水资源系统模拟模型研究进展

回顾了国内外水资源系统模拟模型的研究历程,结合当前水资源领域发展方向,介绍了目前的研究现状。分析了以集成方式研究水资源系统模拟技术的必要性,评述了几类当前比较有影响的水资源系统模拟方法以及相应软件。阐述了面向对象技术(OOT)以及地理信息系统(GIS)等在流域水资源模拟中的应用。指出以计算机技术为先导,考虑不同的流域实际状况进行系统分析是构造通用水资源模拟模型的必要条件和发展方向。     

锚杆挡土墙可靠度分析与计算方法

提出了锚杆挡墙中肋柱锚杆体系的串-并联模型。将肋柱视为连续梁,锚杆视为弹性支座,引入锚杆与锚固段周围岩土体的复合刚度系数,用位移法导出了各根锚杆所受荷载的统一计算公式。考虑各功能函数之间的相关性,运用系统可靠性理论,提出了单根锚杆3种破坏模式的串联系统与多根锚杆并联系统的体系可靠度计算方法,并编制了计算程序。对一工程实例进行计算,并对计算结果进行了分析,发现单根锚杆的3种失效模式并非相互独立,每种失效模式对锚杆可靠度的影响也不一样,而3根锚杆并联系统的失效概率近似等于在其他锚杆均未破坏的条件下每根锚杆单独失效概率之和。     

The Gas Resources Assessment Expert System of the Songliao Basin

The gas resources assessment expert system is one of the advanced methods for appraising oil and gas resources. The establishment of a knowledge base is the focal task in developing the expert system. This paper presents a summary of the mechanism and the major controlling factors in the formation of gas pools in the southeast uplift of the Songliao basin. Then an appropriate assessment model is established for trapping the gas resources and a knowledge base built in the expert system to realize the model. By using the expert system to appraise the gas-bearing probability of 25 major traps of the Quantou and Denglouku Formations in the Shiwu-Dehui area, the authors have proved that the expert system is suitable for appraising traps in the Songliao basin and similar basins.     

长江中下游江湖水沙调控数值模拟

以长江中下游防洪系统为对象,在大型复杂防洪系统洪水运动数值模拟基础上,成功地将面向长江中下游防洪规划论证需求的洪水演进数学模型转化为面向长江防洪系统江湖水沙调控需求的长江中下游江湖水沙调控数学模型.为适应江湖水沙调控和评估的要求,提出了基于水动力学的闸坝调度计算模式.此外,还对河网分汊泥沙分配模式进行了深入研究.通过长江中下游防洪规划及其洞庭湖区"控支强干"方案论证模拟计算,较好地解决了防洪措施蓄泄后效评估和工程优化调控模式等关键难题,为防洪规划方案的制定提供了定量依据,主要成果已应用于长江中下游防洪规划方案.     

地下水数值模拟系统的设计与实现

提出了地下水数值模拟系统的设计方案,并介绍了基于该设计所开发和实现的系统的主要功能。该系统经实际应用,效果良好,是进行地下水数值模拟计算的一个非常实用、有效的软件工具。      

边坡离心模型试验中的降雨模拟研究

为了在离心机试验中模拟降雨引起的滑坡,设计和使用了一套降雨模拟系统。这套系统的构成主要是针对离心试验的特殊要求进行设计的。所采用的特殊技术可以均匀分配雨水,将雨滴的尺寸效益和科氏加速度引起的雨滴偏移最小化,实现了不同强度和历时的降雨模拟。通过一个降雨条件下砂土边坡的离心模型试验,成功应用了该套降雨模拟系统,研究了边坡中的降雨入渗过程。     

京津唐水资源规划决策支持系统研究

京津唐地区水资源规划是一个影响这一地区工农业发展和人民生活的多目标、大时空跨度的复杂问题.采用系统论的观点对这一问题进行了分析,并采用原型方法建立了京津唐水资源规划决策支持系统.系统由交互式对话子系统、数据库、模型库、方法库和知识库组成.模型库中装有系统动力学和多目标优化等模型;方法库中装有密切值法和两两比较法等,用于方案的排序;知识库中存贮着用于决策支持的知识.重点介绍京津唐水资源决策支持系统的逻辑和结构.     

