湘西花垣排碧寒武系混积岩的沉积地球化学特征及陆源碎屑的物源属性

花垣排碧剖面位于扬子板块东南边缘,发育特殊的寒武系第三统陆源碎屑-碳酸盐混积岩。文章以沉积地球化学分析为主要手段,并结合混积岩种类、成因及沉积环境分析,探讨了碎屑物源属性及其构造意义。分析结果显示,混积岩碳酸盐组分和陆源碎屑组分混合沉积,相对比值从1∶1~1∶9.8;含有较高的Si O2与Ca O,La、Th、Zr及Sc等元素及其之间的比值主要受控于陆源碎屑且相对稳定。元素特征指示第三统混积岩的碎屑物质主要来自于大陆岛弧源区,具体为长英质-铁镁质混合源区以及靠近安山质岛弧源区。结合区域构造背景,认为排碧剖面寒武系第三统混积岩的陆源碎屑来自新元古代扬子与华夏俯冲碰撞中形成的大陆岛弧。据此推测,寒武纪第三世,扬子碳酸盐岩台地的东南缘已受到"华夏地块"及华夏-扬子古老结合带的影响,其间并无"华南残留洋盆"相隔。     

藏北改则--班戈地区下白垩统多巴组的高频旋回沉积特征与盆地性质

西藏北部改则——班戈地区的下白垩统多巴组中所发育的Ⅴ级旋回表现出3种垂向沉积序列:潮坪相碎屑岩沉积序列(Ⅰ)、浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列(Ⅲ)和碳酸盐岩、陆源碎屑岩混合沉积序列(Ⅱ)。其中序列Ⅰ-1和Ⅲ是正常的沉积水体向上变浅的沉积序列,而序列Ⅱ具有明显的陆源碎屑先进积后退积的特征,可进一步分成3个亚类:Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3。横向上从南部物源区向北呈Ⅰ→Ⅱ-1→Ⅱ-2→Ⅱ-3→Ⅲ的变化过程。结合盆地构造背景和沉积特征,本文提出多巴组高频旋回的形成与弧背盆地南部冲断带的冲断作用相对应。冲断作用期,物源区粗碎屑物质大量进积,大于盆地基底沉降速率,沉积水体逐渐变浅;冲断间歇期,物源区碎屑物质的供应迅速减少,基底沉降速率逐渐大于碎屑物质的进积速率,沉积水体又有所加深。     

新疆阿拉尔花岗岩MFC过程的微量元素综合效应

新疆阿拉尔花岗岩的微量元素比相关图显示了线性样点列与幂函数曲线形式的样点列相 复杂图型。该图型用简单混合或者单一结果分异模型都不能解释。本文建立了混合－结晶分异复合过程的微量元素综合效应模型。模型１：从初始混合线引起害虫函数曲线束形式的结晶分异线。特殊情况有结晶分异线简化为通过原点的直线束形式或者与初始混合线重合。     

关于陆源沉积岩的分类

中国地质学会和中国煤炭学会的煤田地质专业委员会于1982年4月上旬在西安召开了“陆源沉积岩分类学术讨论会”。代表们认为,沉积岩按物质来源划分为火山物源沉积岩,陆源沉积岩、内源沉积岩和生物源沉积岩四大类是可取的。由于陆源沉积岩主要是由陆源碎屑物质组成的,而这些物源碎屑物质在其搬远和沉积过程中主要遵循机械沉积分异作用,而其中又以碎屑的粒径大小来作为判断搬运、沉积介质性质和沉积盆地能量的主要标志。因此,陆源沉积岩的分类首先应是粒度分类。     

皖北新元古代贾园组混积岩物源和构造背景的地球化学示踪

在野外调查和岩石学研究的基础上, 对皖北新元古代贾园组混积岩进行了系统的元素地球化学(包括稀土元素)分析, 结果表明: 该套混积岩主要由不同比例(1:1.5～1:9)的碳酸盐和陆源碎屑组分混合而成, 属于“相缘渐变沉积混合”。其元素含量与碳酸盐组分和陆源碎屑组分比例密切相关, 但La、Th、Zr及Sc等元素之间的比值主要受控于陆源碎屑而相对稳定, 可以用于识别碎屑物源区及其构造背景。地球化学特征证实混积岩中陆源碎屑组分主要来自与大陆岛弧有关的长英质火山岩, 但也存在少量古老基底的参与。结合最近研究进展推断, 皖北新元古代沉积活动可能主要发生在与1.0～0.8 Ga之间, 其沉积环境与Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程中导致的华北板块东南缘弧后伸展有关。     

