Estimation of lower crust magnetization from satellite derived anomaly field

Various lines of evidence point to the lower crust as the source of the long-wavelength magnetic anomaly field measured by the POGO and Magsat satellites. Using seismically determined lower crust thicknesses and equivalent source inversion of the satellite anomaly data, magnetization for the lower crust for much of the United States has been calculated. The average magnetization for two hundred sixty-six 150 × 150 km areas is 3.5 A/m with a standard deviation of 1.1 A/m. These values are consistent with laboratory measurements of mafic-ultramafic rocks expected in the lower crust, and in agreement with previous estimates of lower crust magnetization based on long-wavelength aeromagnetic data. Average lower crust thickness for the same areas is 18.2 km (σ = 6.4 km). Thus, over large regions, it appears that variation in magnetization and variation in magnetic layer thickness contribute almost equally in causing the anomaly field variation at satellite altitude.     

Long wavelength magnetic anomalies from the lithosphere: Indian shield and Himalaya

A few long-range airborne magnetic profiles flown at an altitude of 7.5 km a.s.l. across the Indian shield are analysed and interpreted in terms of magnetization in the lower crust. The wavelengths of the crustal anomalies are in the range of 51–255 km and this is used to separate them from signals originating at shallow depths. Spectral analysis of these profiles provided a maximum depth of 34–41 km for the long-wavelength anomalies and 9–10 km for the shallow sources identified as Mohorovic̆ić discontinuity and the basement respectively. The magnetic “high” recorded in satellite observations over the Indian shield is interpreted as due to a bulge of 3–4 km in the Moho under the Godovari graben, with a magnetization of 200 nT in the direction of the Earth's present-day magnetic field. Similarly the magnetic lows observed over the Himalaya are interpreted in terms of thickening of the granitic part of the crust from 18 to 23.5 km with a magnetization contrast of 200 nT in the direction of the Earth's present-day magnetic field.     

Model of the MAGSAT magnetic anomaly field over Europe using spherical cap harmonic analysis

Based on the MAGSAT magnetic anomaly fields over Europe and the adjacent areas spherical cap models have been derived. The method of spherical cap harmonic analysis, due to Haines (1985), has been applied for the modelling of the MAGSAT magnetic anomalies. The data set used in the analysis included the 1 ° × 1 ° gridded values of the MAGSAT anomaly fields between latitudes ϑ = 6 ° to 60 °N and longitudes λ = 19 °W to 70 °E. The pole of the cap is at ϑ = 33 °N and λ = 26 °E and its half-angle is 40 ° . The maximum index (K_m) of the model is 18 and the total number of model coefficients is 361. A minimum wavelength corresponding to this index at the Earth's surface is ~ 1000 km. The RMS deviations between the calculated and observed values are ~ 4 nT for δX, ~ 3 nT for ΔY and 3,5 nT for ΔZ respectively. The spherical cap harmonic model was used for the construction of magnetic anomaly maps for all components and at different altitudes.     

最新的岩石圈磁场模型

推介了Stefan Maus博士和他的同事根据CHAMP卫星观测数据构建的地球岩 石圈磁场模型系列MF1-MF6。我们目视对比了分别根据MAGSAT观测数据和根据 CHAMP（MF6）观测数据编绘的中国大陆上的磁异常图,发现在MAGSAT异常图上的 磁异常（如塔里木盆地）,在MF3、MF4、MF5、MF6异常图上分解为几个范围较小 、幅度较大的异常。因此,MF3、MF4、MF5、MF6更适宜于勾画小的地质构造。     

Gravity and magnetic data analysis of block-35, Jiza' basin,Eastern Yemen

The Jiza' basin is located in the eastern part of Yemen, trending generally in the E–W direction. It is filled with Middle Jurassic to recent sediments, which increase in thickness approximately from 3,000 m to more than 9,000 m. In this study, block-35 of this sedimentary basin is selected to detect the major subsurface geological and structural features characterizing this basin and controlling its hydrocarbon potentials. To achieve these goals, the available detailed gravity and magnetic data, scale 1:100,000, were intensively subjected to different kinds of processing and interpretation steps. Also, the available seismic reflection sections and deep wells data were used to confirm the interpretation. The results indicated three average depth levels; 12.5, 2.4, and 0.65 km for the deep, intermediate, and shallow gravity sources and 5.1 and 0.65 km for the deep and shallow magnetic sources. Accordingly, the residual and regional anomaly maps were constructed. These maps revealed a number of high and low structures (horsts and grabens and half grabens), ranging in depth from 0.5 km to less than 4.5 km and trending mainly in the ENE, NW, and NE directions. However, the analytical signal for both gravity and magnetic data also showed locations, dimensions, and approximate depths of the shallow and near surface anomaly sources. The interpretation of the gravity and magnetic anomalies in the area indicated that the NW, NNW, ENE, and NE trends characterize the shallow to deep gravity anomaly sources; however, the NE, NW, and NNE trends characterize the magnetic anomaly sources, mainly the basement. Two-dimensional geologic models were also constructed for three long gravity anomaly profiles that confirmed and tied with the available deep wells data and previously interpreted seismic sections. These models show the basement surface and the overlying sedimentary section as well as the associated faults.     

