放牧对准噶尔荒漠植物群落及土壤特性的影响

通过比较封育6年的围栏内外植物群落种类组成、结构差异,以及土壤特性,研究了家畜啃食对新疆准噶尔荒漠植物群落及土壤特性的影响.使用X2-test和U-test分析表明,围栏内外相比,植物种数(n=7.03)、半灌木种数(n=2.40)、草本植物种数(n=4.63)、植被盖度(35.77%)和生物量(144.19 g/m2)在围栏内显著增加,而植被密度在围栏外显著降低(87.93株/m2).灌木中,梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)在围栏内出现的频率和密度显著增加(X2=4.63,p＜0.05;z=2.56,p＜0.05).小半灌木中,博乐绢蒿(Seriphidium borotalense)在围栏内出现的频率和密度显著高于围栏外(X2=13.08,p＜0.01;Z=4.01,p＜0.01).4种多年生草本植物的密度在围栏内均显著升高,有3种在围栏内出现的频率也同时明显高于围栏外.二年生草本植物沙生婆罗门参(Tragopogon sabulosus)在围栏内出现的频率和密度显著高于围栏外(X2=4.71,p＜0.05;Z=2.51,p＜0.05).4种一年生草本植物在围栏内外出现的频率均无显著差异,其中3种在围栏内外的密度也无明显变化.研究结果表明,过度放牧导致灌木和半灌木衰败;多年生和二年生草本植物几近绝迹;一年生植物所受影响则较小.土壤理化特性中,围栏内土壤水分显著低于围栏外(Z=2.65,p＜0.01),HCO3、Cl-和速效K含量在围栏内外土壤中差异显著.作者建议在准噶尔荒漠建立一定数量和面积的永久性围栏以维系物种多样性.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘大沙鼠的食性

2009年9月～2010年9月在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘采集了15个大沙鼠洞区的粪样和研究区域内所有植物标本,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法分析了不同季节大沙鼠的食性,并初步探讨了其食性与周围环境的关系.结果表明大沙鼠食性广,采食植物种类共计13科25种.春季大沙鼠的主要食物是囊果苔草(Carex physodes)(45.21％)和尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)(15.25％),夏季的主要食物是虫实(Corispermum sp.)(28.16％)、沙漠绢蒿(Seriphidium santolinum)( 17.98％)、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)(12.32％)、膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)(11.91％)和对节刺(Horaninowia ulicina)(10.29％),秋季和冬季的主要食物是梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron),所占食物组成比例分别为81.53％和79.95％.对大沙鼠食物组成季节间相似指数统计结果表明,仅在秋冬季节间相似性很高(0.99),其余季节间相似性均相对较低(0.23 ～0.28).大沙鼠以栖息环境中的大宗植物为主要食物,其食性随不同分布区建群植物不同而变化.大沙鼠食物组成的季节性变化与其栖息环境中植物物候的季节性变化规律相吻合.梭梭仅在秋冬季成为大沙鼠的主要食物,而在春夏季节鲜被采食.     

沙埋对河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带一年生草本植物的影响

一年生草本植物是荒漠绿洲过渡带入工固沙植物群落草本层的优势植物类群,由于风沙活动剧烈,风蚀和沙埋成为一年生草本植物生存的关键选择动力因素.以河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型一年生草本植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus...     

柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区盐生植物根-土复合体力学强度试验研究

本文以柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区作为试验区,分别筛选出5种优势盐生植物,即海韭菜(Triglochin maritimum Linn.)、芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin.)、赖草(Leymus secalinus Tzvel.)、毛穗赖草(Leymus paboanus Claus.)、无脉苔草(Carex enervis C. A. Mey.)作为试验供试种,分别对5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样和不含根系素土试样进行了室内直接剪切试验和三轴压缩试验,对比了不含根系素土试样与根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标;在此基础上,评价了5种盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度作用。试验结果表明：(1)当含水量和密度值分别为29.01%和1.65g/cm3时,5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标粘聚力c值为10.38kPa-19.19kPa,且显著大于素土试样的粘聚力c值5.95kPa,内摩擦角 值未表现出变化规律;(2)相对于不含根系的素土试样,由直剪试验和三轴试验得到的5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的粘聚力增长幅度分别为16.8%~108.7%、19.2%~113.6%;(3)由直剪试验与三轴试验结果表明,区内5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样抗剪强度大小变化顺序表现出一致的规律性,即由大至小依次为：芦苇、海韭菜、赖草、毛穗赖草、无脉苔草、素土。该项研究结果为区内进一步开展盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度机理等方面的研究具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

