Damage evolution of rock salt under cyclic loading in unixial tests

Cyclic loading tests of rock salt were performed to investigate the characteristics of damage evolution of the surrounding rock in gas caverns. In this experiment, the cyclic loading process was carried out on seven stress levels from 20 to 86 % of the uniaxial compressive strength. The sine wave with a frequency of 1 Hz was adopted in the cyclic loading test. Experimental results show that at the first stress level, the damage evolution is rather limited or negligible under cyclic loading, which is controlled within the elastic limit. With the increase in stress level, the damage evolution becomes more evident. An increasing tendency of damage variable can be observed if the stress level surpasses 40 % of the uniaxial compressive strength. A maximum damage value of around 0.95 is recorded when the stress level is over 85 % of the uniaxial strength. In this paper, a damage evolution equation is also introduced and good agreement is obtained with the experimental data. Based on the experimental data, it is shown that the design practice of gas cavern concerning the degree of strength utilization of the surrounding rock is rather conservative considering the reducing effect of the minimal gas pressure on the damage evolution.     

基于图像分割的煤岩割理CT图像各向异性特征

利用工业CT对自然煤岩样进行断层扫描观测。针对煤岩裂隙系统的多尺度、各向异性特征,应用Canny算子图像分割与方向性边缘检测技术,提取煤岩CT图像割理的总体特征、水平方向和垂直方向特征;根据特征图像计算了煤岩样的总体分形维数、孔隙度,各向异性分形维数与孔隙度及其在三维空间中的分布;讨论了分形维数与孔隙度、渗透率之间的关系,并根据煤岩样的分形维数、孔隙度对实际工程岩体的孔隙度和渗透率进行了外推计算。研究表明,煤岩样不同扫描断面的分形维数和孔隙度不同,同一煤样同一断面不同方向的分形维数与孔隙度亦不相同。利用图像分割与边缘检测对工业CT图像进行分析,可以对煤岩的各向异性分形维数与孔隙度在2D与3D空间进行精细描述。     

岩石圆孔结构破坏过程变形场演化的实验研究

采用自行设计的岩石材料破坏过程变形场监测系统(Geo-DSCM系统),观测了受单轴压缩的岩石圆孔结构破坏过程中的变形场演化。圆孔结构由大理岩方板在中心钻孔加工而成,以0.02 mm/min的位移加载速度进行单轴压缩至破坏。实验结果表明,载荷水平较低时圆孔结构的拉应力集中部位发生变形集中现象;当载荷水平接近加载曲线的峰值点时,变形集中在两条共轭的与加载方向成一定角度的局部化带上;之后,变形的集中迁移到其中一条带上集中,结构最终在此带上形成宏观裂纹而破坏。     

Characterization of a soil-rough structure interface using direct shear tests with varying cyclic amplitude and loading sequences under a large cyclic testing cycle condition

Acta Geotechnica - This paper aims to investigate the effects of cyclic shear amplitudes and loading sequences on a soil–structure interface using direct shear tests under a large number of...     

Characterization and pore structure analysis of a copper ore containing chrysocolla

The physical and chemical characteristics of a chrysocolla-bearing copper ore have been investigated with special emphasis on elucidation of its pore structure through gas adsorption techniques. The effect of such variables as particle size and outgassing temperature on the pore structure and size distribution has been investigated in detail. The results obtained show that the chrysocolla is a microporous solid and that its microporous nature can be considerably altered by heat treatment around 550°C. A possible reason for the so-called “thermal activation of chrysocolla” has been postulated.     

软土结构性破损的孔径分布试验研究

采用压汞法对天然结构性软土压缩过程孔隙大小分布的演化进行了试验研究，结果表明，当荷载超过结构屈服应力后，尺寸较大的团粒间孔隙首先发生破坏，随着荷载的增大，越来越小的孔隙受到影响，但团粒内孔隙在压缩过程中不发生变化；根据试验结果提出了孔隙结构破损势的概念，并用其表征孔隙分布随荷载变化的规律。     

An X-ray computed tomography-based index to characterize the quality of cataclastic carbonate rock samples

X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) can reconstruct, in a nondestructive way and in three-dimension, the distribution of densities within opaque materials. Consequently, it provides an effective possibility to characterize the inner content of rock core samples and, in particular their alteration products sensu lato which generally appear less dense than the intact rock matrix. In this paper, a new index, based on XRCT data, is tested for evaluating the degree of alteration of highly tectonized carbonate rock samples and is compared with visual-based classification systems. This XRCT-based analysis leads to a diagnosis of alteration which appears objective, precise and in agreement with the visual observations. Besides, this method takes into account the entire volume of the sample, is rapid to carry out and allows an intact rock core to be used for further laboratory testing.     