Crustal density structure in the Spanish Central System derived from gravity data analysis (Central Spain)

Shallow and deep sources generate a gravity low in the central Iberian Peninsula. Long-wavelength shallow sources are two continental sedimentary basins, the Duero and the Tajo Basins, separated by a narrow mountainous chain called the Spanish Central System. To investigate the crustal density structure, a multitaper spectral analysis of gravity data was applied. To minimise biases due to misleading shallow and deep anomaly sources of similar wavelength, first an estimation of gravity anomaly due to Cenozoic sedimentary infill was made. Power spectral analysis indicates two crustal discontinuities at mean depths of 31.1 ± 3.6 and 11.6 ± 0.2 km, respectively. Comparisons with seismic data reveal that the shallow density discontinuity is related to the upper crust lower limit and the deeper source corresponds to the Moho discontinuity. A 3D-depth model for the Moho was obtained by inverse modelling of regional gravity anomalies in the Fourier domain. The Moho depth varies between a mean depth of 31 km and 34 km. Maximum depth is located in a NW–SE trough. Gravity modelling points to lateral density variations in the upper crust. The Central System structure is described as a crustal block uplifted by NE–SW reverse faults. The formation of the system involves displacement along an intracrustal detachment in the middle crust. This detachment would split into several high-angle reverse faults verging both NW and SE. The direction of transport is northwards, the detachment probably being rooted at the Moho.     

Crustal structure of the western part of the Southern Granulite Terrain of Indian Peninsular Shield derived from gravity data

The Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) is composed of high-grade granulite domain occurring to the south of Dharwar Craton (DC). The structural units of SGT show a marked change in the structural trend from the dominant north–south in DC to east–west trend in SGT and primarily consist of different crustal blocks divided by major shear zones. The Bouguer anomaly map prepared based on nearly 3900 gravity observations shows that the anomalies are predominantly negative and vary between −125 mGal and +22 mGal. The trends of the anomalies follow structural grain of the terrain and exhibit considerable variations within the charnockite bodies. Two-dimensional wavelength filtering as well as Zero Free-air based (ZFb) analysis of the Geoid-Corrected Bouguer Anomaly map of the region is found to be very useful in preparing regional gravity anomaly map and inversion of this map gave rise to crustal thicknesses of 37–44 km in the SGT. Crustal density structure along four regional gravity profiles cutting across major shear zones, lineaments, plateaus and other important geological structures bring out the following structural information. The Bavali Shear Zone extending at least up to 10 km depth is manifested as a plane separating two contrasting upper crustal blocks on both sides and the gravity high north of it reveals the presence of a high density mass at the base of the crust below Coorg. The steepness of the Moyar and Bhavani shears on either side of Nilgiri plateau indicates uplift of the plateau due to block faulting with a high density mass at the crustal base. The Bhavani Shear Zone is manifested as a steep southerly dipping plane extending to deeper levels along which alkaline and granite rocks intruded into the top crustal layer. The gravity high over Palghat gap is due to the upwarping of Moho by 1–2 km with the presence of a high density mass at intermediate crustal levels. The gravity low in Periyar plateau is due to the granite emplacement, mid-crustal interface and the thicker crust. The feeble gravity signature across the Achankovil shear characterized by sharp velocity contrast indicates that the shear is not a superficial structure but a crustal scale zone of deformation reaching up to mid-crustal level.     

