鄞县ML3.9和ML4.7地震的震源参数

１９９３年２月２６日和１９９４年９月７日在浙江宁波鄞县发生了ＭＬ３．０和ＭＬ４．７地震。本文使用华东地区部分台站的地震记录资料给出了这两次地震的震源机制和震源参数。其主要结果是：该区的主压应力方向约为北东６０°；３．０级地震的破裂方向为ＳＳＷ，破裂速度为２．７ｋｍ／ｓ，破裂尺度为０．３９ｋｍ；４．７级地震的破裂方向为ＮＷＷ，破裂速度为２．３ｋｍ／ｓ，破裂尺度为０．４１ｋｍ。     

泾阳4.8级地震的震源参数和震源机制

１９９８年１月５日,陕西省泾阳县永乐镇附近发生了ＭＳ＝４．８地震．震中位置：３４．５°Ｎ,１０８．９°Ｅ;发震时刻：北京时间０９时３６分;震源深度：１４ｋｍ;震中烈度：Ⅵ度强,西安等地震感强烈．陕西省关中东部地区是国家级地震重点监视防御区,历史上曾多...     

由近场强地面运动模拟初步确定的1995年1月17日阪神地震的震源复杂性

本文用１９９５年１月１７日阪神地震的６个近场强地面运动速率记录的模拟确定了这次地震过程澡主要的小事件的震源机制和震源位置,用反射法计算了前向模拟的点源呼应,结果表明４源模型与观测资料相适应。４个小事件几乎都位于相对震中ＮＥ５５°的方向上,意味着它们均由六甲山地断层或它与其他小断层有联系的次生结构所触发。这些小事件的震源深度分别是１７,８,６和６ｋｍ,震中距分别是０,１０,１８和２５ｋｍ。它们具有相     

用远场资料反演西藏玛尼地震的高阶地震矩张量

采用扩展震源模型测定出更多的震源参数 .我们把震源用高阶地震矩张量表示 .为了减少在高阶地震矩张量表达式中出现的大量项 ,采用了 Haskell断层模型 .利用 GSN台网 32个台站的宽频带体波资料 ,反演了西藏玛尼地震的震源参数 .通过实际计算表明 ,该震源是一个走滑断层 ,破裂方向 75°,断层面为=77°、δ=88°,λ=0°,辅助面为=347°、δ=90°、λ=1 78°,破裂持续时间为 1 9s,断层尺度为 47km× 2 8km.这些结果将为地球动力学研究提供新的定量资料 ,对于震源层析成像研究等有实际意义 .     

张北-尚义地震序列的重新定位

应用相对定位方法, 对张北－尚义地震序列的主震和ＭＬ≥３．０ 余震重新精确定位。得出：张北－尚义地震序列的主震位置为北纬４１．１５°, 东经１１４．４６°, 位于宏观震中的北东方向约４ ｋｍ处, 震源深度１５ ｋｍ 。余震震源分布在北东约２０°的近乎垂直的平面内及其附近。张北－尚义地震序列的重新精确定位的结果,清楚地表明了这次地震的发震构造是南—北向至南南西—北北东向的具有较小的逆冲分量的右旋断层活动     

大同—阳高6.1级震群震源区及其附近地区地壳三维P波速度结构反演

根据大同地震遥测台网１９８９年－１９９４年记录的地震资料，采用代数重建法联合反演了大同一了高６．１级地震震源及区周围地区（ψＮ３９．５°～ψ４０．４°，λＥ１１２．５°～λＥ１１４．４°）地壳的三维Ｐ波速度结构，指出了这对揭示震孕震环境及条件的意义。     

1998年9月18日新疆阿合奇4.4级、4.8级地震震害特征与评估

引言１９９８年９月１８日阿合奇县发生ＭＳ４．４和ＭＳ４．８地震,震害范围包括县城及吾曲镇。地震发生后,阿克苏中心地震台立即组织人员奔赴地震现场,收集了大量资料。在地震考察和震害调查基础上,对２次地震的震害特征进行了分析并对震灾损失予以评估。１　地震基本参数１．１　发震时刻ＭＳ４．４：１９９８－０９－１８Ｔ１０－５１－２９．９。ＭＳ４．８：１９９８－０９－１８Ｔ１１－５３－１２．０。１．２　震中位置ＭＳ４．４地震微观震中为φＮ４０°５２′,λＥ７８°５５′。ＭＳ４．８地震微观震中为φＮ４０°５８′…     

朝鲜半岛及黄海板内地震的体波分析

本文研究了朝鲜半岛及黄海板内４次中强度浅震，求出它们的震源机制、震源深度、震源时间函数及地震矩。结是要发现，用短周期合成地震图与观测结果对比求得的震源深度是很浅的，在６－９ｋｍ之间。为了测定震源机制、震源时间函数及地震矩，我们根据ＧＤＳＮ资料反演了远震长周期Ｐ与ＳＨ波。反演虽仅依据少数远震体波作出，但矩张量的辐射图形与在近震及远震距离上观测到的大多数Ｐ波初动方向一致。相对振幅及波形在观测结果与合成     

1993年广东连山小震群活动特征

１９９３年８月１日至１１月间，广东省连山县发生小展群活动，最大震级为ＭＬ３．６级，极震区烈度为Ⅳ度。各次地震震中位置基本上无变化，皆为２４．７°Ｎ，１１２．２°Ｅ，震源体位于太保花岗岩侵入体中，体积小，约为２０～３０ｋｍ３，震源深度较浅，约为５～１０ｋｍ。文章认为，连山小震群活动与华南沿海地区，特别是沿海西部地区的强震活动有一定的联系，但不具备前兆震群的一般特征。     

1992年吉尔吉斯苏撒孟尔7.3级地震的地震构造与地震破裂

１９９２年８月１９日吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国苏撒孟尔盆地发生７．３级地震，主余震为６．７级。地震发生于北天山褶皱带内。震中烈度Ⅸ度。极震区内地震滑坡、崩塌呈ＥＷ向带状分布，并有地裂、泥砂喷发现象发生。主震和主余震的宏观震中区均产生地震断层陡坎。主震断层陡坎最高３．３５ｍ，陡坎总长度为１ｋｍ，陡坎走向为Ｎ６５°Ｅ～Ｎ８０°Ｅ，主震断层以逆推为主，并兼有右旋扭动。地震断层自南向北逆冲的水平距离是２ｍ左右。主余震断层陡坎长３ｋｍ，走向Ｎ６５°Ｗ，高７５ｃｍ左右。探槽开挖证实，主余震断层产状为Ｎ７２°Ｗ／１９２°∠１０°，地震时由南向北逆冲的水平距离是１ｍ。Ⅶ度以上等烈度线特征、地震地表破裂和震源机制解结果三者有关地震断错的结论一致     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.