Effects of a flexible net barrier on the dynamic behaviours and interception of debris flows in mountainous areas

Flexible net barriers are a new type of effective mitigation measure against debris flows in valleys and can affect the kinematic energy and mass of debris flows. Here, ten flume tests were performed to study the dynamic behaviours of debris flows with differences in volumes, concentrations (solid volume fraction), and travel distances after interception by a uniform flexible net barrier. A high-speed camera was used to monitor the whole test process, and their dynamic behaviours were recorded. A preliminary computational framework on energy conversion is proposed according to the deposition mechanisms and outflow of debris flow under the effects of the flexible net barrier. The experimental results show that the dynamic interaction process between a debris flow and the flexible net barrier can be divided into two stages: (a) the two-phase impact of the leading edge of the debris flow with the net and (b) collision and friction between the body of the debris flow and intercepted debris material. The approach velocity of a debris flow decreases sharply (a maximum of 63%) after the interception by the net barrier, and the mass ratio of the debris material being intercepted and the kinetic energy ratio of the debris material being absorbed by the net barrier are close due to the limited interception efficiency of the flexible net barrier, which is believed to be related to the flexibility. The energy ratio of outflow is relative small despite the large permeability of the flexible net barrier.     

应用神经网络建立水下拖曳体轨迹姿态水动力控制模型

以拖曳体的拖曳水池样机试验取得试验数据作为训练样本,采用LMBP算法,建立基于神经网络理论构建的可控制水下拖曳体轨迹与姿态水动力控制数值模型,并进行LMBP模型仿真检验。结果表明,利用所建全的神经网络模型对拖曳体在一定控制动作下的水动力响应预报是令人满意的。     

基于MEMS台站的温州珊溪水库区域高密度烈度台网

以高性能机械式力平衡加速度计为主,24位数据采集、动态范围大于或等于90 dB的工业级MEMS烈度观测系统为辅,温州珊溪水库区域高密度烈度台网的建设完成使区域内强震动观测系统实现高密度、数字化、网络化覆盖,提高了该地区的地震烈度速报能力和地震观测动态范围。该台网充分利用MEMS烈度计成本低、易扩充、好管理、组网灵活方便的特点,其在浙江省地震监测中的首次成功应用将推动地震观测技术的发展。     

服务于空天协同对地观测的语义信息模型构建

空天协同对地观测技术快速发展,通过空天协同对地观测的语义信息建模获取信息和知识是服务于对地观测任务执行和规划制定的重要手段之一。为有效获取空天协同对地观测平台运行状态信息并服务于对地观测任务,提出构建服务于空天协同对地观测的语义信息模型。首先,设计空天协同对地观测平台领域本体,围绕时空关系和传感器对象建模,针对典型应用需求制定空天协同对地观测规则;然后,构建空天协同对地观测领域内时间和空间关系的语义描述,结合静态和动态场景语义表达,实现对空天协同对地观测场景的语义描述;最后,构建语义信息服务实验系统,验证模型与方法的效果。结果表明,所提模型与方法能够有效描述与展示空天协同对地观测平台的运行状态和执行任务情况,有助于对地观测任务规划和决策制定。     

湘中一次大暴雨天气的综合诊断分析

利用NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2E逐小时TBB资料以及常规气象观测资料,对湘中地区2010年5月12—13日大暴雨过程的环流形势、物理量场以及中尺度系统进行综合分析,试图从多角度揭示这次大暴雨天气的成因。结果表明：高空南支槽,中低层切变以及地面冷空气是这次大暴雨天气过程的主要影响系统;低空急流作为暖湿气流的载体,为暴雨的产生提供了充足的能量条件和水汽条件;冷空气侵入高能不稳定的暖湿气团,是触发暴雨不稳定能量释放的热力机制;z-螺旋度的空间分布能反映暴雨发生时大气的动力特征,中低层强辐合,高层强辐散与低层正涡度的空间结构,有利于高低层形成“抽吸作用”,从而使上升运动得到发展和加强,为暴雨的产生提供有利的动力条件;高分辨率的云顶亮温TBB资料对降水的强度及落区有很好的指示意义。     