Anomaly map ofZ component of the Indian sub-continent from magnetic satellite data

An anomaly map of the Z component has been produced for the region of the Indian sub-continent for the first time by the Survey of India usingmagsat data. Data of thousands of kilometres of satellite tracks of varying altitude have been reduced to a common elevation of 400 km by removing the external field and linear trend. The entire data was plotted on a map of 1:6 M and mean values of 2°×2° blocks then accepted for contouring. A prominent magnetic low is reflected over the Himalayas and a prominent high over the Indian peninsula. The dividing line of positive and negative anomalies between the Himalayas and Deccan Traps falls along the Narmada lineament.     

Magnetic mapping of the western Alps: compilation and geological implications

Extracted from large surveys of France, Italy and Switzerland, airborne magnetic data covering the western Alpine Arc have been compiled into a single homogeneous map of magnetic anomalies at the constant altitude of 3000 m. For this purpose, each data set has been revised thoroughly and accurately to give a single coherent large-scale pattern.

The magnetic contour map reflects the anomaly pattern over the entire length of the Western Alpine collision suture. The distribution of polarities exhibits a large anomalous low located by reduction to the pole over the whole external part of the belt. The observed anomaly suggests a large gap of magnetization between the Adriatic microplate and the European crust. The analysis of the waveband shows that the broadest wavelengths are produced in the lower crust close to the transition zone, in the granulite facies. This highly magnetic layer is used as a marker to describe the geometry of the European and Adriatic deep seated crust. The main results are presented on a composite synthetic profile showing the sloping side of the European slab and an important crustal thinning to the southeast of the Adriatic slab. This feature is emphasized on the magnetic contour map by a linear magnetic low attributed to major transcurrent fault. This trend is called the Sestri-Voghera trend and extends from the Ligurian basin by the Sestri-Voltaggio Zone to the Judicarian system. Sinistral movements can be recognized along the whole axis as well as possible uplift of rift shoulders. The magnetic anomaly pattern over the complete length of the anomalous body of Ivrea as well as the Insubric-Canavese Line limit the extension of the Adriatic microplate by a well defined linear trend. The symmetrical shears deduced from consecutive anomalies are used to propose a structural scheme.     

岩石圈磁场研究--卫星地磁学的一个新分支

评介了卫星磁测的历史和现状 ,并向读者推荐了全球和中国的卫星磁异常图以便研究利用 ;对中国境内的卫星磁异常进行了初步的解释 ,主要结果如下 :华北、塔里木和扬子地台与正异常重合 ,而碰撞造山带、褶皱带、山脉则与负异常重合 ;塔里木、四川、松辽盆地之下 ,都有一个扁平的、致密的磁性底座 ;西藏高原地壳中的磁性层在地表以下 30 km以内 ,其磁化率约为0 .0 163SI,相当于 I型花岗岩类的磁性 ;在南中国海海域 ,有两个伸展很大的磁性层 ,位于莫霍面上下 ,黄海海域的岩石圈内也有类似的一个磁性层。     

Pogo and Pangaea

Long wavelength magnetic anomalies of crustal origin derived from the POGO and MAGSAT satellite data often display a strong continuity across the now-rifted continental margins when the continents are reassembled into Pangaea. These anomalies predate the breakup of the supercontinent and represent major blocks whose crustal properties are broadly similar even though those blocks are no longer contiguous.     

Structural mapping of Chikotra River basin in the Deccan Volcanic Province of Maharashtra,India from ground magnetic data

Ground magnetic data collected over Chikotra River in the peripheral region of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of Maharashtra located in Kolhapur district was analysed to throw light on the structural pattern and distribution of magnetic sources within the basin. In order to isolate the magnetic anomalies showing varying trend and amplitude, several transformation operations including wavelength filtering, and upward continuation has been carried out on the reduced to pole anomaly map. Qualitative interpretation of these products help identify the distribution of magnetic sources, viz., the Deccan basalts, dolerite intrusives and older greenstone and schist belts in the subsurface. Present study suggests that the Chikotra basin is composed of three structural units; a NE–SW unit superposed on deeper NW–SE unit with randomly distributed trap flows on the surface. One of the major outcome of the present study is the delineation of almost 900-m thick Proterozoic Kaladgi sediments below the Deccan trap flows. The NE–SW magnetic sources may probably represent intrusives into the Kaladgi sediments, while the deeper NW–SE trends are interpreted as the northward extension of the Dharwars, underneath the Deccan lava flows, that forms the basement for the deposition of Kaladgi sediments.     