辽河坳陷古近系碎屑岩储层孔隙演化特征探讨

辽河坳陷古近系的沉积特征是物源多、沉积体系多、砂岩成熟度低及砂体规模小。通过成岩作用和成岩相研究,储层成岩相可划分为4种,即碳酸盐胶结相、自生粘土矿物胶结相、石英胶结相和粘土矿物转化相。这4个相可进一步划分为7个亚相：自生粘土膜胶结亚相、晶粒状碳酸盐胶结亚相、自生高岭石胶结亚相、石英胶结亚相、嵌晶状碳酸盐胶结亚相、伊/蒙混层亚相和伊利石亚相。不同成岩相分布明显受深度控制,具有在垂向相连的展布特征,垂向上可组成6个成岩相带。通过大量的砂岩和泥岩孔渗数据统计分析,建立了6个对应的高孔渗带（ABCDEF）与6个低孔渗带（abcdef）,它们与6个成岩相带在空间分布上具有一一对应关系,即A－a、B－b、C－c、D－d、E－e和F－f分别与晶粒状碳酸盐相带、自生高岭石相带、石英胶结相带、嵌晶状碳酸盐相带、伊／蒙混层粘土矿物相带和伊利石相带相对应。可见,不同成岩相带对应不同孔隙度发育带的孔隙演化,并从有机质演化的角度解释了上述对应关系。应用这一规律在鸳鸯沟地区有利储层孔隙预测中取得了较好效果,验证了该区储层孔隙演化特征及其对油气运聚的影响。     

An X-ray computed tomography study of inclusion trail orientations in multiple porphyroblasts from a single sample

Inclusion trails in 58 garnet porphyroblasts in a single sample from the Cram Hill Formation in southeast Vermont were imaged using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Texturally the porphyroblasts have a large core with a sub-vertical foliation that has a well defined geometry with a mean orientation of 113/72E for a 95% confidence cone semi-angle of 5.3°. This steep foliation curves into a sub-horizontal foliation. The foliation intersection/inflection axes (FIAs) defined by hinge lines for this curvature are tightly clustered with a mean plunge of 11° towards 201° with a 95% confidence cone semi-angle of 4.1°. Eigenvalue analysis indicates that the clustered distribution of the foliation and FIA data are unlikely to be the result of a random event. There is evidence in the specimen for multiple foliation-forming events subsequent to garnet nucleation, and the preservation of these clustered distributions in their wake strongly suggests that the porphyroblasts have not rotated with respect to a geographic reference frame. FIAs represent a measurable structural element that can provide information on tectonic events at the time the porphyroblasts grew. A comparison of FIA data collected using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography with data collected using the asymmetry method demonstrates that the asymmetry method is a valid technique for defining the mean FIA orientations in a sample.     

川渝地区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构演化研究

页岩储层孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存形式和流动行为的关键因素,有关孔隙结构演化的研究受到越来越多的关注。利用低压氮气吸附、脱附实验分析了不同成熟度龙马溪组页岩地质实际样品的孔隙结构特征。结果表明:随着热成熟度的升高,龙马溪组页岩氮气吸附脱附曲线迟滞环形态由H3型向H2型演变,这说明龙马溪组页岩在成熟阶段以黏土矿物有关的狭缝形孔隙为主、有机质孔不发育的孔隙结构,逐渐转变为过成熟阶段由狭缝形孔和圆柱形孔等不同形态和孔径的多种孔隙类型(有机质孔和矿物基质孔)所构成的具复杂网络效应的孔隙结构(墨水瓶结构)。有机质孔隙的形成与发育导致不同成熟度的龙马溪组页岩在孔隙体积、比表面积和孔径分布上存在显著的差异,造成孔隙结构的转变。影响页岩孔隙结构的因素包括成熟度、总有机碳(TOC)含量和矿物组成,其中TOC含量和成熟度共同控制页岩孔隙发育, TOC含量控制页岩孔隙发育程度,成熟度决定页岩孔隙发育阶段,矿物组成对孔隙结构的影响居次要位置。基于以上研究,海相Ⅰ～Ⅰ型富有机质页岩孔隙演化可大致划分为三个阶段:原生孔隙压实和次生孔隙开始形成阶段(R_o,V<2.0%)、次生孔隙大量发育阶...     