高精度重复相对重力观测量提取

采用RANSAC算法剔除观测数据中的离群值,再使用线性内插法进行补全,利用整体投影计算的思想提取两点间的相对重力值,并对其精度和标准差进行检验。结果表明,动态重力观测的残差最大值为4.641 μGal,重复性标准差最大值为4.384 μGal,均优于5 μGal。该方法可获得较高精度的重力观测数据,为在复杂环境下获取相对重力值提供一种新方法。     

A COMBINED REFRACTION-DIFFRACTION-DISSIPATION MODEL OF WAVE PROPAGATION

A numerical model based on the mild-slope equation of water wave propagation over complicated bathymetry,taking into account the combined effects of refraction,diffraction and dissipation due to wavebreaking is presented.Wave breaking is simulated by modifying the wave height probability density func-tion and the wave energy dissipation mechanism is parameterized according to that of the hydraulic jumpformulation.Solutions of the wave height,phase function,and the wave direction at every grid point areobtained by finite difference approximation of the governing equations,using Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method(GSIM)row by row.Its computational convenience allows it to be applied to large coast regions tostudy the wave transformation problem.Several case studies have been made and the results compare verywell with the experiment data and other model solutions.The capability and utility of the model forreal coast areas are illustrated by application to a shallow bay of northeast Australia.     

Directional spectrum analysis of internal waves in the sea off Sydney,Australia

The directional-spectrum model of internal waves in shallow seas given by Xiao and Fang (1991) was used to analyze the observation data gathered in April, 1981, in the sea off Sydney, Australia. Some reasonable results were obtained. The energy ratio between Wavemodes 1 and 2 was about 2 for most frequencies and was up to 8 at ω=0.23 cph. Wave components with frequencies 0.1–0.8 cph were generated in the deep sea, and propagated onshore, while those with frequencies higher than 0.8 cph were locally generated by the interaction between longshore currents and bottom topography. Several surveys were carried out in the sea off Sydney, Australia (Cresswell, 1974, Cresswell and Boland, 1981, and Fang, Boland and Cresswell, 1984). The survey performed in April 1981 by Fang, Boland and Cresswell (1984) was outstandingly successful. To draw some deterministic and stochastic characters of internal waves, Fang, Boland and Cresswell (1984) and Fang (1987) analyzed these data gathered in 1981 and obtained some reasonable results.     

Highly nonlinear internal solitary waves over the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea

Large amplitude internal solitary waves (ISWs) often exhibit highly nonlinear effects and may contribute significantly to mixing and energy transporting in the ocean. We observed highly nonlinear ISWs over the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea (19°35′N, 112°E) in May 2005 during the Wenchang Internal Wave Experiment using in-situ time series data from an array of temperature and salinity sensors, and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). We summarized the characteristics of the ISWs and compared them with those of existing internal wave theories. Particular attention has been paid to characterizing solitons in terms of the relationship between shape and amplitude-width. Comparison between theoretical prediction and observation results shows that the high nonlinearity of these waves is better represented by the second-order extended Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) theory than the first-order KdV model. These results indicate that the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) is rich in highly nonlinear ISWs that are an indispensable part of the energy budget of the internal waves in the northern South China Sea.     

Trapping mechanism for long waves over circular islands with power function profiles

Long waves such as tsunamis can be trapped by islands due to wave refraction, and these trapped waves will cause huge damage even in the sheltered shoreline of the island. That all waves propagating into the topography and finally reaching the coastline are called perfect trapped modes, while any waves escaping from the topography are called leaky modes. Whether these long waves can be trapped is dependent on the depth profile of the island. This paper presents analytic solutions of the ray path for waves propagating into the circular island with power function profiles. Wave height distributions over the island are further investigated based on the principia that crowded rays correspond to large wave height and sparse rays correspond to small wave height. The trapped mechanism for water waves over the island is revealed based on their ray paths. Furthermore, the perfectly trapped criterion is derived, that is, when the slope gradient at the topography toe is greater than twice the ratio of the water depth to the radial distances, all wave rays propagating on the island will finally reach the coastline, and the waves are perfectly trapped.     

