温带气旋爆发性发展的中期背景及预报

在研究了冬季(11—1月)西北太平洋温带气旋爆发性发展前5天,对流层中高层超长波及长波配置及西风急流、动量输送等物理量特征的基础上,综合出气旋爆发性发展的中期预报着眼点,应用数值预报产品可有效地延长预报时效。     

云图模型与数值产品结合预报海洋气旋

分析了西北太平洋温带气旋爆发性发展前期的云图特征,概括了气旋爆发过程的5类云图模型。通过实例揭示了物理参数与云系的发展有很好的对应关系,最后给出了使用卫星云图和数值产品做气旋爆发性发展的短期预报思路和判断爆发性气旋生成的方法。     

海气相互作用对“格美”台风发展的影响研究

西北太平洋是全球唯一一年四季都有热带气旋生成的海域,同时,我国沿海紧临该海域,是受热带气旋影响最为严重的国家之一.本文通过建立海气耦合模式,以西北太平洋西边界流系源区为研究区域,通过对"格美"台风的数值模拟结果分析,研究海气相互作用对热带气旋发展的影响,对提高台风的数值模拟及预报水平有重要意义.研究表明:耦合作用引起的...     

西北太平洋热带气旋频数的年际、年代际变化及预测

利用1950-2009年60 a的热带气旋资料、NOAA海温、NCEP再分析资料及74项环流指数等资料,研究了西北太平洋热带气旋频数的年际、年代际变化特征,结果表明,西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数既有显著的年际变化,同时也存在明显的年代际变化。自1950年以来,西北太平洋热带气旋频数经历了一个先增加再减少的过程,其中转折点在20世纪70年代中后期,与之相对应,热带气旋路径频数也呈现明显年代际变化。在此基础上,通过分析前期春季海温场、大气环流异常及环流指数与夏季(6-10月)热带气旋生成频数的相关关系,选取了影响夏季西北太平洋热带气旋活动频数的预测因子,建立了一个夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数的多元回归预测模型。检验结果表明,该模型能较好地拟合1951-2003年夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数的年际变化,拟合率为0.6。对2004-2009年夏季热带气旋生成频数的独立样本预测试验表明,该模型对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋活动频数具有较好的预测能力,可以为热带气旋业务预报提供一定参考。     

秋季西北太平洋热带气旋累积能量的年际变化及其预报

秋季是西北太平洋热带气旋平均强度最强的季节,热带气旋累积能量（accumulated cyclone energy, ACE）是热带气旋平均强度的表征指标,基于1979—2015年日本气象厅最佳路径热带气旋数据集,以及美国冰雪中心海冰数据和哈得来环流中心海温数据,利用回归分析和多元逐步回归等方法,对秋季西北太平洋ACE指数进行了分析和预报。研究表明：秋季西北太平洋ACE指数具有显著的年际变化特征,与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）有关,最大和最小值分别出现在1991年的厄尔尼诺年和1999年的拉尼娜年,在厄尔尼诺发展年的秋季ACE一般较强,而在拉尼娜衰减年的秋季热带气旋强度则较弱;ACE指数变化受来自北极海冰变化强迫中纬度异常波列的影响及其受到厄尔尼诺海温模态的调制;由于海冰在波弗特海的异常增多,强迫对流层高层夏季出现类似北半球环球遥相关型异常波列,波列正压下传,使得夏秋季西北太平洋副热带高压东退北移;副热带高压活动的变化和太平洋海温的异常分布影响了局地的环流,热带气旋生成源地弱的垂直风切变区域偏东和涡度显著增大有利于热带气旋在暖海洋上发展强盛。最后进行建模预报,预报效果为0.69。若单独使用海温或海冰作为唯一要素来预报,预报效果将大大降低。     