峨眉山高钛玄武岩物源的不均一性研究

对二滩地区高钛玄武岩物源研究表明,该区岩石可分为高钛-1和高钛-2两种岩石类型。其反映了二滩高钛玄武岩浆物源的不均一性,这种不均一性主要表现在:1)微量元素Zr,Sr含量明显不同;2)部分熔融程度和熔融压力不同;3)岩浆的结晶分异不同;4)Pb同位素比值不同。这可能是深源地幔柱(来自核-幔边界或下地幔)在上升过程中携带的不同物质发生部分熔融所致。     

渤海古近系混合沉积发育特征与沉积模式

陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐混合沉积在渤海海域古近系普遍发育,已经成为重要的油气勘探目标.基于90余口已钻井,结合地震、测井以及相关分析化验资料,以渤海海域古近系钻遇的混合沉积为研究对象,开展了沉积特征与成因背景分析,建立了混合沉积发育模式.研究表明:渤海古近系混合沉积发育近岸混积扇、近岸混积滩坝、远岸混积滩坝3种沉积相、7种沉积亚相和14种沉积微相.近岸混积扇以发育混积沟道为典型特征,岩性为含生屑的砂砾岩或中粗砂岩,为陡坡扇三角洲环境短源水道废弃后与生物碎屑间歇性间互沉积;近岸混积滩坝,为近源搬运沉积的陆源碎屑与盆内碎屑之间的混合沉积,典型沉积特征为发育高陆源碎屑含量的各种粒屑滩或坝;远岸混积滩坝为典型的以富含生物碎屑为主的混合沉积,陆源碎屑含量低,一般为盆内低隆或孤立潜山之上原地生长生物与少量供给的陆源碎屑发生的混合沉积.混合沉积发育模式和规模受古气候与古水体环境、古构造与水动力、陆源碎屑物质供给、古地貌条件等共同控制,其中古地貌特征起主导作用.混合沉积发育模式的建立,对混积型储层预测和油气勘探具有重要意义.      

中扬子北缘上侏罗统-白垩系沉积岩地球化学特征与构造背景分析

沉积岩中的微量元素和稀土元素特征对沉积环境、沉积物的物源和构造背景具有十分重要的示踪与指示作用。对采自中扬子北缘晚侏罗世-白垩纪地层的泥质岩样品中微量元素和稀土元素进行了测试与分析,结果表明,研究区微量元素中的深源元素普遍低于地壳粘土岩中的平均值,说明沉积物的来源为陆源物质。而典型陆源元素Zr、Hf的平均含量远高于地壳粘土岩中的平均含量,反映了大量的陆源物质的快速堆积。上侏罗统与下白垩统泥质岩的微量元素特征相似,而上白垩统则发生了明显的变化,表现为深源性微量元素含量较上白垩统明显降低,而陆源性微量元素含量显著增加,反映早晚白垩世之间沉积背景发生了变化。纵向上,稀土元素的变化规律显示,上白垩统与下白垩统的稀土元素特征具明显的差异,表现为Eu的负异常明显减小,Ce的负异常增大,轻稀土富集程度降低,反映了沉积作用分异度较低的特点。La-Th-Sc、Th-Co-Zr／10和Th-Sc—Zr／10构造环境判别图及La／Th-Hf和Th／Sc-Sc比值图表明,中扬子北缘晚侏罗世．白垩纪沉积岩物源区的构造背景以大陆岛弧型为主,可能也存在类似被动大陆边缘构造背景。     

南海北部大陆架现代礁源碳酸盐与陆源碎屑的混合沉积作用

在南海北部大陆架陆源碎屑沉积占优势的背景上，在珊瑚岸礁和堡礁周围，广泛发育着礁源碳酸盐和陆源碎屑组成的混合沉积。它们以砂屑、砂砾屑结构为主并含有生物格架结构。混合沉积的形成条件是具备碳酸盐和硅质碎屑两类物源，活跃的水动力，干湿交替的气候，此外，海平面的相对波动，也会造成积极的影响。混合沉积方式有随机式、相变式和随机 - 相变式等三种。混合沉积体常是多种混合方式交替、叠加而成的沉积复合体。礁源与陆源混合沉积相模式是从岸礁 - 堡礁相模式基础上发展而来，按沉积相和沉积结构可以分为五种混合沉积：1)礁基混积岩和礁格架混积岩，2）礁坪砂砾屑混积岩，3）礁后海滩 - 沙堤砾砂屑混合沉积，4）礁后泻湖砂屑混合沉积和5）礁前（翼）浅海砂屑混合沉积。礁源与陆源混合沉积的鉴别标志是珊瑚骨屑和岩屑各占10 - 50 ％，其它生物碎屑不计。南海大陆架现代混合沉积是一个典型的实例，可为全面研究现代南海沉积学和比较沉积学提供依据。     