预应力锚索格构模型试验加载系统设计

预应力锚索格构复合结构广泛应用于边坡防护及滑坡治理中。但其设计计算理论还有许多问题需要进一步深入研究。因此,开展该复合结构的模型试验非常必要。针对锚索的锚固方向,模型试验需要对格构节点斜向施力,斜向加载系统设计成为该试验成败的关键环节。在分析现有实验条件的基础上,针对预应力锚索格构梁的受力特点,对预应力锚索格构复合结构模型试验的加载系统进行了设计。该设计包括加载千斤顶可转动底座的设计、斜向反力网架设计计算等。巧妙地解决了加载方向与边坡夹角需要灵活变化的关键技术问题以及千斤顶位置随意移动问题。这对于有相同技术要求的其他工程无疑具有借鉴和指导作用。     

Uncoupling of coupled flows in soil—a finite element method

Coupled flow of water, chemicals, heat and electrical potential in soil are of significance in a variety of circumstances. The problem is characterized by the coupling between different flows, i.e. a flow of one type driven by gradients of other types, and by the dual nature of certain flows, i.e. combined convection and conduction. Effective numerical solutions to the problem are challenged due to the coupling and the dual nature. In this paper, we first present a general expression that can be used to represent various types of coupled flows in soil. A finite element method is then proposed to solve the generalized coupled flows of convection-conduction pattern. The unknown vector is first decomposed into two parts, a convective part forming a hyperbolic system and a conductive part forming a parabolic system. At each time step, the hyperbolic system is solved analytically to give an initial solution. To solve the multi-dimensional hyperbolic system, we assume that a common eigenspace exists for the coefficient matrices, so that the system can be uncoupled by transforming the unknown vector to the common eigenspace. The uncoupled system is solved by the method of characteristics. Using the solution of the hyperbolic system as the initial condition, we then solve the parabolic system by a Galerkin finite element method for space discretization and a finite difference scheme for time stepping. The proposed technique can be used for solving multi-dimensional, transient, coupled or simultaneous flows of convection-conduction type. Application to a flow example shows that the technique indeed exhibits optimality in convergence and in stability.     

Expert systems for automated correlation and interpretation of wireline logs

CORRELATOR is an interactive computer program for lithostratigraphic correlation of wireline logs able to store correlations in a data base with a consistency, accuracy, speed, and resolution that are difficult to obtain manually. The automatic determination of correlations is based on the maximization of a weighted correlation coefficient using two wireline logs per well. CORRELATOR has an expert system to scan and flag incongruous correlations in the data base. The user has the option to accept or disregard the advice offered by the system. The expert system represents knowledge through production rules. The inference system is goal-driven and uses backward chaining to scan through the rules. Work in progress is used to illustrate the potential that a second expert system with a similar architecture for interpreting dip diagrams could have to identify episodes—as those of interest in sequence stratigraphy and fault detection- and annotate them in the stratigraphic column. Several examples illustrate the presentation.     

Towards Formulation of a Space-borne System for Early Warning of Floods: Can Cost-Effectiveness Outweigh Prediction Uncertainty?