西北太平洋热带气旋生成总个数的开环门限自回归模型

根据１９４９～１９９０年西北太平洋热带气旋生成总个数与太阳黑子相对数年平均值，用动态数据分析方法，建立西北太平洋热带气旋生成总个数的开环门限自回归模型，探讨了西北太平洋热带气旋生成的变化规律，经过４年预报实践，检验了模型的可靠性。     

Contrasting two spring SST predictors for the number of western North Pacific tropical cyclones

文章对比了两种可用于预报西北太平洋热带气旋生成数量的春季海温预报因子(热带北大西洋海表面温度(NTA SST)和西南太平洋与西北太平洋暖池之间海表面温度梯度(SSTG))。研究揭示了这两种春季海温预报因子在年际和年代际时间尺度上的不同变化特征、变异机制以及它们与西北太平洋热带气旋数量之间的不同相关关系。研究结果表明:在80年代末之后,NTA SST和SSTG在中部型厄尔尼诺的共同调控下呈现出共同的年际变化特征,从而增强了两种春季海温预报因子对西北太平洋热带气旋数量的预报能力。     

热带气旋路径客观综合集成预报方法的研制

在正确评估我国现有发报的７种客观预报方法性能的基础上，分别对西北太平洋，东海，南海３个责任海区，采用典型相关，条件概率组合，新回归系数估计法等多种统计模型，建立包括数值预报产品在内的热带气旋路径的综合集成预报方法。     

西北太平洋热带气旋潜在生成指数的改进

热带气旋潜在生成指数(GPI,Genesis Potential Index)是热带气旋生成可能性大小的空间分布函数,利用大尺度环境场可以应用于热带气旋活动的季节预报,并且可以评估全球气候变化对热带气旋活动的影响。但是目前的GPI基本都是针对全球热带气旋活动构建的,没有考虑到热带气旋不同活动地区及其内部的差异。本研究考虑到南海和西北太平洋热带气旋生成的不同特点,分别构建了适用于南海(5～25°N,100～120°E)和西北太平洋(5～40°N,120～180°E)的热带气旋GPI。改进后的GPI对南海和西北太平洋区域热带气旋生成具有较好的模拟能力,不仅能很好地模拟南海和西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数空间分布的气候特征(相似系数为0.67),而且能够较好地模拟热带气旋生成在年际时间尺度上的空间分布特征。     

2002年西北太平洋和南海热带气旋路径主客观预报评价

利用目前中央气象台热带气旋路径实时业务预报中使用的各种主客观预报产品资料,对2002年西北太平洋和南海热带气旋路径实时业务预报中的主客观预报进行对比分析检验。结果显示：虽然在整体上主观预报要优于客观模式的结果,但客观模式的预报能力已接近主观预报,有时甚至还好于主观预报,特别是48小时以上时效的客观模式较主观预报具有一定的优势;而在客观模式中,全球模式优于台风模式;热带气旋路径数值模式产品的使用对提高热带气旋路径业务预报水平具有十分重要的作用。     

海上快速发展气旋的动力诊断分析

应用等熵位涡收支方程对发生于西北太平洋日本东海附近的爆发性气旋进行了位涡及位涡收支诊断分析.发现爆发性气旋不同于普通气旋发展机制, 主要是由于平流层底位涡异常对对流层扰动产生较集中凝结加热, 使上下系统耦合打通的结果.从位涡收支来看, 气旋爆发性发展伴随着对流层顶上空有强的涡度平流作用, 而对流层中层存在着较集中的大尺度凝结结构和对流天气系统.     

东亚和西太平洋爆发性温带气旋发生的气候学研究

本文利用历史天气图资料,对1973—1988年中国东部和沿海地区的温带气旋及其爆发性发展情况进行了统计,共有1014个温带气旋发生,其中有1/5达到了爆发性发展的强度,构成了西太平洋爆发性海洋气旋的一部分.它占整个西太平洋爆发性气旋总频数(包括不同来源)的51％.进而对这类爆发性气旋的活动规律进行了分析,概括出了它们的气候学特征.比较亚洲大陆、中国近海及西太平洋地区的爆发性温带气旋表明,西太平洋地区不仅频繁而且强烈.而东、西太平洋地区发生海洋爆发性气旋的对比表明,二者存在着明显的差异.同时也指出,东太平洋地区爆发性气旋的发生并不是一种少见的现象.     