陆相页岩热演化过程中孔隙分形特征

分形维数可定量表征储层孔隙结构的复杂性,为页岩储层评价提供思路。以热模拟获得的不同热演化阶段的鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩为研究对象,应用场发射扫描电镜观察了各演化阶段孔隙变化特征,并通过低温液氮吸附实验,研究各个演化阶段页岩孔隙分形特征,运用FHH模型计算页岩孔隙分形维数,探讨了分形维数与有机碳、矿物成分、孔隙结构参数的关系。研究结果表明：低成熟阶段页岩中纳米级有机质孔发育有限,随着成熟度的增加,在有机质内部开始逐渐发育孔隙,同时黏土矿物颗粒间的有机质也开始分解,出现纳米级层间孔,主要发育墨水瓶状孔和少部分的平行板状孔;孔径峰值主要在2~4 nm和40~50 nm,随着成熟度增加,上述2个孔径段的孔隙相对数量增加,分形维数依次增大,分形维数为2.592~2.717,孔隙非均质性增强。分形维数随着有机碳含量的减少而增加,而与石英、黏土矿物含量相关性不明显;随着成熟度增加,微孔和中孔比例增加,平均孔径减小,孔隙表面越复杂,比表面积和分形维数增加;分形维数与总孔隙体积、微孔体积、中孔体积具有很好的正相关性,而与大孔体积相关性较差。     

渗透压作用对灰岩孔隙结构演化规律影响的试验研究

富水隧道水岩作用的复杂性导致岩体内部孔隙结构的演化具有不稳定性,会诱发岩体的劣化、失稳等现象,这对地下渗流岩体稳定性的研究提出了更高的要求。为探究贵阳下麦西隧道灰岩在渗透水压作用下溶蚀孔隙结构的演化规律,对不同渗透水处理的灰岩试件进行了声发射、压汞、SEM及荧光光度试验,获得了灰岩溶蚀质量损失率、波形、频谱图、孔隙分布曲线及电镜扫描图像等。结果表明:灰岩质量损失率随渗透压增加呈缓慢增加-快速发展的发展趋势,渗透压分界点为6 MPa。随着渗透压增加,波形首波振幅逐渐衰减,波形曲线衰减较快且较早趋于稳定,波尾发育程度减缓。灰岩主频峰值逐渐衰减,由单峰向多峰演化,主频峰值与渗透压呈二次函数关系,且声波频率由(相对)高频段向低频段发展。溶蚀灰岩的大、中孔隙对渗透能力起到了决定性作用。随渗透压增加,灰岩累计进汞量呈指数函数增加,CaCO_3和SiO_2成分含量均呈指数函数变化。机械溶蚀较为敏感,化学溶蚀受溶蚀时间限制无法在短期内快速发展,机械溶蚀占据主导作用。建立的接触冲刷模型表明,渗透水的拖拽力取决于水流速度,而渗透压的提高则可增加单位体积的水压力梯度,进而提高水流速度。     

3D quantification of mineral components and porosity distribution in Westphalian C sandstone by microfocus X-ray computed tomography

Microfocus X-ray computed tomography (µCT) measurements were performed on deltaic sandstone samples from the diagenetically altered Westphalian C strata (Campine basin, north-east Belgium) in order to collect three dimensional data on mineral (quartz, kaolinite, ankerite, etc.) and porosity distribution. The acquired µCT data were compared with point counting results of stained impregnated thin-sections to qualify the sensitivity of µCT. Comparison between techniques shows positive results with regard to the quantification of main mineral phases such as quartz and ankerite, and porosity distribution. However, major discrepancies exist when studying the clay minerals. This can be explained by the influence of microporosity associated with these clay minerals, resulting in partial volume effects.     

Characterization and reconstruction of a rock fracture surface by geostatistics

It is well understood that, in studying the mechanical and hydromechanical behaviour of rock joints, their morphology must be taken into account. A geostatistical approach has been developed for characterizing the morphology of fracture surfaces at a decimetre scale. This allows the analysis of the spatial variability of elevations, and their first and second derivatives, with the intention of producing a model that gives a numerical three‐dimensional (3D) representation of the lower and upper surfaces of the fracture. Two samples (I and II) located close together were cored across a natural fracture. The experimental data are the elevations recorded along profiles (using recording steps of 0.5 and 0.02 mm, respectively, for the samples I and II). The goal of this study is to model the surface topography of sample I, so getting estimates for elevations at each node of a square grid whose mesh size will be, for mechanical purposes, no larger than the recording step. Since the fracture surface within the sample core is not strictly horizontal, geostatistical methods are applied to residuals of elevations of sample I. Further, since structural information is necessary at very low scale, theoretical models of variograms of elevations, first and second derivatives are fitted using data of both that sample I and sample II. The geostatistical reconstructions are computed using kriging and conditional simulation methods. In order to validate these reconstructions, variograms and distributions of experimental data are compared with variograms and distributions of the fitted data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国岩石力学学科结构及其演变初探