镍、铜对矿业废弃地先锋植物盐生草和骆驼蓬抗氧化物质和渗透调节物质积累的影响

以盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)和骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验研究土壤中不同浓度(0、50、100、200、400 mg·kg-1)镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)处理对盐生草和骆驼蓬幼苗过氧化氢(H2O2)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、维生素E(VE)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,盐生草和骆驼蓬叶片及根部过氧化氢(H2O2)含量随介质中Ni和Cu浓度的增加而增加。Ni胁迫下盐生草叶片中GSH含量随Ni浓度增加呈增加趋势,根部VE含量在高浓度Ni(≥100 mg·kg-1)胁迫下显著积累;Cu胁迫下盐生草叶片和根部GSH、ASA和VE含量较对照显著积累,三者协同作用缓解Cu胁迫诱导的氧化损伤。Ni胁迫下骆驼蓬叶片GSH和ASA含量、根部ASA含量较对照显著增加;Cu胁迫下骆驼蓬叶片中GSH和ASA含量随Cu浓度增加呈上升趋势,根部ASA含量较对照显著增加,VE在100 mg·kg-1和200 mg·kg-1的Cu处理下较对照显著增加。Ni和Cu胁迫使得盐生草和骆驼蓬幼苗脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较对照显著积累。     

柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区盐生植物根-土复合体力学强度试验研究

以柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区作为试验区,分别筛选出5种优势盐生植物,即海韭菜(Triglochin maritimum Linn.)、芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin.)、赖草(Leymus secalinus Tzvel.)、毛穗赖草(Leymus paboanus Claus.)和无脉苔草(Carex enervis C.A.Mey.)作为试验供试种,分别对5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样和不含根系素土试样进行了室内直接剪切试验和三轴压缩试验,对比了不含根系素土试样与根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标;在此基础上,评价了5种盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度作用。试验结果表明:(1)当含水量和密度值分别为29.01%和1.65 g/cm3时,5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标粘聚力c值为10.38~19.19 k Pa,且显著大于素土试样的粘聚力c值5.95 k Pa,内摩擦角φ值未表现出变化规律;(2)相对于不含根系的素土试样,由直剪试验和三轴试验得到的5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的粘聚力增长幅度分别为16.8%~108.7%、19.2%~113.6%;(3)由直剪试验与三轴试验结果表明,区内5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样抗剪强度大小变化顺序表现出一致的规律性,即由大至小依次为,芦苇、海韭菜、赖草、毛穗赖草、无脉苔草和素土。该项研究结果为区内进一步开展盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度机理等方面的研究具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

自然生境下盐角草的生物学特征及其影响因子

盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是一种典型的盐沼湿生植物,在盐渍重的地方常纯群分布,据报道是最耐盐的高等陆生植物之一。通过观测新疆境内3个区域5个典型种群的盐角草有关生物学参数及土壤水、盐等环境因子,发现:(1)随着土壤水分的减少,盖度减小,伴生种增多;随着盐分的加重,盖度减小,伴生种减少,成为单优势种;(2)不同生境下盐角草种群的密度变异很大,从190株/m2~6578株/m2不等。密度与株高、生物量、冠根比、分枝数及土壤水、盐等呈负相关,而与土壤容重显著正相关;(3)生物量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤水溶性盐离子Na 、Cl-有较高的正相关,这两方面都是促进盐角草生长的主要土壤因素;(4)分枝数与土壤含水量及土壤水溶性Cl-含量显著正相关(p<0.05),说明高的土壤水、盐含量促进分枝;(5)盐角草植株的冠根比范围为13.75~85.39,大于一般农作物,是盐角草适应盐沼环境的显著特征之一。     