论地质作用中元素间的相关性及制约因素

本文把地质作用中元素间的相关性划分为曲线相关、准线性相关和线性相关三种类型;并在建立反映岩浆、沉积作用过程中元素间相关关系的数学模型及其它工作的基础上,详细讨论分配系数、源区成分和作用过程等方面对地质作用中元素间相关关系的制约作用。进而获得批式熔融、结晶分异、岩浆混合、化学沉积、碎屑沉积等过程中元素间呈线性和(?)线性关系的一般特征和应用前景。最后还给出La/Ce相关性的应用实例。     

正确应用痕量元素协变图形判别岩浆作用类型

对主要岩浆作用过程中痕量元素协变方程和实例的分析表明,正确选择元素做图是应用协交图形判别岩浆作用类型的前提,并非任意元素-元素、比值-元素和比值-比值协变图形都能有效判别岩浆作用过程。文中给出了不同形式的协交图形中元素的选择标准,指出强相容元素与强不相容元素的元素-元素协变图形对判别岩浆分离结晶作用和部分熔融作用更为有效和实用,同时也是判别岩浆同化混染作用的重要图解。     

同位素和微量元素n元混合方程的推导和地幔混合作用的研究

推导了任意个源区混合时同位素和微量元素所必须满足的普适方程;以二元混合作用为例详细讨论了在不同的条件下（比值-比值、比值-元素、比值-1／元素、元素-元素）该方程的展开和简化形式。从三元混合方程的展开形式可以看出,“地慢面”的概念是不能成立的,同时大洋玄武岩Nd,Sr和Pb同位素组成数据也并不支持大洋玄武岩为三元混合作用所形成这一假设。     

A new way of interpreting trace element concentrations with respect to modes of mineral formation

The availability of multi-element analyses provides numerous data on trace elements. These data complete petrochemical analyses in general and are often reported as averages although they vary over many orders of magnitude. It can be shown that the variation of trace elements in ores is related to fundamental processes during ore formation. As examples the fractionation of the lanthanoids in Ca-minerals (fluorite, calcite, apatite, phosphorite, etc.), chalcophile elements in sphalerite and Ga, Sc, W, and Fe in cassiterite are discussed. Plotting of analytical data in variation diagrams (fractional index vs. chemical environmental index) help to decipher the mode of mineral formation.The information obtained from trace and minor element fractionation are discussed with respect to the probable origin of hydrothermal solutions.     

苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段微量、稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

沉积岩的微量、稀土元素对沉积环境的水介质变化有着较高的敏感度,对于研究古环境、沉积物源性质和构造背景方面具有重要的意义。前人对于东台坳陷元素地球化学方面的研究相对薄弱,利用元素地球化学资料解释古环境和源区性质方面的研究尚属空白。本文以苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段20件泥岩样品为研究对象,对其进行微量、稀土元素测定,并分析其地球化学特征及所揭示的地质意义。结果表明:(1)Sr含量、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、La_n/Yb_n比值指示干热气候;Li、Sr、Ni、Ga微量元素含量和Sr/Ba比值均指示淡水—半咸水的水体环境,整体以淡水环境为主,偶有咸水注入盆地,局部为半咸水环境;而V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、δCe指示氧化—弱还原的水体环境。(2)Co/Th—La/Sc、La/Th—Hf判别图解和稀土元素配分模式,表明阜宁组三段沉积岩应来自于上地壳的长英质物质。(3)La—Th—Sc、Th—Co—Zr/10和Th—Sc—Zr/10构造背景判别图解反映了大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘的构造背景,且与Bhatia不同构造背景杂砂岩的微量、稀土元素特征值的对比分析结果一致。     

济阳坳陷下第三系优质烃源岩的发育及其意义

运用钻井取芯及测井资料，对烃源岩的沉积结构、生物发育、水化学环境、地球化学特征及生烃模拟实验研究认为，济阳坳陷下第三系纵向上由下向上发育有沙四上亚段、沙三下亚段及沙一段优质烃源岩。它们有机质丰度高，类型好，生烃潜力大，在生物标志化合物、碳同位素及成烃演化上具有明显的差异，为油源分析提供了可靠的证据。根据优质烃源岩与一般烃源岩在生烃潜力及成烃成藏贡献上的差异，结合济阳坳陷多年来的油气勘探实践，有理由认为优质烃源岩的存在是富油凹陷形成的决定条件，优质烃源岩层对陆相湖盆油气形成具有重要意义。     