以中国岩石力学与工程领域公认最有影响力的中文核心期刊《岩石力学与工程学报》创刊25年来的论文为研究对象,基于科技史理念、以中图分类法为依据,对我国岩石力学的学科结构及其演变开展研究,从一个侧面对中国岩石力学学科发展轨迹进行梳理和勾勒,对学科的发展历程进行探究。     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in anoxic rock extracts and in situ pore water of the Opalinus Clay

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the Opalinus Clay, a potential host rock for the disposal of radioactive waste, was isolated under strictly anoxic conditions from ground rock material and compared with DOM of in situ pore water samples. For the extractions, deionized water, synthetic pore water (SPW, water containing all major ions at pore water concentrations but no organic matter) and 0.1 M NaOH were used. The influence of the solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction time, acid-pretreatment and O₂ exposure of the rock material on the isolated DOM were investigated. Liquid chromatography coupled with a total organic C detector (LC-OCD) and reverse-phase ion chromatography were used to characterize the DOM size distributions and to determine the low molecular weight organic acid (LMWOA) contents in the pore water samples and the rock extracts.The results revealed that only a small portion of the total organic C of the rock material (<0.38%) was extractable, even after removal of carbonates by acid-pretreatment. The concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC) were found to range from 3.9 ± 0.4 to 8.0 ± 0.8 mg/L in the anoxic extracts. The pore waters exhibited similar DOC concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 15.8 ± 0.5 mg/L. The analysis by LC-OCD showed that the DOM extracted under anoxic conditions and the pore water DOM mainly consisted of hydrophilic compounds of less than 500 Da. The DOM extracted with SPW was most similar in size to the pore water DOM. Grinding the rock under oxic conditions increased the DOC yields and shifted the size distribution toward higher molecular weight compounds compared to the strictly anoxic treatment. Acetate, lactate and formate were identified in all extracts and in the pore water. In total, LMWOA accounted for 36% of the total DOC in both pore water and SPW extracts. The results imply that controlled anoxic conditions and the use of SPW as an extractant are required to isolate DOM from Opalinus Clay rocks which most resembles the in situ pore water DOM with respect to its size distribution and the LMWOA contents.     

Measurement of the average pore velocity of water flowing through a rock specimen

SummaryMeasurement of the Average Pore Velocity of Water Flowing Through a Rock Specimen. This paper describes a method to measure the modified permeability referring to the average pore velocity instead of the filter velocity.In many applications like for instance in erosion of rock with a high speed water jet the modified permeability is of interest. The principle of the method is to introduce a small amount of ions at a certain time in the water passing through a rock specimen and record the electric current due to a voltage in the direction of the pressure gradient. The record of the current will then show a rather steep increase after a defined time. This time makes it possible to calculate the average pore velocity.Experiments have been performed with three Swedish rocks, Lemunda sandstone, Bohus granite and Stockholm granite. The results show that the permeability of the granites is much less than that of the sandstone.

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ZusammenfassungMessen des Mittelwertes der Porengeschwindigkeit für Wasser bei Durchströmung einer Gesteinsprobe. Der Artikel beschreibt eine Methode zur Messung der modifizierten Permeabilität, die sich von dem Mittelwert der Porengeschwindigkeit herleitet an Stelle vom Mittelwert der Filtergeschwindigkeit. Bei vielen Applikationen, zum Beispiel bei Erosion mittels Hochgeschwindigkeitswasserstrahl, ist die modifizierte Permeabilität von Interesse.Das Prinzip der Methode besteht darin, daß eine kleine Ionenmenge bei einem Zeitpunkt dem durch eine Gesteinsprobe passierenden Wasser zugeführt wird, bei gleichzeitigem Registrieren des elektrischen Stromes in Richtung des Druckgradienten. Das aufgezeichnete Signal des Stromes zeigt ein steiles Zunehmen nach einer gewissen Zeit.Diese Zeit ermöglicht es, den Mittelwert der Porengeschwindigkeit zu berechnen. Experimente sind mit drei schwedischen Gesteinen durchgeführt worden: Lemunda-Sandstein, Bohus-Granit und Stockholm-Granit.Das Resultat zeigt, daß die Permeabilität des Granits wesentlich geringer ist als die des Sandsteins.

