天体物理中的重力波和磁重力波

本文简要综述重力波和磁重力波在各种天体物理场合中的应用，我们描述在具有开放径向磁场的恒星大气各种磁流体波之间的相互转换过程，强调磁重力波被束缚在恒星冕内的可能性，并探讨恒星内部高频的声波模（p-模）被低频的重力波模（g－模）所调制的过程，一旦有了足够长时间未间断高质量的日震数据，太阳内部的重力波对声波模的调制效应－即每一个分立声波模的频率精细结构－则可被用来寻找深陷于太阳内部的重力波模或进一步独立地约束重力波模的振幅上限。     

天体物理中的重力波和磁重力波

本文简要综述重力波和磁重力波在各种天体物理场合中的应用 ,我们描述在具有开放径向磁场的恒星大气各种磁流体波之间的相互转换过程 ,强调磁重力波被束缚在恒星冕内的可能性 ,并探讨恒星内部高频的声波模 (p -模 )被低频的重力波模 (g -模 )所调制的过程 ,一旦有了足够长时间未间断高质量的日震数据 ,太阳内部的重力波模对声波模的调制效应—即每一个分立声波模的频率精细结构—则可被用来寻找深陷于太阳内部的重力波模或进一步独立地约束重力波模的振幅上限     

磁场中p模/s模的转换及黑子对声波的吸收

在柱坐标下将黑子周围的环形区域（黑子除外）内的振荡分解为朝向黑子传播的（入射的）波和离开黑子传播的（出射的）波。对无黑子的环形区域内的振荡也进行了同样的分解。将黑子周围的入射波看成是被黑子磁流管磁化了的介质（介质内的磁场基本是水平的）中的波。而无黑子区的入射波看成是非磁化介质中的波。比较这两种波在固定波数下功率随频率的分布发现，在磁化介质中不同径向除ｎ的声波（ｐ模）频率系统降低，同时功率也降低，降低的功率最高达非磁化介质中波的功率的３０％。而比较在固定频率下功率随波数的分布发现，磁场中ｆ模及ｎ＝１，２，３的ｐ模的脊向高波数方向位移，功率的降低受频率调制，即声波在某些有限的频带中被吸收。这些观测表明，在磁场中ｐ模与磁声重力波（ＭＡＧ）产生了模式混合或耦合。模式混合的存在支持了模式转换作为ｐ模式被黑子吸收的机制的解释。此外，本文还分析了转换的ＭＡＧ波进入黑子磁流管（其中的磁场基本上是垂直的）后进一步被吸收，吸收的功率最高达ＭＡＧ波的２０％。在磁流管内没有进一步观测到模式的转换     

电离层对声重波的非线性响应(英文)

行进电离层扰动(TID),是电离层的一种大尺度低频扰动。长期以来,人们对TID进行了大量实验观测和理论探讨。现在已经确信,TID是由大气声重波在电离层中传播所引起的。以前的理论工作分析了电离层对声重波的线性响应,将TID描述成一种余弦型扰动。 我们利用DOOPER台阵对声重波和TID现象进行了多年的观测。我们发现,TID具有波动形式,但其正负半周有明显的不对称性,严重偏离余弦波的结构。这种现象,不能由以前的线性TID理论来解释,揭示了线性理论的局限性。 本文中,我们讨论电离层对声重波扰动的非线性响应。带电粒子的运动速度由两部分构成:一是大气粒子通过碰撞而引起的拖动速度,另一是带电粒子密度梯度和重力决定的扩散速度。本文只讨论电离层与声重波相互作用的动力学过程。在带电粒子的连续性方程中,保留所有的非线性项。利用级数展开的方法,讨论带电粒子的性质。主要结论如下: 1、没有声重波扰动时,电离层的垂直漂移速度基本上由风速决定。对于中纬地区,电离层垂直漂移速度可达到水平风速的量级,这同赤道地区的情况有很大的差别。在赤道上空,地磁场是水平的,电离层垂直漂移速度比水平风速低两个量级以上。 2、当声重波通过电离层传播时,带电粒子受到扰动。在一级近似下,理论分析导出电离层扰动的形式与     

QBO的电离层效应(摘要)