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒湖区盐生植物改良土壤盐渍化效应及其贡献评价

在柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区,通过对芦苇、赖草、海韭菜、无脉苔草、洽草、盐地风毛菊、羊齿天门冬、小花棘豆和白刺9种盐生植物生长区土壤容重、含水量、全盐量、pH值、全氮、速效钾、速效磷进行测试分析,研究其对盐渍化土壤的改良效果。试验结果表明:9种盐生植物均可降低土壤容重、全盐量和pH值,提高土壤含水量,其平均全盐量较裸地降低了3.79%~85.40%,平均降低幅度为44.99%,小花棘豆降低土壤容重相对较为显著(17.39%),无脉苔草相对较差(1.37%);盐地风毛菊降低土壤pH值的能力相对较强(5.11%),羊齿天门冬相对较弱;赖草提高土壤含水量相对较为显著(26.05%),白刺相对较差(1.85%)。9种盐生植物可不同程度增加土壤全氮含量,且随取样深度增加全氮含量呈逐渐降低的变化趋势;9种盐生植物坡面地表以下垂直方向0~20 cm土体速效磷含量表现出增加趋势,其中在地表以下20~50 cm位置速效磷含量增加相对较为显著,土体速效磷含量增加的程度由大至小依次为:小花棘豆、赖草、无脉苔草、海韭菜、白刺、羊齿天门冬、芦苇、洽草和盐地风毛菊。研究结果对于利用盐生植物防治土壤盐渍化,以及进一步提高土壤可持续利用有实际价值。     

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区盐生植物吸盐效应及其耐盐性评价

选取柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区作为研究区,筛选出了9种优势盐生植物,开展了盐生植物生长区土体颗粒、容重、含水量等物理性质指标,以及土体中HCO_3~-、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)7种易溶盐离子含量试验测试,分析了区内芦苇、海韭菜等9种盐生植物茎叶和根系部分HCO_3~-、Cl~-等7种易溶盐离子含量及其分布规律。在此基础上,探讨了区内9种盐生植物对易溶盐离子吸收作用及其差异性;采用盐生植物地上茎叶部分K~+/Na~+比值结果,定量评价了区内9种盐生植物耐盐性及变化规律。结果表明,区内9种盐生植物茎叶部分K~+/Na~+比值由大至小依次为:小花棘豆0.84、羊齿天门冬0.58、白刺0.55、盐地风毛菊0.52、海韭菜0.50、无脉苔草0.47、洽草0.41、芦苇0.39和赖草0.34。研究结果可为尕斯库勒盐湖区及其周边地区利用盐生植物改良土壤盐渍化提供理论支撑。     

壶流河流域湿地植被优势种间关系分析

根据野外70个样方的调查数据,运用2×2列联表的x2检验方法、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,研究了山西壶流河流域湿地植被33种优势种,共528个种对的种间关联和相关关系.结果表明:x2检验有209个种对呈正相关,其中极显著正相关种对16个(n=70,p<0.01),显著正相关种对21个(n=70,p<0.05),共占总对数的7.01%;317个种对呈负相关,其中显著负相关种对3个(n=70,p<0.05),占总对数的0.57%;2个种对不相关,正负相关比为0.659 3,显著种对共占总对数的4.54%;Pearson相关分析中极显著相关的种对有20个(n=70,p<0.01),显著相关的种对有11个(n=70,p<0.05),全部为正相关,共占总对数的5.87%;Spearman秩相关系数检验207个种对呈正相关,其中极显著的种对有34个(n=70,p<0.01),正相关显著的种对有22个(n=70,p<0.05),共占总对数的10.61%,321个种对呈负相关,负相关显著的种对16个(n=70,p<0.05),占总对数的3.03%,正负相关比为0.644 8,显著种对占总对数的7.20%,群落优势种种间多呈不显著关联.按照33个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素,它们被划分为3个生态种组:水烛生态种组(Typha group)、鹅绒委陵菜生态种组(Potentilla group)和赖草生态种组(Leymus group).     