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RésuméMesurage de la valeur moyenne de la vitesse de pore pour de l'eau qui traverse un échantillon de minerai. Cet article décrit une méthode pour mesurer la perméabilité modifiée, référant à la valeur moyenne de la vitesse de pore au lieu de la vitesse de filtre.Dans beaucoup d'applications comme par exemple dans l'érosion de roche avec un jet d'eau de grande vitesse, la perméabilité modifiée nous intéresse. Le principe de la méthode est d'introduire un petit nombre d'ions à un certain moment dans l'eau qui traverse un échantillon de roche et d'enregistrer le courant électrique dependant d'un voltage dans le sens du gradient de la pression. Après quelque temps l'enregistrement du courant montre alors un accroissement assez éscarpé. Ce temps nous donne la possibilité de calculer la valeur moyenne de la vitesse de pore.Les expériences sont faites avec trois roches suèdoises, le grès de Lemunda, le granit de Bohus, et le granit de Stockholm. Les résultats montrent que la perméabilité des granits est beaucoup moins grande que celle du grès.

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With 5 Figures     

Thermal expansion and high temperature structure evolution of zoisite by single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction

The thermo-elastic behaviour and the temperature-induced structure evolution of a natural Fe-free zoisite have been investigated by in situ single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction. Neither discontinuities in volume expansion nor changes in symmetry have been observed up to 1,023 K. Zoisite shows a negative thermal expansion along [100] at T > 700 K, while a continuous positive expansion occurs on the (100) plane. Two different regimes in the anisotropic thermal behaviour of zoisite can be distinguished (i.e. at T < 700 K and T > 700 K), corresponding to an increase in the volumetric thermal expansion at T > 700 K. The structure evolution with temperature has been described by a series of X-ray and neutron refinements at different temperatures. In particular, the M(3) polyhedra show a significant octahedral flattening and expansion in the equatorial plane with T. All [SiO₄] tetrahedra show a regularization with increasing T. The neutron refinements show no change in the configuration of the hydrogen bonding at least up to 873 K. The effects of the T-induced main deformation mechanisms on the anisotropic elastic behaviour of zoisite are discussed. A comparison with the thermal behaviour of epidote has been carried out.     

Progressive evolution of whole‐rock composition during metamorphism revealed by multivariate statistical analyses

The geochemical evolution of metamorphic rocks during subduction‐related metamorphism is described on the basis of multivariate statistical analyses. The studied data set comprises a series of mapped metamorphic rocks collected from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt in central Shikoku, Japan, where metamorphic conditions range from the pumpellyite–actinolite to epidote–amphibolite facies. Recent progress in computational and information science provides a number of algorithms capable of revealing structures in large data sets. This study applies k‐means cluster analysis (KCA) and non‐negative matrix factorization (NMF) to a series of metapelites, which is the main lithotype of the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt. KCA describes the structures of the high‐dimensional data, while NMF provides end‐member decomposition which can be useful for evaluating the spatial distribution of continuous compositional trends. The analysed data set, derived from previously published work, contains 296 samples for which 14 elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, Rb, Sr, Zr and Ba) have been analysed. The KCA and NMF analyses indicate five clusters and four end‐members, respectively, successfully explaining compositional variations within the data set. KCA indicates that the chemical compositions of metapelite samples from the western (Besshi) part of the sampled area differ significantly from those in the east (Asemigawa). In the west, clusters show a good correlation with the metamorphic grade. With increasing metamorphic grade, there are decreases in SiO₂ and Na₂O and increases in other components. However, the compositional change with metamorphic grade is less obvious in the eastern area. End‐member decomposition using NMF revealed that the evolutional change of whole‐rock composition, as correlated with metamorphic grade, approximates a stoichiometric increase of a garnet‐like component in the whole‐rock composition, possibly due to the precipitation of garnet and effusion of other components during progressive dehydration. Thermodynamic modelling of the evolution of the whole‐rock composition yielded the following results: (1) the whole‐rock composition at lower metamorphic grade favours the preferential crystallization of garnet under the conditions of the garnet zone, with biotite becoming stable together with garnet in higher‐grade rock compositions under the same P–T conditions; (2) with higher‐grade whole‐rock compositions, more H₂O is retained. These results provide insight into the mechanism suppressing dehydration under high‐P metamorphic conditions. This mechanism should be considered in forward modelling of the fluid cycle in subduction zones, although such a quantitative model has yet to be developed.