应用14C测年法确定太原市东山岩溶水年龄

东山岩溶水系统是兰村泉域的重要组成部分,查明其补给、径流、排泄关系,对兰村泉域水资源开发利用与保护有重要的指导意义。根据地质构造、地下水流场,将东山岩溶水系统划分为补给-径流区、转换带和汇水区。采集了岩溶水¹⁴C样品,根据测试值计算了系统内岩溶水年龄,并分析了其整体分布特征及成因。选取了5条具有代表性的路径,分析在径流过程中岩溶水年龄的变化过程。结果显示：从补给区到汇水区岩溶水年龄逐渐增大,在转换带由于现代水通过范庄断裂的补给,其年龄减小,接近现代水。将系统岩溶水划分为杨兴河补给-径流区、乌河补给-径流区、现代水补给区、大盂盆地汇水区及阳曲盆地汇水区。据此,将东山岩溶水系统分为杨兴河岩溶水子系统与乌河岩溶水子系统。     

层滑构造造成的“面型补给”对底板突水的作用

本文提出了面型补给是底板承压水补给煤系的一种重要方式，阐述了面型补给的形成条件及突水机理，通过典型案例分析了该补给方式下底板突水的特点，并对面型补给区的预测和处理进行了初步探讨。     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO-3-Ca2+?Mg2+ 型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57：43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87：13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

永定河对北京西山岩溶水和玉泉山泉的影响

岩溶介质赋水各向异性使岩溶含水层具有不均一性和复杂性,增加了刻画地下水流场的难度和不确定性。为深入理解岩溶水系统不均一性,基于水化学和同位素数据研究了西山岩溶水系统补径排路径,为厘清岩溶水流场特征提供了新的依据。水化学和同位素证据表明西山岩溶区有3个补给源区:军庄、潭柘寺降水补给区和永定河渗漏补给区,每个补给区各自具有独立的径流通道。军庄补给区为降水和河水补给,降水补给向温泉-永丰屯方向径流;入渗河水补给沿永定河断裂向南东方向径流,在古城一带转向北东方向补给玉泉山泉。潭柘寺降水补给沿八宝山断裂北侧经回民公墓,八宝山朝四季青方向径流。自北而南可分为军庄-永丰屯径流带、永定河-香山径流带、潭柘寺-八宝山-四季青径流带。潭柘寺和永定河是西山岩溶水和重要补给源区,对玉泉山泉有直接影响。     

济南泉域浅层地下水水化学同位素研究

文章系统地分析了济南泉域浅层地下水(第四系孔隙水)和地表水的水化学成分和氢氧稳定同位素,并结合当地地形和水文条件,研究了不同地段浅层地下水和地表水的不同补给来源,揭示了浅层地下水与岩溶水的水力联系,得出浅层地下水在市区和东郊以降水入渗补给为主;在西郊和平安店则以岩溶水顶托补给和地表水(河水和水库水)入渗补给为主、当地降水入渗为辅的结论。为保护泉水、优化泉域内地下水开采方案提供了重要依据。     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57∶43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87∶13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

基于氢氧同位素示踪法矿坑水径流过程及补给来源研究

为了探明西南某矿山矿坑水的补给来源及受补给后的地下水径流过程,采用了氢氧同位素示踪法即(2H、18O)及放射性氚(3H)进行分析研究。研究结果发现:矿坑水最终来源于近期大气降水补给,地下水整体径流过程为部分浅层水补给深层承压水,部分深层承压水通过拖顶越流方式补给浅层水,说明矿区因各形态断层的密集发育,原有的砂页岩隔水层部分地段丧失了隔水性能,使地下水含水系统成为统一的含水体。     

北京永定河流域地下水氢氧同位素研究及环境意义

利用氢氧同位素方法对北京地区永定河流域地下水状况及补给运移规律进行了研究。在系统采集了不同地点、不同深度的地下水样品的基础上,分析测试样品的δD、δ^18O、T。通过分析研究成果资料,初步判断出本区地下水的状况及补给运移规律：浅层地下水主要以近10a左右的“新水”为主,而且其主要补给方式是地表大气降水的垂直入渗补给;中深层地下水普遍混有“新水”,且新水比例有增大趋势;深层地下水基本以50a以上“老水”为主,但局部已混有“新水”。本区地下水的状况反映出浅层水补给深层水的越流现象普遍,这会引起深层地下水水质下降。由此可见,本区地下水水资源由于人工不合理的开采利用,状况不容乐观。     