塔里木河下游荒漠化过程土壤种子库特征

沿塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林,选择了荒漠化程度依次加重的5个断面,进行了土壤种子库野外萌发试验。结果表明:①在中度荒漠化区土壤种子库的物种相对丰富(11种),密度较高(892.6粒\5m-2);随着荒漠化程度的加剧,土壤种子库物种丰富度、总密度以及多样性指数呈现出明显下降的趋势;②与重度荒漠化区和中度荒漠化区相比,极度荒漠化区土壤种子库中的多年生草本和灌木密度占总密度的百分比有所增加,一年生草本百分比明显降低;③不同荒漠化程度对种子库密度的垂直分布影响不大,70%以上的种子集中在土壤表层0～2 cm深度。综合来看,随着荒漠化程度的加剧,土壤种子库的恢复潜力有所下降。     

科尔沁沙地草地植被对围封和放牧的响应

研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。     

Impacts of interrelated biotic and abiotic processes during the past 125 000 years of landscape evolution in the Northern Mojave Desert, Nevada, USA

Interrelated, biotic (flora and fauna) and abiotic (pedogenesis and hydrology) processes were examined at four sites (30, and approximately 1000–3000, 7000–12 000, and 125 000 years before present) in the northern Mojave Desert. Data collected at each included floral and faunal surveys; soil texture, structure, and morphology; and soil hydraulic properties. Separate measurements were made in shrub undercanopy and intercanopy microsites. At all sites, shrubs made up greater than 86 percent of total perennial cover, being least on the youngest site (4 percent) and most on the 7000–12 000-year-old site (31 percent). In the intercanopy, winter annual density was highest on the 1000- to 3000-year-old site (249 plants/m²) and lowest on the oldest site (4 plants/m²). Faunal activity, measured by burrow density, was highest on the 1000–3000- and 7000–12 000-year-old sites (0.21 burrows/m²) and density was twice as high in the undercanopy versus the intercanopy. Burrow density was lower at the two oldest sites, although density was not statistically greater in the undercanopy than intercanopy. At the older sites, the soil water balance was increasingly controlled by Av horizons in intercanopy soils in which saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) decreased 95 percent from the youngest to the oldest site. No significant reduction in K_sat in undercanopy soils was observed. Decreases in the intercanopy sites correlated with decreases in annual plant density and bioturbation, suggesting these processes are interrelated with surface age.     

建三江农垦分局湿地植物群落分类和排序

采用双指示种分析（Two Way Indicators Species Analysis,TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（Detrended Correspondence Analysis,DCA）方法,对位于三江平原的建三江农垦分局内的湿地植物群落的数据进行群落数量分类和排序。调查的86个样地中共发现49科133属226个物种;TWINSPAN将样地划分为8种群丛,将优势物种划分为8组,分类结果可以在DCA排序图上很好地反映出来,且优势物种的分布格局很大程度上决定了群丛的分布格局;DCA的前两个排序轴提供了23．5％的信息量,其中第一排序轴提供了14．5％的信息量,主要反映出样地水分条件的变化;样地的排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境因子之间的关系。     

Desert grassland canopy arthropod species richness: temporal patterns and effects of intense, short-duration livestock grazing

Arthropods living in the canopies of two woody shrub species (a sub-shrub (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and a large shrub (Prosopis glandulosa)) and perennial grasses plus associated herbaceous species, were sampled on 18, 0.5 hectare plots in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland for five consecutive years. Mesquite shrubs were removed from nine plots, six plots were grazed by yearling cattle in August and six plots were grazed in February for the last 3 years of the 5 year study. Arthropod species richness ranged between 154 and 353 on grasses, from 120 to 266 on G. sarothrae, and from 69 to 116 on P. glandulosa. There was a significant relationship between the number of families of insects on grass and G. sarothrae and growing season rainfall but species richness was not a function of growing season rainfall on any of the plants. Several of the arthropod families that were the most species rich in this grassland were found on all of the plants sampled, i.e. Salticid spiders, Bruchid and Curculionid beetles, Cicadellid and Psyllid homopterans, and ants (Formicidae). There were more species rich families that were shared by grasses and the sub-shrub G. sarothrae than with mesquite. The absence of a relationship between growing season rainfall and species richness was attributed to variation in life history characteristics of arthropods and to the non-linear responses of annual and perennial desert grassland plants to rainfall.There were no significant differences in insect family or species richness on any of the plant types as a result of removal of mesquite (P. glandulosa) from selected plots. Intense, short duration (24 h) grazing by livestock during in late summer resulted in reduced species richness in the grass-herb vegetation layer but had no effect on insect species richness on snakeweed or mesquite shrubs. Livestock grazing in winter had no effect on insect species richness on any of the vegetation sampled.     