Geo-engineered buffer capacity of two-layered absorbing system under the impact of rock avalanches based on Discrete Element Method

Many rock avalanches were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008 in southwest China. Protection galleries covered with a single soil layer are usually used to protect against rockfall. Since one-layer protection galleries do not have sufficient buffer capacity, a two-layered absorbing system has been designed. This study aims to find whether an expanded poly-styrol (EPS) cushion, which is used in the soil-covered protection galleries for shock absorption, could be positioned under dynamic loadings. The dynamic impacts of the two-layered absorbing system under the conditions of rock avalanches are numerically simulated through a 2D discrete element method. By selecting reasonable parameters, a series of numerical experiments were conducted to find the best combination for the two-layered absorbing system. The values of the EPS layer area as a percentage of the total area were set as 0% (S₁), 22% (S₂), and 70% (S₃). 22% of the area of the EPS layer was found to be a reasonable value, and experiments were conducted to find the best position of the EPS layer in the two-layered absorbing system. The numerical results yield useful conclusions regarding the interaction between the impacting avalanches and the two-layered absorbing system. The soil layer can absorb the shock energy effectively and S₂ (0.4-m thick EPS cushion covered with soil layer) is the most efficient combination, which can reduce the impact force, compared with the other combinations.     

三维动态趋势面模型在地面沉降分析中的应用

在趋势面拟合模型的基础上考虑时间项,建立三维动态趋势面模型,并通过模拟数据验证模型的适用性,最后对南沙地区GPS沉降监测网数据进行分析。结果表明,三维动态趋势面模型可以反映区域沉降的整体时空变化趋势,并具有良好的时空插值效果。     

Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.     

Study on Dynamic Response of the ＂Dualistic＂ Structure Rock Slope with Seismic Wave Theory

Currently, scant attention has been paid to the theoretical analysis on dynamic response mechanism of the ＂Dualistic＂ structure roek slope. The analysis presented here provides insight into the dynamic response of the ＂Dualistie＂ structure rock slope. By investigating the principle of energy distribution, it is shown that the effect of a joint plays a significant role in slope stability analysis. A dynamic reflection and transmission model （RTM） for the ＂Dualistic＂ structure rock slope and explicit dynamic equations are established to analyze the dynamic response of a slope, based on the theory of elastic mechanics and the principle of seismic wave propagation. The theoretical simulation solutions show that the dynamic response of the ＂Dualistic＂ structure rock slope （soft-hard） model is greater than that of the ＂Dualistic＂ strueture rock slope （hard-soft） model, especially in the slope crest. The magnifying effect of rigid foundation on the dynamic response is more obvious than that of soft foundation. With the amplitude increasing, the cracks could be found in the right slope （soft-hard） crest. The crest failure is firstly observed in the right slope （soft-hard） during the experimental process. The reliability of theoretical model is also investigated by experiment analysis. The conclusions derived in this paper could also be used in future evaluations of Multi-layer rock slopes.     

用多分量钻孔应变仪资料推算测区附加应变场方向

以福建漳州台深井观测资料为例,探讨用多分量钻孔应变仪资料推算测区附加应变场方向。依据观测资料的特征,把动态应变场分解为背景应变场和附加应变场。为了研究附加应变场主应变方向的变化特征,采用“钻孔加衬模型”公式,计算了主应变方向矢量,绘制了矢量轨迹图,结果为顺时针旋转的椭圆。在2010年3月4日台湾高雄6.7级地震前,矢量轨迹图有比正常情况更零乱、离散的现象。     

抗差自适应卡尔曼滤波模型及其在塌陷区监测中的应用

针对塌陷区等地表快速沉降区域的动力学特点及观测向量中存在的粗差对卡尔曼滤波结果的影响,设计一种抗差自适应卡尔曼滤波模型。该模型能识别稳定沉降与快速沉降2种状态,通过抗差估计减小观测向量中粗差的影响,并采用自适应因子调整动力学模型,减少状态模型的误差,提高滤波结果的精度。将该模型应用于某矿区沉降监测数据的处理,结果表明,其效果优于抗差卡尔曼滤波。     