长白山天池水资源综合研究

本文在阐述天池水形成环境基础上,分析了天池水的物化特征和水量平衡问题,探讨了天池水的补给源及成因,提出了天池是以地下水补给为主的自然涌出的天然矿泉,为长白山区矿泉水开发与保护提供科学依据。     

娘子关泉域岩溶水氢氧同位素特征及影响因素浅析

为了研究娘子关泉域岩溶水状况及补给运移规律,系统采集了泉域内岩溶水、地表水样品,分析测试了样品的δD、δ~(18)O值,利用氢氧同位素方法,通过分析氢氧同位素特征及其影响因素研究岩溶水的补给来源及各含水层的相互联系。研究结果表明,大气降水和河流渗漏补给是泉域内岩溶水的主要补给来源。由于大气降水的高程效应和温度效应,导致泉域内δD、δ~(18)O值存在一定的差异。由于受到强烈蒸发后的大气降水及河流渗漏水的补给,河流沿岸岩溶水的δD、δ~(18)O值相对较高。同时对娘子关泉群城西泉、五龙泉和集泉站的D和~(18)O同位素分析结果表明,城西泉水来源于近源低海拔的补给源;而五龙泉和集泉站泉水来源于深循环、远距离、较高补给高程与地表水交换弱的补给源。通过以上研究,进一步明确了娘子关泉域岩溶水的补给运移规律,为当地政府合理开发及可持续利用娘子关泉域岩溶水资源提供了理论支撑。     

Using non-conservative tracers to characterise karstification processes in the Merinos-Colorado-Carrasco carbonate aquifer system (southern Spain)

The systematic sampling of the chemical composition of the groundwater from five karst springs (including an overflow spring) and one outflowing borehole have permitted to determine distinctive chemical changes in the waters that reflect the geochemical processes occurring in a carbonate aquifer system from southern Spain. The analysis of the dissolution parameters revealed that geochemical evolution of the karst waters basically depends on the availability of the minerals forming aquifer rocks and the residence time within the aquifers. In the three proposed scenarios in the aquifers, which include the preferential flow routines, the more important geochemical processes taking place during the groundwater flow from the recharge to the discharge zones are: CO₂ dissolution and exsolution (outgassing), calcite net dissolution, calcite and dolomite sequential dissolution, gypsum/anhydrite and halite dissolution, de-dolomitization and calcite precipitation. A detailed analysis of the hydrochemical data set, saturation indices of the minerals and partial pressure of CO₂ in the waters joined to the application of geochemical modelling methods allowed the elaboration of a hydrogeochemical model of the studied aquifers. The developed approach contributes to a better understanding of the karstification processes and the hydrogeological functioning of carbonate aquifers, the latter being a crucial aspect for the suitable management of the water resources.     

A method to estimate hydraulic conductivity from bulk geochemical compositions

A new method has been developed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated aquifers. The method uses bulk geochemical compositions correlated with hydraulic conductivities measured by pumping tests. The concept is based on a general rule that hydraulic conductivity is principally controlled by grain-size distribution and particle shape,both of which relate to mineralogical composition. Using a MINLITH algorithm, normative mineralogical compositions can be derived from bulk geochemical compositions economically and expediently, and then correlated to the hydraulic conductivity determined by pumping tests in the field. In this study, 202 sediment samples from nine unconsolidated aquifers were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. Although hydraulic conductivity does not show a definite relationship with geochemical compositions, it does demonstrate a linear logarithmic equation to the content of normative earthy minerals. However, linear regressed equations should not be applied to aquifers composed of medium to coarse sand and gravel sizes due to interference from lithic fragments. In addition, this equation tends to overestimate hydraulic conductivity possibly because the effect of compaction is ignored in this study.     