Nest site characteristics and nesting success of the Western Burrowing Owl in the eastern Mojave Desert

We evaluated nest site selection at two spatial scales (microsite, territory) and reproductive success of Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) at three spatial scales (microsite, territory, landscape) in the eastern Mojave Desert. We used binary logistic regression within an information-theoretic approach to assess factors influencing nest site choice and nesting success. Microsite-scale variables favored by owls included burrows excavated by desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), burrows with a large mound of excavated soil at the entrance, and a greater number of satellite burrows within 5 m of the nest burrow. At the territory scale, owls preferred patches with greater cover of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) within 50 m of the nest burrow. An interaction between the presence or absence of a calcic soil horizon layer over the top of the burrow (microsite) and the number of burrows within 50 m (territory) influenced nest site choice. Nesting success was influenced by a greater number of burrows within 5 m of the nest burrow. Total cool season precipitation was a predictor of nesting success at the landscape scale. Conservation strategies can rely on management of habitat for favored and productive nesting sites for this declining species.     

Display-sites selection by houbara bustard (Chlamydotis [undulata] macqueenii) in Mori, Xinjiang, People''s Republic of China

Display-site selection by houbara bustards was studied in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June 2000. Most of the habitats chosen for displaying were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high shrub patches. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant species at display sites were significantly lower from that at randomly selected sites. The average distance to the closest shrub patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the shrub patches are possibly the most important factors that determined the display-sites selection of houbara bustard.     

Seed banks in a degraded desert shrubland: Influence of soil surface condition and harvester ant activity on seed abundance

We compared seed banks between two contrasting anthropogenic surface disturbances (compacted, trenched) and adjacent undisturbed controls to determine whether site condition influences viable seed densities of perennial and annual Mojave Desert species. Viable seeds of perennials were rare in undisturbed areas (3–4 seeds/m²) and declined to <1 seed/m² within disturbed sites. Annual seed densities were an order of magnitude greater than those of perennials, were one-third the undisturbed seed densities on compacted sites, but doubled on trenched sites relative to controls. On trenched sites, greater litter cover comprising the infructescences of the dominant spring annuals, and low gravel content, enhanced seed densities of both annuals and perennials. Litter cover and surface ruggedness were the best explanations for viable perennial seed densities on compacted sites, but litter cover and the presence of a common harvester ant explained annual seed densities better than any other surface characteristics that were examined. Surface disturbances can have a varied impact on the condition of the soil surface in arid lands. Nevertheless, the consistently positive relationship between ground cover of litter and viable seed density emphasizes the importance of litter as an indicator of site degradation and recovery potential in arid lands.     

Davis二倍数规律与Zipf三参数模型的等价性证明——关于城市规模分布法则的一个理论探讨

本文从城市规模分布的Davis 二倍数规律（2n 规律：ai= ai+ n·2n,fi= fi+ n·2- n）中推导出具有一般意义的三参数Zipf模型：P（r）= C（r- α）- dz,揭示了2n 规律隐含的分形几何性质, 论证了2n 法则为Zipf维数dz= 1 时的特殊情形, 并将2n 规律推广到具有普遍意义的δn 规律, 给出了Zipf维数及分维与邻级倍数δ的数值关系：dz= 1/D= ln2/lnδ。最后从三个方面对文中的理论成果进行了实证分析。     

黄土高原西部弃耕地植被恢复与土壤水分调控研究

选择黄土高原半干旱偏旱区2 a、3 a、4 a、5 a、7 a、9 a、12 a、20 a的弃耕台地和天然台地,调查各弃耕地和天然台地的植物种类、数量、盖度、频度和地上生物量,定期采样分析各样地0~100 cm土层土壤水分。结果表明：农田弃耕后植被沿天然植被方向演替,在演替过程中,植物种类数量逐渐增加,但在弃耕9 a后开始减少,20 a后接近于天然台地;更耐旱的多年生草本和小灌木种增加;除7~9 a波状变化外,植被盖度和地上生物量呈逐渐减少趋势,弃耕初期的植被盖度和地上生物量显著大于弃耕12 a后和天然台地;12 a和20 a弃耕地0~100 cm土层含水量高于其他弃耕地和天然台地,弃耕初期表层土壤含水量较高,天然台地含水量居中,但其植被对水分利用的时间延长,范围扩大,表明天然台地植被的水分利用率提高,植被群落更加稳定。