基于S变换的唐山四分量钻孔应力时频特征分析

以2016-02～11期间唐山四分量深孔地应力连续观测数据为基础,使用S变换技术获得区域构造信息的时频特征,讨论其与近场小震及远场大震事件的关联性。研究发现,唐山台近场25 km范围内5次小震事件发生前的数日内,其地应力连续观测数据的S变换结果在720～1 440 min周期范围内均表现为高能量簇异常,且与潮汐因子的日常形态存在显著差异;2016-04-15日本九州M7.0级地震的同震效应主要对地应力S变换结果中周期小于240 min的频段具有较大影响,因此,唐山地应力高能量簇特征可能来自于区域构造应力场动态调整,而非远场大震的同震效应,说明地震事件前后的构造应力时频演化特征与近场地震活动可能存在较高的前兆关联性。     

Extraction of internal wave amplitude from nautical X-Band radar observations

One of the most important parameters for oceanic internal waves (IWs) is their amplitude. We have developed a method to retrieve the IW amplitude from nautical X-Band radar images based on the KdV equation for continuous stratified finite depth system. We have also tested the method of measuring the amplitude of IWs from X-Band radar backscatter image sequences acquired on June 2009 in the northeastern South China Sea. The method was applied in several radar images. Experiments show that the retrieval amplitudes are consistent with the in-situ observational amplitudes of IWs by using the towed thermistor chain and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profile. The uncertainty of the method is also discussed.     

Crystals and fabrics analysis of an Arctic thermal growth multi-year ice sample

One of sea ice core samples was taken from Arctic by the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition Team in 1999. 20 vertical and 2 horizontal ice sections were cut out of the ice core sample 2.22 m in length, which covered the ice sheet from surface to bottom except losses for during sampling and section cutting. From the observation and analysis of the fabrics and crystals along the depth of the ice core sample, followings were found. Whole ice sheet consists of columnar, refrozen clastic pieces, granular, columnar, refrozen clastic pieces, granular, columnar and refrozen clastic pieces. This indicates that the ice core sample was 3-year old, and the ice sheet surface thawed and the melt water flowed into ice sheet during summer. Hence, the annual energy balance in Arctic can be determined by the ice sheet surface thawing in summer, and bottom growth in winter. The thickness of the ice sheet is kept constantly at a certain position based on the corresponding climate and ocean conditions; A new     

无人机组网遥感实时任务观测的冗余容错控制方案

中小型无人机（UAV）越来越多地应用于各种实时静态和动态任务中,已成为对人类非常有用的辅助工具。适合无人机在各种条件下进行监视和测量的因素有很多,但无人机在执行不同的实时任务时仍会受到各种挑战,且一旦在任务执行过程中任何一个约束的及时响应缺失,将会影响任务的总体结果,导致整个任务部分或完全失败,在实际中很难建立完美系统。因此,在系统中引入冗余容错来最小化故障概率并增强其鲁棒性非常重要。其中,根本问题是随着系统复杂性的增加,除非对其采取补偿措施,否则其可靠性会急剧下降。冗余容错是通过添加一个或多个模块（通常采用并行配置）作为备份来引入冗余。为了提高极端条件下航空遥感任务无人机网络系统的鲁棒性和成功率,本文将基于冗余的容错控制技术引入无人机网络设计中,确定了不同限制条件下的最佳网络解决方案。组网设计是在不同观测条件下的遥感任务如“大尺度生态监测”、“中尺度洪灾监测”、“小尺度安全监测” 中,通过同步监控进行主动合作的包括多个无人机的网络。多无人机网络作为冗余容错体系结构时可以通过添加多个无人机作为备份使得系统可以容错,而无人机在不同极端条件下的位置和视角则可以作为冗余容错的场景设置。当组网方案中的无人机位置和视角超过设定的阈值时可以被认为是故障的,其将被分离并不考虑进一步分析。通过以上方式,无人机网络可以在极端条件下得到组网控制方案的有效输出,进而保证遥感观测任务的顺利进行。