CLIMATE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS FREQUENCY USING THE LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION FORECAST BY A COUPLED GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODEL

Based on an analysis of the relationship between the tropical cyclone genesis frequency and large-scale circulation anomaly in NCEP reanalysis, large-scale atmosphere circulation information forecast by the JAMSTEC SINTEX-F coupled model is used to build a statistical model to predict the cyclogenesis frequency over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific. The SINTEX-F coupled model has relatively good prediction skill for some circulation features associated with the cyclogenesis frequency including sea level pressure, wind vertical shear, Intertropical Convergence Zone and cross-equatorial air flows. Predictors derived from these large-scale circulations have good relationships with the cyclogenesis frequency over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific. A multivariate linear regression （MLR） model is further designed using these predictors. This model shows good prediction skill with the anomaly correlation coefficient reaching, based on the cross validation, 0.71 between the observed and predicted cyclogenesis frequency. However, it also shows relatively large prediction errors in extreme tropical cyclone years （1994 and 1998, for example）.     

用Zwack-Okossi方程对一次爆发性气旋的诊断分析

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ资料作初始场,ＭＭ４模式输出的结果和Ｚｗ ａｃｋ－ Ｏｋｏｓｓｉ方程作诊断工具,对１９８１年１２月２０～２１日生成在西北太平洋的一次爆发性气旋进行了数值试验和诊断分析。得到：气旋的爆发性发展主要是由正涡度平流和非地转场激发,其中涡度平流对气旋发展贡献最大,温度平流的影响则较小,两者主要是在对流层高层起作用,而非地转场则在对流层低层起主要作用。由水汽造成的非绝热加热对本次爆发性气旋的生成影响不大,积云对流潜热的反馈作用更小。另外次天气尺度系统对爆发性气旋形成贡献较小     

东亚及西太平洋锋面气旋的统计研究

用1958到1989年共32年资料对东亚及西太平洋地区的锋面气旋做了统计研究,气旋生成有两个主要的集中区,蒙古生成区次数最多,沿海生成区次之并还可以分为两个分区。各生成区中心位置和中心数值随季节有不同的变化。 气旋中心气压24小时变化值呈负偏态分布,海洋地区气旋的负偏度更大,爆发性气旋主要出现在海洋上,沿海地区也时有发生。有明显年际、月际变化,主要发生在冬季,次为春季.文中还对爆发性气旋各种特征参数做了详细统计。 用计算气旋活动的相对变率方法,定出了四季气旋主要活动路径。     

Intraseasonal modulation of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific: a case study

The temporal clustering of the western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis and its modulation by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) during the 1991 summer were examined based on the tropical cyclone best track, outgoing longwave radiation, and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets. The wavelet analysis shows that convective activities around the monsoon trough in the western North Pacific possessed a distinct MJO with a period of 20–60 days. Two or more tropical cyclones were observed to form successively during each active phase of the MJO, and tropical cyclones tended to generate around the southeastern part of the maximum vorticity of the low-frequency cyclonic circulation during the developing and peak stages of the active MJO phase. But tropical cyclogenesis scarcely occurred during inactive MJO phases. Thus the MJO was a major agent in modulating repeated development of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific during the 1991 summer. The MJO in circulation was characterized by a huge anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) in the lower troposphere existing alternately over the western North Pacific, leading to an enhanced (weakened) monsoon trough. An examination of the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity associated with the zonal flow indicates that the zonal flow in the monsoon trough region satisfied the necessary conditions for barotropic instability, with both zonal flow and the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity varying on the similar MJO timescale. The intraseasonal oscillation of such an unstable zonal flow might thus be an important mechanism for temporal clustering of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific. The barotropic conversion could provide a major energy source for the formation and growth of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific during active MJO phases, with the eddy kinetic energy generation being dominated by both terms of eddies interacting with zonal and meridional gradients of the basic zonal flow.     