Petrography and geochemistry of Silurian Niur sandstones,Derenjal Mountains,East Central Iran: implications for tectonic setting,provenance and weathering

Petrographical and geochemical studies of Silurian Niur sandstones, Derenjal Mountains, Central Iran, were carried out to infer their provenance and tectonic setting. Modal analysis data of 37 medium sand size and well-sorted samples revealed that most quartz is composed of monocrystalline grains with straight to slightly undulos extinction and about 3 % polycrystalline quartz has inclusions, such as rutile needles. The sandstones are classified as quartzarenite, sublitharenite, and subarkose types based on framework composition and geochemistry. Petrographic studies reveal that these sandstones contain quartz, feldspars, and fragments of sedimentary rocks. The detrital modes of these sandstones indicate that they were derived from recycled orogen and stable cratonic source. Major and trace element contents of them are generally depleted (except SiO₂) relative to upper continental crust which is mainly due to the presence of quartz and absence of Al-bearing minerals. Modal composition (e.g., quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragments) and discrimination diagrams based on major elements, trace elements (Ti, La, Th, Sc, and Zr), and also such ratios as La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, and Th/Co, in sandstones suggest a felsic igneous source rock and quartzose polycyclic sedimentary provenance in a passive continental margin setting. Furthermore, high Zr/Sc values in these sandstones are considered as a sign of recycling. We indicated paleo-weathering conditions by modal compositions, the CIA index and Al₂O₃?+?K₂O?+?Na₂O% vs. SiO₂% bivariate for these sandstones. Based on these results, although recycling is important to increase the maturity of the Niur sandstones, humid climate conditions in the source area have played a decisive role.     

Variations of trace elements under hydrological conditions in the Min River,Eastern Tibetan Plateau

In order to better understand the relative importance of hydrologic variation and anthropogenic disturbance and their complex interactions within the trace elemental geochemical cycle, water samples were collected monthly over 1 year in the Min River, eastern Tibetan Plateau, and analyzed for trace element composition. The dissolved trace elements exhibited different relationships with increasing discharge compared with major elements. The elements analyzed can be divided into three groups according to their behavior in response to changing discharge: (1) elements that showed weak positive correlation with discharge, e.g. Cu, V, and Ba; (2) elements that exhibited weak negative correlation with discharge, including Rb, Sr, Pb, Sb, Zn, Cr, Cd, and U; and (3) elements that displayed no significant correlation with variation in discharge, e.g. Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, and As. Cu was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities and flushed into the river with increasing discharge. Ba has a strong solubility in the terrestrial environment, dissolved quickly, and was released into the river. The positive relationship between V concentration and discharge may be attributed to secondary reactions, such as precipitation and adsorption on oxides and aluminosilicate clays. Conservative behavior had an impact on the geochemical behavior of Sr and Rb across hydrologic variation. Pb, Zn, Sb, Cd, and Cr underwent a mild dilution effect connected with anthropogenic activities. The chemostatic behavior of U was regulated by carbonate dissolution and biological uptake. In addition, higher temperatures enhanced biotic activities, affecting the concentrations of Fe and Ni. The relationship between power law slopes and coefficient of variation for discharge and solute concentration suggests that concentrations of trace elements vary significantly with increasing discharge compared with major elements. Silicate mineral weathering had less effect on the fluvial solutes with increasing discharge. Mining activity may exert an additional control on concentration–discharge dynamics of anthropogenic trace elements.     

陕南山阳地区刘岭群砂岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造背景分析

陕南山阳地区中晚泥盆世刘岭群位于秦岭造山带的商丹断裂带与山阳断裂之间。由于所处的特殊位置,刘岭群沉积特点及其盆地形成时期构造背景的确定,可以为秦岭地区古生代以来构造演化提供有价值的信息。岩石地球化学分析表明,刘岭群砂岩主要氧化物特征以SiO₂和K₂O含量较高为特点,具有较高的化学成熟度,反映出其碎屑物质可能来源于相对稳定的大陆源区或更老的沉积岩再旋回的沉积产物。砂岩的稀土元素LREE/HREE比值为3.61,属轻稀土中等富集;Eu/Eu^*值为0.77,属亏损型,与后太古代大陆地壳沉积岩总体演化特点相一致。主量元素氧化物、稀土元素及微量元素的多种图解和多种参数交叉分析,表明刘岭群沉积不具备前陆盆地堆积的特征。根据砂岩岩石地球化学的构造背景判别和物源区判别,结合沉积序列和沉积岩石学等分析,指示中晚泥盆世刘岭群碎屑岩应属于被动大陆边缘盆地沉积。     