近年来在大气温度与太阳活动的相关性研究中发现了QBO的调制作用,由于大气温度与太阳相关系数的高度剖面交替地呈现出正相关与负相关,且其相间距离与行星波的垂直结构大体一致,致使人们提出大气加热存在两个相互竞争的来源即太阳紫外幅射加热与上行的行星波的动力学加热。上行的行星波不仅会加热大气也应该会调制潮汐风并通过电离层发电机效应导致电场与电流的行星波周期的振荡或起伏,而当此电场沿磁     

新磁重联理论

本文研究了磁流体力学与高频等离子体波（ 包括纵横模式） 之间的精巧的相互作用。研究表明,这些等离激元会在电流片内诱发一种阻抗不稳定,并最终导至磁重联,出现爆发性不稳定。在高涨的离声湍动情况下,高温电流片模型必须采用反常电导率,而非库仑电导率。理论估算的结果与观测相一致。因此这种计及等离激元有质动力作用的新磁重联理论,基本上能解释耀斑现象。     

色球和冕层加热机制

简要回顾了近年来恒星色球和恒星冕层加热机制研究的一些重要成果和进展.恒星高层大气具有多种加热方式,在非磁区域和磁性区域的加热机制有所不同.主要讨论了稳定的恒星色球和冕层加热机制,包括传统的非磁区域的声波加热,磁性作用下的快慢磁声波加热,阿尔芬波加热,磁重联加热以及费米加热等.     

无碰撞阿尔文波加热在决定太阳过渡区模型中的作用

本文根据波与介质相互作用的一套全MHD方程组,计算了无碰撞阿尔文波波能密度W和波能耗散项E_m,在太阳过渡区和内冕大气中随高度的分布。 计算结果表明:对于温度、密度偏低的大气,在过渡区底部几十甚至几百公里范围内,无碰撞阿尔文波的耗散引起的对大气的加热可超过热传导的贡献。从而说明这种阿尔文波的加热似乎是引起温度、密度偏低的大气(例如冕洞大气)在过渡区中温度陡升的重要原因。     

在重力分层、密度陡降的恒星大气中扰动的传播

本文研究了在重力分层、密度陡降的恒星大气中扰动的传播,得到的结果十分不同于绝热假设下推得的结果。指出运动模式对恒星大气中扰动的传播和激波形成的高度颇为重要。我们的计算表明,光球下的小扰动不能不受行扰地向外传播并形成激波。因此不能把色球和日冕的加热笼统地看成是对流层的声波和磁流波所耗散的结果,很可能是起源于光球之上不同高度的扰动。     

在引力场中慢自转、带磁场、可压缩、全导电气体中的线性波

本文分析了在慢自转的旋转坐标系中有引力、带磁场、可压缩、全导电气体内线性波的传播。因为能量方程中辐射因素在不同类型天体中表现的方式不同,没有简单的表达式。所以,作为一种初步的探索,我们采用在局部地区不限于绝热模式的压强与密度的关系封闭此动力学系统。研究线性波的目的实际上等于研究此天文气体中局部地区的一种物理特征,即信息传播的方式。在上述情况下,线性波的普遍色散关系的无量纲形式是(8)式。磁场为零:(9)式;磁场、自转为零:(10)式;磁场、自转和引力场均为零时,变为声波的色散关系(11)式;在磁场不为零的情况下,有下述特例:1.波传播方向垂直于磁场但不垂直于自转轴方向(13)式;此时传播方向与重力方向平行时有(14)式;无自转时有(15)式;无引力场时有(16)式:(16)式为快磁声波;2.波传播方向垂直于磁场又垂直于引力场时为(17)式;在此情形下,无自转时简化为快磁声波(18)式; 3.波传播方向垂直于磁场面又垂直于自转轴方向时有(19)式;此时传播方向与重力方向平行则为(20)式。我们的研究证明,在一般的情形下,都没有纯模而只有混杂模,特别是引入自转之后有些模与波的纬度有关,我们称之为“物理几何”波。本文是初步分析,当我们计入能量方程并考虑了辐射的影响时,可能有更有趣的结果。     

On the propagation of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves

An analysis of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves in the case of an isothermal atmosphere permeated by a uniform magnetic field is presented. The general solution is expressed in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. It can be used in numerical simulation of oscillations in a magnetic atmosphere.