Explosive cyclogenesis in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean

The formation conditions of 21 explosive cyclone in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean in 1986–1999 are analyzed. The typical values are determined of some characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean accompanying the explosive cyclogenesis: North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic Oscillation indices, air and water temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes.     

赤道波动转换在西北太平洋热带气旋生成中的作用

This study associates tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) with the equatorial wave transition from an interannual viewpoint, revealing that the tropical cyclogenesis mean location may be modulated by a longitudinal shift in the transition of Mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG) waves to off-equatorial tropical depression (TD) disturbances from year to year. To a large extent, the wave transition is attributable to the monsoon trough in response to the thermal state of the warm pool (WP) over the WNP. During the cold state years in the WP, the basic flow confluence region associated with the monsoon trough penetrates eastward, leading to an eastward shift in the location of the wave transition. Such an environment, in which wave accumulation and energy conversion occur, is favorable for tropical cyclogenesis; as a result, the averaged cyclogenesis location moves eastward. The condition is reserved during the warm years in the WP, resulting in the prominent westward-retreating mean TC formation. Citation: Chen, G. H., and R. H. Huang, 2008: Role of equatorial wave transitions in tropical cyclogenesis over the western north Pacific, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 64-68     

Numerical simulations on the explosive cyclogenesis over the kuroshio current

In this paper, the Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM4) is used to investigate the explosive oceanic cyclone of 14-15 March 1988 over the warm Kuroshio Current. A series of numerical simulations on this cyclogenesis indicates that the favorable weather condi-tions and strong baroclinity in the low- and middle-level are essential to its explosive development. The explosive cyclogenesis occurred over a wide range of sea surface temperatures (SST’s), which was then characterized by strong baroclinity, the low-level jet (LLJ) was initially formed under the favorable atmospheric circulation and then this LLJ advected the moisture and heat northward for the explosive development of the cyclone, the LLJ played an important role in the process of cyclogenesis. Sensitivity experiments show that the latent heating was a key factor to explosive cyclogenesis, the latent heating deepened the short-wave trough, which resulted in the rapid intensification of the cyclone; while in the explosive intensification stage and continuous de-velopment stage, there was less contribution of local surface processes for the explosion of the cy?clone.     

INFLUENCE OF THE INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF CROSS-EQUATORIAL FLOW ON TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

The influence of the interannual variation of cross-equatorial flow(CEF) on tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific(WNP) is examined in this paper by using the tropical cyclone(TC) best track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the JRA-25 reanalysis dataset. The results showed that the number of TCs forming to the east of 140°E over the southeastern part of the western North Pacific(WNP) is in highly positive correlation with the variation of the CEF near 125° E and 150° E, i.e., the number of tropical cyclogeneses increases when the cross-equatorial flows are strong. Composite analyses showed that during the years of strong CEF, the variations of OLR, vertical wind shear between 200-850 h Pa, 850 h Pa relative vorticity and 200 h Pa divergence are favorable for tropical cyclogenesis to the east of 140°E over the tropical WNP, and vice versa. Moreover, it is also discussed from the view of barotropic energy conversion that during the years of strong CEF, an eastward-extended monsoon trough leads to the rapid growth of eddy kinetic energy over the eastern part of WNP, which is favorable for tropical cyclogenesis;but during the years of weak CEF, the monsoon trough is located westward in the western part of the WNP, consistent with the growth area of eddy kinetic energy. As a result, there are fewer TC geneses over the eastern part of WNP.Besides, the abrupt strengthening of a close-by CEF 2-4 days before tropical cyclogenesis may be the one of its triggers.