European tectonic features observed by Magsat

Regional three-dimensional magnetic models have been developed to characterize the principal European long-wavelength magnetic anomalies represented on the improved magnetic anomaly map of Europe. The magnetic models were constrained by regional variations in geology and geophysical parameters (e.g., geologic boundaries, crustal thickness, heat flow). Because only limited measurements of magnetization are available on lower crustal and uppermost mantle rock samples, our results are useful in constraining and understanding the overall magnetization of these regions. Illustrations of these include: (1) geologic provinces across the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone; (2) regions of thin crust and high mantle heat flow in south-central Europe; (3) the Kursk-Voronezh magnetic anomaly; and (4) the Ladoga-Gulf of Bothnia zone. The region of the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone, that marks the boundary between the Fennoscandian-Baltic Shield and metastable Europe, is a major magnetic discontinuity. In south-central Europe, the regional magnetic variations appear to be directly related to variations in the lower crustal thickness and possibly also to heat flow. In addition, the famous Kursk (Ukraine) iron-ore deposit produces a prominent bullseye anomaly at satellite altitude. The Kiruna anomaly is modelled as having a large, deep body as its source. The high P-wave velocity, basal crustal layers encountered in rift (e.g., the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone itself) and continental arc (e.g., the Ladoga-Gulf of Bothnia zone) settings of Europe appear to be nearly non-magnetic.     

Crustal structure and rift tectonics across the Cauvery–Palar basin,Eastern Continental Margin of India based on seismic and potential field modelling

The Cauvery–Palar basin is a major peri-cratonic rift basin located along the Eastern Continental Margin of India (ECMI) that had formed during the rift-drift events associated with the breakup of eastern Gondwanaland (mainly India–Sri Lanka–East Antarctica). In the present study, we carry out an integrated analysis of the potential field data across the basin to understand the crustal structure and the associated rift tectonics. The composite-magnetic anomaly map of the basin clearly shows the onshore-to-offshore structural continuity, and presence of several high-low trends related to either intrusive rocks or the faults. The Curie depth estimated from the spectral analysis of offshore magnetic anomaly data gave rise to 23 km in the offshore Cauvery–Palar basin. The 2D gravity and magnetic crustal models indicate several crustal blocks separated by major structures or faults, and the rift-related volcanic intrusive rocks that characterize the basin. The crustal models further reveal that the crust below southeast Indian shield margin is ～36 km thick and thins down to as much as 13–16 km in the Ocean Continent Transition (OCT) region and increases to around 19–21 km towards deep oceanic areas of the basin. The faulted Moho geometry with maximum stretching in the Cauvery basin indicates shearing or low angle rifting at the time of breakup between India–Sri Lanka and the East Antarctica. However, the additional stretching observed in the Cauvery basin region could be ascribed to the subsequent rifting of Sri Lanka from India. The abnormal thinning of crust at the OCT is interpreted as the probable zone of emplaced Proto-Oceanic Crust (POC) rocks during the breakup. The derived crustal structure along with other geophysical data further reiterates sheared nature of the southern part of the ECMI.     

准噶尔盆地及邻区地壳磁性特征及其构造意义

准噶尔地块可分为东、西准噶尔构造区和准噶尔盆地.自古生代以来准噶尔盆地及其周边大规模的火山活动和复杂的构造演化、以及有关准噶尔盆地基底及其与周边的构造关系及其演化,一直存在争议.利用EMAG2岩石圈磁异常模型,采用三维反演技术,对准噶尔及其周边地区的地壳磁化率进行成像,得到了0~60 km深度范围之内的磁性结构.反演结果显示:准噶尔盆地腹部地壳磁性结构相对完整;西准噶尔地壳具有与洋壳俯冲相关岛弧环境的磁性结构;东准噶尔和吐哈盆地磁性层较厚且连续,具有古陆基底特征.此外,地壳磁化率异常展示了区域断裂构造及其深部延伸特征,同时显示在覆盖区可能存在隐伏深大断裂带.对该地区岩石圈磁异常成因的定量解释,为深入剖析准噶尔地区岩石圈构造及其与周边构造单元之间的关系提供了有益的资料和参考.      

Curie Point Depths Beneath Precordillera Cuyana and Sierras Pampeanas Obtained from Spectral Analysis of Magnetic Anomalies

A gravity and magnetic survey has been carried out with the purpose of investigating geophysical features of the crusts beneath three geological provinces in western Argentina: Cuyo Precordillera, the Sierras Pampeanas of San Juan and La Rioja, and Famatina System, the results of which are displayed in three maps: Bouguer anomaly, total field magnetic anomaly and total field reduced to the pole.