The three most important components necessary for functioning of an operational flood warning system are: (1) a rainfall measuring system; (2) a soil moisture updating system; and, (3) a surface discharge measuring system. Although surface based networks for these systems can be largely inadequate in many parts of the world, this inadequacy particularly affects the tropics, which are most vulnerable to flooding hazards. Furthermore, the tropical regions comprise developing countries lacking the financial resources for such surface-based monitoring. The heritage of research conducted on evaluating the potential for measuring discharge from space has now morphed into an agenda for a mission dedicated to space-based surface discharge measurements. This mission juxtaposed with two other upcoming space-based missions: (1) for rainfall measurement (Global Precipitation Measurement, GPM), and (2) soil moisture measurement (Hydrosphere State, HYDROS), bears promise for designing a fully space-borne system for early warning of floods. Such a system, if operational, stands to offer tremendous socio-economic benefit to many flood-prone developing nations of the tropical world. However, there are two competing aspects that need careful assessment to justify the viability of such a system: (1) cost-effectiveness due to surface data scarcity; and (2) flood prediction uncertainty due to uncertainty in the remote sensing measurements. This paper presents the flood hazard mitigation opportunities offered by the assimilation of the three proposed space missions within the context of these two competing aspects. The discussion is cast from the perspective of current understanding of the prediction uncertainties associated with space-based flood prediction. A conceptual framework for a fully space-borne system for early-warning of floods is proposed. The need for retrospective validation of such a system on historical data comprising floods and its associated socio-economic impact is stressed. This proposal for a fully space-borne system, if pursued through wide interdisciplinary effort as recommended herein, promises to enhance the utility of the three space missions more than what their individual agenda can be expected to offer.     

The types,structure and results of the dike-pond system in South China

Conclusion The dike-pond system is an excellent artificial ecological agriculture system. With its special structure, it has many advantages compared with the other agricultural productions. In the system, the fertilizer, water and soil can be readjusted automatically, and flood and drought calamities can be prevented, so that the inferior land can be made fertile. The residues from planting and from stock/poultry raising can be recycled within the system. It is the most important that the fertilizer and feeds can be satisfied from within the system. This in itself could be a kind of break-through in agricultural development. A new form of fish feed supply is created saving input of purchased fertilizer and feeds as well as enhancing the development of planting, fishery and animal husbandry.The system has been attracting more and more attention from home and abroad. It has spread quickly to some other parts of China, and has begun to be appear abroad. The system is suitable for the areas with resembling the Pearl River delta elsewhere in Asia, Africa and South America, especially for lowlying water-logged land which is normally reclaimed by constructing water conservancy projects. In the latter case, the cost of pumping water is high, but the system is generally unstable compared with the stable, high yield dike-pond system. So a brilliant future can be envisaged for the dike-pond system.     

地下闭式循环地热交换发电系统简介

为解决能源问题而提出了地下闭式循环地热交换发电系统.该系统地下部分通过全井下套管形成一个封闭系统,克服了传统地热发电和干热岩发电受地质条件制约、对环境造成危害等缺点,是一种新型的不依赖位置、环境友好的地热发电系统.采用大位移技术进行钻井,应用悬链线技术对井身剖面结构进行了优化,提出了地下连接技术要求,应用分支井和膨胀套管技术固井,设计了水泥配方并进行了相关试验,优化了载热流体,计算了有机工质朗肯循环(ORC)的发电效率.     

库车坳陷下第三系盖层封闭特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

库车坳陷下第三系泥岩盖层不仅厚度大，而且分布广泛，具有较强的毛细管，超压封闭能力和较弱的抑制烃浓度封闭能力，综合评价认为，克拉苏，东秋立塔克和依南构造为好封盖能力区，由此向南封盖能力依次变差。下第三系泥岩盖层的分布控制着白垩系油气的分布，天然气藏分布于好封盖区内，油气藏则分布于中等封盖区内。下第三系泥岩盖层封闭能力形成时期晚于三叠纪和侏罗纪烃源源的大量排油期，不利于封闭油进行大规模运聚成藏，但早于三叠纪和侏罗纪烃源岩的大量排气期，有利于封闭天然气进行大规模运聚成藏。     

河流渗滤系统对硝态氮污水的净化作用研究

河流渗滤系统对入渗的地表水有一定的净化作用,过去人们很少从理论上研究河流渗滤系统对污染河水的净化作用。本文采用室内土柱实验装置来模拟渭河渗滤系统,研究了硝态氮污染的河水在该系统中的环境行为及净化机制,其环境行为主要为反硝化作用。其净化程度与该渗滤系统的渗滤介质有关,如果渗滤介质为粘土,其净化率达到100%。若介质为粗砂粒物质,其净化程度较低。     