Phanerozoic tin and tungsten mineralization—Tectonic controls on the distribution of enriched protoliths and heat sources for crustal melting

Phanerozoic primary tin and tungsten deposits and lithium–cesium–tantalum (LCT) type pegmatites define discontinuous belts that reach several thousand kilometers length. Mineralization along these belts is irregularly distributed, diachronous, and occurs in different tectonic settings on both sides of major sutures. Although these deposits formed during late magmatic differentiation processes, magmatism may be related to different geodynamic settings, in particular subduction, continental collision, and anorogenic extension. Here we test the hypothesis that the formation of these belts is explained by a generic process, involving three independent steps as prerequisite for the development of deposits: (i) intense chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks on a stable continent resulting in the enrichment of Sn and W in the protoliths, (ii) sedimentary—followed by tectonic—accumulation of the enriched debris at continent margins, and (iii) heating of the voluminous sedimentary protoliths generating Sn and/or W enriched melts. The Sn and/or W belts reflect the spatial distribution of enriched protoliths, whereas the discontinuous distribution of Sn and W mineralization within the belts reflects both, the locally extreme sedimentary and tectonic accumulation and the distribution of heat sources.

• (i)Intense chemical weathering results in the preferential loss of most feldspar-bound elements (e.g., Na, Ca, Sr, and Pb) and the residual enrichment of elements incorporated in or adsorbed on clay minerals (e.g., Li, K, Rb, Cs, Sn, and W), i.e., produces some of the hallmark geochemical signatures of tin granites that also are obtained by extreme magmatic fractionation of granitic melts. Intense chemical weathering occurs in tectonically stable areas with limited topography and may be particularly pronounced in the interior of large continental masses, such as late Proterozoic Rodinia, late Proterozoic to Cambrian Gondwana, and late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic Pangea.
• (ii)Sedimentary accumulation occurs when these blankets of chemically intensely weathered sediments are redistributed from the continent interior to the margins of the continent. This fluviatile redistribution is typically related to the fragmentation of megacontinents or supercontinents. Tectonic accumulation may occur when passive-margin sedimentary packages later are reworked in an active margin setting.
• (iii)The nature of the heat source controls type of mineralization and its relation to plate boundaries. Internal heating in orogenically thickened crust generates minimum-temperature melts that mobilize elements hosted in feldspar and muscovite and may generate granites and pegmatites with LCT-type signature. The formation of Sn and W mineralization requires higher temperatures to consume biotite. Such temperatures require heat advection from the mantle by (a) mantle-derived melts in subduction setting, (b) emplacement of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic rocks that had been subducted to mantle depth during continental collision, or (c) mantle-derived melts in extensional settings. The age of mineralization within belt reflects the event of heat input.

The distribution of Sn and W mineralization within belts is the superposition of processes at the passive margin and processes at the active margin. Source enrichment and distribution is related to megacontinents (chemical weathering) and their fragmentation (sedimentary accumulation at the margin of fragments from a megacontinent). Therefore, Sn and W belts generally border to fragments of former megacontinents. Metal mobilization from the source rocks is controlled by the distribution of the heat sources and, thus, by processes at an active margin. The generic model explains both the arrangement of Sn and W mineralization in belts and their distribution with the belts. It allows for recurrent formation of mineralization within a single belt in contrasting tectonic settings and to both sides of major sutures. With source enrichment and source accumulation being necessary requirements of mineralization, the generic model also explains unmineralized gaps within Sn and W belts and why there are unmineralized magmatic belts of comparable setting and with granitic rocks of comparable magmatic development. Areas without voluminous packages of enriched protoliths or without ample heat sources to mobilize the ore elements from the protoliths have a low potential for hosting Sn and W mineralization.     

香山群辉绿岩地球化学特征及其构造背景

现有地质资料分析,把发育于香山群第三亚群辉绿岩时代下限定为早古生代。辉绿岩主元素以高钠、镁,低钾、钛为特征。稀土总量(∑REE)较低,轻、重稀土分馏作用不明显;基本不显示Eu异常,球粒陨石标准化配分曲线具有平缓的特征。与原始地幔相比,微量元素值约是原始地幔标准值的2~10倍,大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对亏损,高场强元素(HFSE)分布平坦且不分异;N-MORB标准化蛛网图上,呈现大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集特征。地球化学特征表明:辉绿岩属于大洋拉斑玄武岩系列,显示了伸展作用的构造背景。另外,结合岩石学、沉积背景和同构造期岩套特征分析,再次验证了在中晚寒武世,阿拉善地块南缘与鄂尔多斯地块西南缘具离散型大陆边缘性质。