A study on the hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater from different depths in a coastal aquifer: Annamalai Nagar,Tamilnadu, India

Chemical characterization of groundwater is essential to bring out its nature and utility. Samples from shallow and deep ground water of the same location were collected and studied for their geochemical characteristics following standard procedures (APHA 1998). Sediment samples from different depths were collected and analysed for minerals using FTIR and SEM. Resisitivity logging was carried out in the bore well to understand the variations in depth to fresh water potential. The shallow ground water is dominated by Na–Cl–HCO₃–SO₄ and deeper groundwater by Na–HCO₃–SO₄–Cl types. It is observed that there is a significant ionic variation with depth. The ionic strength of the deeper samples is lesser than in the shallower samples. Wide pH variations in the shallow water samples are due to ion exchange process. Thermodynamic stability plot was used to identify the state of stability. It is inferred that there is no major significant difference in the thermodynamic state of stability in the shallow and the deeper aquifers as the aquifer matrix for the shallow and deeper aquifers are almost similar. Saturation index of Gibbsite, Kaolinite, Calcite, Dolomite and anhydrite, were studied for shallow and deep aquifers, to identify the difference in hydro chemical signatures. The Si/Al ratios of shallow samples are less when compared with the deeper samples. Leaching of secondary salts was the chief mechanism controlling the ground water chemistry of the region.     

Identification of the origin of salinization in groundwater using multivariate statistical analysis and geochemical modeling: a case study of Kaohsiung,Southwest Taiwan

The study of brine aquifers in southern Taiwan is highly complicated by hybrid geochemical reactions, which obscure important geochemical information. Using multivariate analysis on major and minor ion compositions normalized by Cl⁻ content, chemical constituents were combined into two principal components representing brine mixing and mineral precipitation. Comparing to multivariate analysis on the original data, this procedure reveals more geochemical information. It demonstrates that the brine groundwater of the region is primarily composed of highly evaporated seawater. The evaporation ratio is >70%; a point at which calcite, dolomite and gypsum precipitate. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions confirm this inference; and further, geochemical modeling quantitatively determined the evaporation ratio to be about 85%. Natural boron contamination is a consequence of brine groundwater. Two evolutionary trends in the plotting of the Cl/B ratio versus Cl⁻ can be identified: (1) Cl/B ratio decreases with boron being released from clay minerals when brine aquifers are flushed with freshwater; and (2) Cl/B ratio increases when seawater of a high Cl/B ratio infiltrates coastal aquifers.     

Groundwater origin and flow along selected transects in Ethiopian rift volcanic aquifers

The disruption of lithologies by cross-cutting faults and the variability in volcanic structures make the hydrogeology of the rifted volcanic terrain in Ethiopia very complex. Along two transects, selected due to their hydrogeologic characteristics, groundwater flow, depth of circulation and geochemical evolution have been conceptualized. The groundwater flow continuity between the high rainfall plateau bounding the rift and the rift valley aquifers depends principally on the nature of the bounding faults. Up to 50% of recharge to the rift aquifers comes from the plateau as groundwater inflow where the rift is cross cut by transverse fault zones. Recharge from the mountains is found to be insignificant where the rift is bounded by marginal grabens; channel loss and local precipitation are the principal sources of recharge to the rift aquifers in such cases. At a regional scale, there is a clear zonation in the geochemical compositions of groundwaters, the result of aquifer matrix composition differences. The environmental isotope results show that the majority of the aquifers contain modern groundwaters. In a few localities, particularly in thermal groundwaters representing deeper circulation, palaeo-groundwaters have been identified. Deeper groundwaters in the rift floor have a uniform ¹⁴C age ranging between 2,300 and 3,000 years.     

