可获得保证精度的稳定解。数值模拟的例子反映了本文所述方法的有效性。     

起伏地表QR径向基函数有限差分及其在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

弹性波逆时偏移不受倾角和偏移孔径的限制,能够实现任意复杂构造的高精度多波成像,是目前最精确的多分量资料偏移成像方法之一.逆时偏移算法的核心是波场延拓,传统波场延拓以水平基准面为边界条件,基于固定采样步长进行规则网格剖分,采用阶梯近似法处理起伏地表和复杂构造界面时会产生台阶散射,严重影响起伏地表复杂构造的成像精度.基于无网格节点模型,定量分析了弹性波模拟中径向基函数有限差分法的频散关系和稳定性条件.基于此,提出一种基于QR径向基函数的高精度有限差分方法,并提出一种优化的起伏地表自适应节点剖分方法,推导了精确的无网格自由边界条件和弹性波无网格混合吸收边界条件,形成了新的基于无网格的起伏地表弹性波数值模拟方法.此外,本文将此无网格径向基函数有限差分方法应用于精确的纵横波场矢量分解公式,实现了起伏地表弹性波逆时偏移成像.通过对高斯山丘模型,起伏凹陷模型和起伏地表Marmousi-2模型进行数值试算,验证了本文方法的有效性和可行性.     

一阶弹性波方程数值模拟中的混合吸收边界条件

Liu和Sen（2010和2012）在地震波场数值模拟中提出一种混合吸收边界条件. 该方法具有计算量小、容易实现及吸收效果好等优点. 但现有的混合吸收边界条件是针对二阶位移-应力方程设计的,存在稳定性问题. 本文首先推导了两种速度-应力单程波方程：二阶Higdon单程波方程和一阶Higdon单程波方程. 进而提出基于一阶弹性波方程的混合吸收边界条件方法. 在内部区域和边界之间引入一个过渡区域,通过单程波与双程波方程平滑过渡来消除人工边界反射. 为了改善混合吸收边界条件的吸收效果和稳定性,我们采用了能同时吸收纵、横波反射的一阶单程波方程和与变量位置有关的加权系数. 为了验证混合吸收边界条件的有效性,将其与常规分裂完全匹配层（PML）方法进行了比较. 数值模拟结果表明,与PML边界条件相比,混合吸收边界条件在耗用更小计算时间和存储量的前提下,可以获得更好的吸收效果. 另外,本文提出的两种混合吸收边界条件中,混合一阶Higdon吸收边界条件具有更好的稳定性.     

三维单斜裂隙介质地震正演模拟

多组任意夹角直立裂隙的排列方式比单组平行排列直立裂隙更具一般性,因此本文基于线性滑动理论和Hudson理论,将上述多组任意夹角直立裂隙介质等效为单斜各向异性介质,给定物性参数计算刚度矩阵,运用交错网格高阶有限差分法求解三维单斜介质弹性波一阶速度-应力方程来模拟弹性波在单斜介质中的传播过程.通过分析不同物性下的波场和共炮点道集,不同偏移距下的方位角道集,说明裂隙物性与波场特征之间的关系,以及其方位特征信息.     

Seismic wavefield modelling in two-phase media including undulating topography with the modified Biot/squirt model by a curvilinear-grid finite difference method

In this paper, we deduced the corresponding first-order velocity–stress equation for curvilinear coordinates from the first-order velocity–stress equation based on the modified Biot/squirt model for a two-dimensional two-phase medium. The equations are then numerically solved by an optimized high-order non-staggered finite difference scheme, that is, the dispersion relation preserving/optimization MacCormack scheme. To implement undulating free-surface topography, we derive an analytical relationship between the derivatives of the particle velocity components and use the compact finite-difference scheme plus a traction-image method. In the undulating free surface and the undulating subsurface interface of two-phase medium, the complex reflected wave and transmitted wave can be clearly recognized in the numerical simulation results. The simulation results show that the curvilinear-grid finite-difference method, which uses a body-conforming grid to describe the undulating surface, can accurately reduce the numerical scattering effect of seismic wave propagation caused by the use of ladder-shaped grid to fit the surfaces when undulating topography is present in a two-phase isotropic medium.     