It is shown that the elliptically polarized magneto-acoustic-gravity waves consist of a pair of surface waves and a pair of body waves above the cut-off frequency. The body waves along the magnetic field are similar to acoustic waves in an atmosphere and their cut-off frequency is unaffected by magnetic field. The transverse oscillation decreases with height. For the usual boundary condition, the longitudinal oscillation decreases with height; however, in some cases, it may contain terms that increase with height. The solution is singular on a family of ellipses in the frequency - horizontal wave number plane. Near these ellipses, the wave components grow indefinitely.     

On mode conversion and wave reflection in magnetic Ap stars

We investigate the effect of a strong large-scale magnetic field on the reflection of high-frequency acoustic modes in rapidly oscillating Ap stars. To that end, we consider a toy model composed of an isothermal atmosphere matched on to a polytropic interior and determine the numerical solution to the set of ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations in a local plane-parallel approximation with constant gravity. Using the numerical solution in combination with approximate analytical solutions that are valid in the limits where the magnetic and acoustic components are decoupled, we calculate the relative fraction of energy flux that is carried away in each oscillation cycle by running acoustic waves in the atmosphere and running magnetic waves in the interior. For oscillation frequencies above the acoustic cut-off, we show that most energy losses associated with the presence of running waves occur in regions where the magnetic field is close to vertical. Moreover, by considering the depth dependence of the energy associated with the magnetic component of the wave in the atmosphere we show that a fraction of the wave energy is kept in the oscillation every cycle. For frequencies above the acoustic cut-off frequency, such energy is concentrated in regions where the magnetic field is significantly inclined in relation to the local vertical. Even though our calculations were aimed at studying oscillations with frequencies above the acoustic cut-off frequency, based on our results we discuss what results may be expected for oscillations of lower frequency.     

Seismology of the solar atmosphere

We describe a new instrument for seismically probing the properties of the Sun's lower atmosphere, and present some first results from an observational campaign carried out at the geographic South Pole during the austral summer of 2002/2003. A preliminary analysis of the data (simultaneous, high-cadence observations of the velocity signals from the photosphere and low chromosphere) shows that the well-known suppression of acoustic power in regions of strong magnetic field, and enhancement of high-frequency power around active regions (acoustic halos), are both consistent with a spreading out of the magnetic field lines with increasing height in the atmosphere. The data have also revealed some unexpected wave behavior. First, evanescent-like waves are found at frequencies substantially above the acoustic cut-off frequency in regions of intermediate magnetic field. Second, upward- and downward-propagating waves are detected in areas of strong magnetic field such as sunspots and plage: even at frequencies below the acoustic cut-off frequency. Third, the wave behavior in regions of strong magnetic field can change over periods of a few hours from propagating to evanescent. While we have no concrete explanation for the first two results, the latter result opens up the question of whether sound waves are involved in short-term events such as flares or CME's.     

Resonant oscillations in sunspot umbrae

The Uchida and Sakurai (1975), Thomas and Scheuer (1982), and Scheuer and Thomas (1981) theory of umbral oscillations as resonant modes of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves is re-examined. For an isothermal atmosphere it is found that the quasi-Alfvén approximation is not a good approximation to the complete linearized wave equations. The new results presented here show that 3 min umbral oscillation periods are fairly insensitive to magnetic field strength above some critical value. For a detailed model umbra (Thomas and Scheuer, 1982) the calculations presented here show that 3 min umbral oscillations do not depend to any great extent on the level of forcing of the oscillations for those magnetic field strengths which are observed in sunspot umbras. Modes outside the 3 min range appear, as the lowest mode, as the level of forcing is placed at deeper and deeper levels in the solar atmosphere.     

The five-minute period oscillation in magnetically active regions

The magnetohydrodynamic frequency-wavelength relation, derived by McLellan and Winterberg (1968), has been evaluated for an isothermal atmosphere. In particular, the effect which an inclined magnetic field and a finite horizontal wavelength have on the critical sonic and internal-gravity cut-off frequencies has been examined, in which it has been assumed that the magnetic field vector, wave vector, and gravity vector are coplanar. It is shown that the frequency band in which vertical wave propagation is impossible in the non-magnetic photosphere, becomes smaller when an inclined uniform magnetic field is introduced, and that low frequency magnetically coupled internal-gravity waves do not propagate vertically if the horizontal wavelengths associated with this mode are greater than a critical wavelength which decreases with field strength.It is also demonstrated that an inclined magnetic field will inhibit the resonance that occurs at the critical frequency _g in the non-magnetic atmosphere which is a result consistent with recent observations of the wiggly line structure in active regions.This work is supported by the European Space Research Organization.Presently with the Solar Astronomy Group, California Institute of Technology.     