Design and application of a kind of direct shear model test apparatus

A kind of direct shear model test apparatus is introduced, which can be used for laboratory model tests of anti-sliding structures for slopes (landslides). The model test apparatus consists of shearing system, loading system and data collecting system. The shearing system is composed of an upper direct shear box, a lower direct shear box and two straight steel rails. The upper and the lower direct shear boxes are connected by the straight steel rails. The loading system is composed of load transducer, hydraulic jack and reaction rack. The shearing system and the loading system are connected by steel base. The apparatus has been successfully used in anti-sliding model test of single row grouting micro-piles based on detailed analysis of its structure design and characteristics. Application results of the apparatus indicate that this kind of direct shear model test apparatus possesses great practicability; and it can be used further in other similar model tests.     

一种直剪式模型试验设备的设计及应用

介绍了一种直剪式模型试验设备,该设备可用于边坡（滑坡）抗滑结构的室内模型试验研究。该模型试验设备包括剪切系统、加载系统和量测系统。其中剪切系统包括上剪切盒、下剪切盒及钢质直线导轨,上下剪切盒通过钢质直线导轨连接在一起;加载系统包括荷载传感器、液压千斤顶及反力架,剪切系统和加载系统通过钢板底座连接为一个有机整体。在详细分析该模型试验设备的设计制作及其优缺点的基础上,将其用于单排注浆微型桩抗滑结构的模型试验研究中。试验结果分析表明,该直剪式模型试验设备具有较好的实用性,可进一步应用于类似的模型试验研究中。     

关中盆地地下水系统的划分与特征

关中盆地是一个水文地质结构完整、含水系统与水流系统相对独立、水循环开放的地下水系统。通过概述区域水文地质结构和地下水循环特征,依据地下水含水介质的结构组合、分布特征以及地下水循环特征的不同,将关中盆地地下水系统划分为6类: 黄土台塬孔隙-裂隙含水系统、冲积平原孔隙含水系统、山前洪积平原孔隙含水系统、渭北岩溶含水系统、新近系和古近系砂泥岩互层裂隙-孔隙含水系统及基岩裂隙含水系统。文章总结分析了每种含水系统的富水性、补径排、水化学和动态特征,旨在为客观评价关中经济区水资源现状并提出水资源优化配置、开发利用和保护方案提供依据。研究成果对建设优良、宜居的生态环境和经济可持续发展具有积极的意义。     

从系统理论看现代水文地质学的几个基本概念

以系统理论的基本原理为出发点,结合大量的研究实践,对现代水文地质学的一些基本理论作了剖析,提出了新的看法,概括出三个水文地质学的基本概念,即“水文地质系统”、“水文地质结构系统”、“地下水系统”。还重点强调了水文地质结构系统理论的意义。另外,建立一个统一的,适用于生产实践的理论体系亦是本篇探讨的主要目的。     

多孔介质两相系统毛细压力与饱和度关系试验研究

两相系统毛细压力-饱和度(h~S)关系曲线的确定是多孔介质多相流动研究的基础。采用简易试验装置对理想和实际介质中水-气和油-水两相系统中的h~S关系曲线进行了测定。试验结果表明,对于相同两相系统,多孔介质孔隙度愈小,同一毛细压力对应的饱和度相应愈大;对于不同两相系统,理想介质的关系曲线在一定毛细压力以下平缓,较大毛细压力时陡直,实际介质关系曲线走势相对较陡。分析结果表明,水-气和油-水两相系统的实测数据符合Parker等提出的基于van Genuchten(1980)关系式的折算理论;应用折算理论,可以在同一多孔介质某一两相系统h~S关系已知的情况下较好地估计同一孔隙度条件下其它两相系统的h~S关系曲线。