起伏地表下基于改进BISQ模型双相介质中曲线网格有限差分法波场模拟

本文以基于改进BISQ模型的二维双相各向同性介质一阶速度-应力方程为基础,推导出了曲线坐标系下对应的方程,然后采用低频散、低耗散的同位网格MacCormack有限差分法来离散方程,并采用紧致的单边MacCormack差分格式结合牵引力镜像法来施加自由地表边界条件,实现了地震波场数值模拟.曲线网格有限差分法采用贴体网格来描述自由表面,地表的网格线紧贴地形,避免了台阶近似造成的数值散射.数值模拟结果表明,在双相介质起伏自由地表和分界面处,各类波型复杂的反射透射规律可以清晰展现,曲线网格有限差分法可以精确地解决地震波在含起伏地表的双相各向同性介质中的传播问题.     

2D finite-difference viscoelastic wave modelling including surface topography

We have pursued two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference (FD) modelling of seismic scattering from free-surface topography. Exact free-surface boundary conditions for the particle velocities have been derived for arbitrary 2D topographies. The boundary conditions are combined with a velocity–stress formulation of the full viscoelastic wave equations. A curved grid represents the physical medium and its upper boundary represents the free-surface topography. The wave equations are numerically discretized by an eighth-order FD method on a staggered grid in space, and a leap-frog technique and the Crank–Nicholson method in time.
In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the surface topography modelling technique, we simulate incident point sources with a sinusoidal topography in seismic media of increasing complexities. We present results using parameters typical of exploration surveys with topography and heterogeneous media. Topography on homogeneous media is shown to generate significant scattering. We show additional effects of layering in the medium, with and without randomization, using a von Kármán realization of apparent anisotropy. Synthetic snapshots and seismograms indicate that prominent surface topography can cause back-scattering, wave conversions and complex wave patterns which are usually discussed in terms of inter-crust heterogeneities.     

Elastic modelling on a grid with vertically varying spacing1

We present a discrete modelling scheme which solves the elastic wave equation on a grid with vertically varying grid spacings. Spatial derivatives are computed by finite-difference operators on a staggered grid. The time integration is performed by the rapid expansion method. The use of variable grid spacings adds flexibility and improves the efficiency since different spatial sampling intervals can be used in regions with different material properties. In the case of large velocity contrasts, the use of a non-uniform grid avoids spatial oversampling in regions with high velocities. The modelling scheme allows accurate modelling up to a spatial sampling rate of approximately 2.5 gridpoints per shortest wavelength. However, due to the staggering of the material parameters, a smoothing of the material parameters has to be applied at internal interfaces aligned with the numerical grid to avoid amplitude errors and timing inaccuracies. The best results are obtained by smoothing based on slowness averaging. To reduce errors in the implementation of the free-surface boundary condition introduced by the staggering of the stress components, we reduce the grid spacing in the vertical direction in the vicinity of the free surface to approximately 10 gridpoints per shortest wavelength. Using this technique we obtain accurate results for surface waves in transversely isotropic media.     

Finite-difference elastic wave propagation in 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic media1

The velocity-stress formulation for propagation of elastic seismic waves through 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic media of arbitrary orientation is presented. The equations are recast into a finite-difference scheme and solved numerically using fourth-order spatial operators and a second-order temporal operator on a staggered grid. Absorbing, free-surface and symmetry boundary conditions have been implemented. Test cases compare well with other published solutions. Synthetic seismograms are calculated over two idealized models: (i) vertical fractures in granite with a dolerite sill reflector and (ii) a dipping anisotropic shale. Comparisons with the isotropic counterparts show significant differences which may have to be accounted for in seismic processing in the future.     