Magnetosonic rogons in electron-ion plasma

Magnetosonic rogue waves (rogons) are investigated in an electron-ion plasma by deriving the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation for low frequency limit. The first- and second-order rogue wave solutions of the NLS equation are obtained analytically and examined numerically. It is found that for dense plasma and stronger magnetic field the nonlinearity decreases, which causes the rogon amplitude becomes shorter. However, the electron temperature pumping more energy to the background waves which are sucked to create rogue waves with taller amplitudes.     

Linear and non-linear MHD wave propagation in steady-state magnetic cylinders

The propagation of linear and non-linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in a straight homogeneous cylindrical magnetic flux tube embedded in a homogeneous magnetic environment is investigated. Both the tube and its environment are in steady state. Steady flows break the symmetry of forward (field-aligned) and backward (anti-parallel to magnetic field) propagating MHD wave modes because of the induced Doppler shifts. It is shown that strong enough flows change the sense of propagation of MHD waves. The flow also induces shifts in cut-off values and phase-speeds of the waves. Under photospheric conditions, if the flow is strong enough, the slow surface modes may disappear and the fast body modes may become present. The crossing of modes is also observed due to the presence of flows. The effect of steady-state background has to be considered particularly carefully when evaluating observation signatures of MHD waves for diagnostics in the solar atmosphere.     

Electrostatic wave noise in the neutral sheet in the earth's geomagnetic tail

Numerical solutions are obtained from analytic dispersion relations for electrostatic waves in a self-consistent, one-dimensional magnetic neutral sheet. The dispersion relations are solved in the real wave number and complex frequency domain. The properties of wave modes will be described, with special emphasis on instability. Several regimes of instability are identified which may generally be divided into two classes. Wave growth is associated firstly with counterstreaming between ions and electrons, giving rise to low frequency waves similar to the usual electrostatic two-stream mode. In addition, high frequency growing waves occur, associated with harmonics of the electron oscillation frequency across the neutral plane.     

Numerical Simulations of Torsional Alfvén Waves in Axisymmetric Solar Magnetic Flux Tubes

We numerically investigate Alfvén waves propagating along an axisymmetric and non-isothermal solar flux tube embedded in the solar atmosphere. The tube magnetic field is current-free and diverges with height, and the waves are excited by a periodic driver along the tube magnetic field lines. The main results are that the two wave variables, the velocity and magnetic field perturbations in the azimuthal direction, behave differently as a result of gradients of the physical parameters along the tube. To explain these differences in the wave behavior, the time evolution of the wave variables and the resulting cutoff period for each wave variable are calculated and used to determine regions in the solar chromosphere where strong wave reflection may occur.     

Sausage MHD Waves in Incompressible Flux Tubes with Twisted Magnetic Fields

Twisted magnetic flux tubes are of considerable interest because of their natural occurrence from the Sun’s interior, throughout the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space up to a wide range of applicabilities to astrophysical plasmas. The aim of the present work is to obtain analytically a dispersion equation of linear wave propagation in twisted incompressible cylindrical magnetic waveguides and find appropriate solutions for surface, body and pseudobody sausage modes (i.e. m = 0) of a twisted magnetic flux tube embedded in an incompressible but also magnetically twisted plasma. Asymptotic solutions are derived in long- and short-wavelength approximations. General solutions of the dispersion equation for intermediate wavelengths are obtained numerically. We found, that in case of a constant, but non-zero azimuthal component of the equilibrium magnetic field outside the flux tube the index ν of Bessel functions in the dispersion relation is not integer any more in general. This gives rise to a rich mode-structure of degenerated magneto-acoustic waves in solar flux tubes. In a particular case of a uniform magnetic twist the total pressure is found to be constant across the boundary of the flux tube. Finally, the effect of magnetic twist on oscillation periods is estimated under solar atmospheric conditions. It was found that a magnetic twist will increase, in general, the periods of waves approximately by a few percent when compared to their untwisted counterparts.