裂隙,岩溶含水层疏排水钻孔的爆炸洗孔试验研究

在裂隙,岩溶裂隙含水层水文地质条件研究基础上,根据炸药在水中原理,介绍了控制炸药爆炸能量和孔内爆炸方法,达到对岩体的爆炸致裂以及对原储导水裂隙的冲刷作用,提高了地下工程中钻孔或水源井的疏排效率,同时又保护站孔孔壁不被破坏。     

Assessment of groundwater water quality in central and southern Gulf Coast aquifer,TX using principal component analysis

Principal component analysis has been applied for source identification and to assess factors affecting concentration variations. In particular, this study utilizes principal component analysis (PCA) to understand groundwater geochemical characteristics in the central and southern portions of the Gulf Coast aquifer in Texas. PCA, along with exploratory data analysis and correlation analysis is applied to a spatially extensive multivariate dataset in an exploratory mode to conceptualize the geochemical evolution of groundwater. A general trend was observed in all formations of the target aquifers with over 75 % of the observed variance explained by the first four factors identified by the PCA. The first factor consisted of older water subjected to weathering reactions and was named the ionic strength index. The second factor, named the alkalinity index explained greater variance in the younger formations rather than in the older formations. The third group represented younger waters entering the aquifers from the land surface and was labeled the recharge index. The fourth group which varied between aquifers was either the hardness index or the acidity index depending on whether it represented the influences of carbonate minerals or parameters affecting the dissolution of fluoride minerals, respectively. The PCA approach was also extended to the well scale to determine and identify the geographic influences on geochemical evolution. It was found that wells located in outcrop areas and near rivers and streams had a larger influence on the factors suggesting the importance of surface water–groundwater interactions.     

应用水文地球化学方法分析郑家泉域水文地质条件

本文利用钻孔水化学数据和地球化学模拟方法,分析了郑家泉泉域基岩裂隙含水层各钻孔之间的水力联系和地下水补迳排特征。研究表明泉域北部的基岩裂隙含水层为条带状分布,到南部逐渐混合,郑家泉水的补给源主要来自西部和北部。     

娘子关泉域岩溶水硫酸盐污染的地球化学模拟分析

通过分析娘子关泉域岩溶水的水文地球化学特征, 发现沿流动路径上硫酸根质量浓度逐渐降低, 矿化度逐渐降低, Ca2+, Mg2+与SO₄2-比值逐渐升高等特征.运用水岩作用的地球化学模拟软件模拟得出, 广泛出露分布的中陶统灰岩因含石膏而使地下水在补给—径流区和地下浅部即含有高硫酸根, 沿流动路径上在汇流区—排泄区地下水不断有侧向补给及与深部水的混合, 而表现出硫酸根质量浓度逐渐降低; 同时个别特高硫酸根的井水为石炭—二叠系中水污染中奥陶统含水层造成的.相对而言, 深部下奥陶统含水层的水质较好.      

Impact of anthropogenic geochemical change and aquifer geology on groundwater phosphorus concentrations

Geologic and geochemical variations across a 4200 km² area of south-central Wisconsin (USA) were used to examine their relationship to phosphorus concentrations in groundwater from more than four hundred private water supply wells. Surficial geology in the study area ranged from Cambrian sandstones to Ordovician dolomites. Groundwater phosphorus concentrations were higher in aquifers of older Cambrian age compared to the concentrations in aquifers of younger Cambrian and Ordovician age. Because iron concentrations were relatively low in these waters and agricultural land use was similar in all geologic regions, we propose that the differences in bedrock phosphorus and anthropogenic geochemical impacts explain the differences in phosphorus concentrations between aquifers. Within the older Cambrian aquifers, groundwater phosphorus concentrations were elevated in groundwater with higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. This finding is consistent with the presence of phosphorus within sediment in these strata and geologic conditions that weakly buffered pH reduction from anthropogenic acidification. In contrast, groundwater phosphorus concentrations in younger Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers were not elevated in samples with higher nitrate. Anthropogenic acidification in these carbonate-rich aquifers was neutralized through increased carbonate weathering, which led to higher groundwater calcium and alkalinity and would limit the dissolution of phosphate-rich minerals, such as apatite, where present. Low iron concentrations observed in most samples suggest that the phosphorus release in the Cambrian strata occurs beyond the zone of secondary mineral retention in the soil. These results have important implications for the eutrophication of inland surface waters in areas with bedrock phosphorus and anthropogenic acidity that is not neutralized before it contacts phosphatic rock.