The top and bottom boundaries of the magnetized crust were calculated from power-density spectra of the total-field anomalies from our terrestrial database in 90 2D windows. The depths obtained for the bottom of magnetized crust are assumed to correspond to Curie point depths. The values thus obtained for the Precordillera range between 29 and 40 km, whereas for the Sierras Pampeanas, in the Sierra de Pie de Palo, and other mountain chains along the Bermejo-Desaguadero lineament or Valle Fértil lineament, such depth ranges between 20 and 35 km. These results are consistent with Curie point depths determined on different continental regions in the world.

A map of regional heat flow has been prepared in the present work based on the depth of the Curie point isotherm, which shows that heat flow patterns in Precordillera are different from those found in Sierras Pampeanas.

A significant heat flow extending in Northeast-Southwest direction seems to be directly related to Juan Fernández Ridge trace.

The results of the present investigations also point out a possible relationship between the base of the magnetized crust and the boundary separating the brittle from the ductile crustal regime.     

Delineation of long-wavelength magnetic anomalies over central India by rectangular harmonic analysis

The method of rectangular harmonic analysis is applied to the geomagnetic field data from central India to isolate long wavelength magnetic anomalies associated with largescale crustal structures. The long-wavelength anomalies have accounted for approximately 20 % of the spatial variability of the residual magnetic field over the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. On the magnetic anomaly map, reflecting the surface expression of longwavelength anomalies, the Tapi-Narmada-Son zone is characterized by a feeble positive anomaly bounded by a strong negative anomaly. The anomaly pattern is believed to be caused by the large-scale undulation in Moho and related variations in the thickness of the lower (basaltic) crust. The other two prominent anomalies, the magnetic low striking northwest and the magnetic high trending east-northeast, appear to be related to the deep structural feature of the Godavari graben and the eastern Rajasthan lineament respectively.     

世界磁异常图

第一版的世界磁异常图,此前称为世界数字化磁异常图(WDMAM),于2007年7月在第24届IUGG大会上正式公布。这幅图的编制工作是由国际地磁学与大气物理学协会(IAGA)和世界地质图委员会(CGMW)合作完成,得到联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)赞助,由UNESCO和CGMW出版。这幅图表示的地壳磁异常数据,是50多年来全世界积累的航空、海上和卫星磁测所获得的,汇合成5 km×5 km网格,换算到大地水准面上5 km。WDMAM的公布将进一步推动地壳和上地幔地质构造的研究,并且有助于资源的勘查。第二版WDMAM正在编制中。     

Lower crustal intrusions beneath the southern Baikal Rift Zone: Evidence from full-waveform modelling of wide-angle seismic data

The Cenozoic Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ) is situated in south-central Siberia in the suture between the Precambrian Siberian Platform and the Amurian plate. This more than 2000-km long rift zone is composed of several individual basement depressions and half-grabens with the deep Lake Baikal at its centre. The BEST (Baikal Explosion Seismic Transect) project acquired a 360-km long, deep seismic, refraction/wide-angle reflection profile in 2002 across southern Lake Baikal. The data from this project is used for identification of large-scale crustal structures and modelling of the seismic velocities of the crust and uppermost mantle. Previous interpretation and velocity modelling of P-wave arrivals in the BEST data has revealed a multi layered crust with smooth variation in Moho depth between the Siberian Platform (41 km) and the Sayan-Baikal fold belt (46 km). The lower crust exhibits normal seismic velocities around the rift structure, except for beneath the rift axis where a distinct 50–80-km wide high-velocity anomaly (7.4–7.6 ± 0.2 km/s) is observed. Reverberant or “ringing” reflections with strong amplitude and low frequency originate from this zone, whereas the lower crust is non-reflective outside the rift zone. Synthetic full-waveform reflectivity modelling of the high-velocity anomaly suggests the presence of a layered sequence with a typical layer thickness of 300–500 m coinciding with the velocity anomaly. The P-wave velocity of the individual layers is modelled to range between 7.4 km/s and 7.9 km/s. We interpret this feature as resulting from mafic to ultra-mafic intrusions in the form of sills. Petrological interpretation of the velocity values suggests that the intrusions are sorted by fractional crystallization into plagioclase-rich low-velocity layers and pyroxene- and olivine-rich high-velocity layers. The mafic intrusions were probably intruded into the ductile lower crust during the main rift phase in the Late Pliocene. As such, the intrusive material has thickened the lower crust during rifting, which may explain the lack of Moho uplift across southern BRZ.