VTI介质起伏地表地震波场模拟

起伏地表下地震波场模拟有助于解释主动源和被动源地震探测中穿过山脉和盆地的测线所获得的资料.然而传统的有限差分法处理起伏的自由边界比较困难,为了克服这一困难,我们将笛卡尔坐标系的各向异性介质弹性波方程和自由边界条件变换到曲线坐标系中,采用一种稳定的、显式的二阶精度有限差分方法离散(曲线坐标系)VTI介质中的弹性波方程;对...     

2D finite-difference elastic wave modelling including surface topography1

A 2D numerical finite-difference algorithm accounting for surface topography is presented. Higher-order, dispersion-bounded, cost-optimized finite-difference operators are used in the interior of the numerical grid, while non-reflecting absorbing boundary conditions are used along the edges. Transformation from a curved to a rectangular grid achieves the modelling of the surface topography. We use free-surface boundary conditions along the surface. In order to obtain complete modelling of the effects of wave propagation, it is important to account for the surface topography, otherwise near-surface effects, such as scattering, are not modelled adequately. Even if other properties of the medium, for instance randomization, can improve numerical simulations, inclusion of the surface topography makes them more realistic.     

Finite-difference modeling of surface waves in poroelastic media and stress mirror conditions

During seismic wave propagation on a free surface, a strong material contrast boundary develops in response to interference by P- and S- waves to create a surfacewave phenomenon. To accurately determine the effects of this interface on surface-wave propagation, the boundary conditions must be accurately modeled. In this paper, we present a numerical approach based on the dynamic poroelasticity for a space–time-domain staggeredgrid finite-difference simulation in porous media that contain a free-surface boundary. We propose a generalized stess mirror formulation of the free-surface boundary for solids and fluids in porous media for the grid mesh on which lays the free-surface plane. Its analog is that used for elastic media, which is suitable for precise and stable Rayleigh-type surface-wave modeling. The results of our analysis of first kind of Rayleigh (R1) waves obtained by this model demonstrate that the discretization of the mesh in a similar way to that for elastic media can realize stable numerical solutions with acceptable precision. We present numerical examples demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of our proposed method.     

几种自由边界实施方法在完全 匹配层条件下的对比研究

传统的完全匹配层技术是一种能够较为有效地消除边界反射的边界条件,但是当表层为泊松比较高的自由表面时,该技术可能会产生不稳定的现象.针对传统的完全匹配层技术固有的不稳定和掠射情况下吸收效果不佳等缺陷,发展了多轴完全匹配层、卷积完全匹配层以及将两者结合的多轴卷积完全匹配层等3种边界条件.本文介绍了水平自由表面的不同处理方法以及传统、多轴、卷积和多轴卷积等4种完全匹配层条件的原理,通过二维半无限空间模型的交错网格有限差分正演模拟对比,分析了几种自由边界实施方法在这几种完全匹配层条件下的稳定性,并通过提取单道波形与解析解进行对比,定性分析了水平自由表面几种不同处理方法的准确性以及各自的适用条件. 结果表明,泊松比和水平自由表面实施方法对波场模拟效果及其稳定性有重要影响.      

Numerical simulation of seismic wavefields in TTI media using the rotated staggered-grid compact finite-difference scheme

Numerical simulation in transverse isotropic media with tilted symmetry axis(TTI) using the standard staggered-grid finite-difference scheme(SSG)results in errors caused by averaging or interpolation. In order to eliminate the errors, a method of rotated staggered-grid finite-difference scheme(RSG) is proposed. However, the RSG brings serious numerical dispersion. The compact staggered-grid finite-difference scheme(CSG) is an implicit difference scheme, which use fewer grid points to suppress dispersion more effectively than the SSG. This paper combines the CSG with the RSG to derive a rotated staggered-grid compact finite-difference scheme(RSGC). The numerical experiments indicate that the RSGC has weaker numerical dispersion and better accuracy than the RSG.