Argo资料的全球上层海温年和半年周期振荡的空间分布特征

利用小波分析方法,对2003-2008年周平均的Argo(地转海洋学实时观测阵)海温资料进行了分析,给出了全球上层海温年周期和半年周期振荡的空间分布特征.结果表明,南北半球中高纬地区以表层海温的年周期变化为主,在低纬度地区,表层海温以半年周期为主,而温跃层附近海温既有年周期也有半年周期(赤道太平洋、东南印度洋和赤道西大西洋以年周期为主;赤道东、西印度洋以半年周期为主).南北半球中高纬的年周期海温和北半球中纬度的半年周期海温在表层范围最大,显著性最高,强度最强,位相最前.随深度的增加,范围减小,显著性降低,强度减弱,位相滞后.信号主要集中在水深50 m以上,影响深度在150m以浅;赤道附近的太平洋和热带东南印度洋的年周期海温以及赤道东、西印度洋的半年周期海温在水深100m范围最大,显著性最高,强度最强,位相最前,信号主要集中在温跃层附近,影响深度均可达500m.     

Spectacled porpoise,Phocoena dioptrica,new to the subantarctic pacific ocean (note)

A cranium of Phocoena dioptrica Lahille, 1912, collected at Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, represents the first discovery of the species in the Pacific Ocean, the ten previous records being all from the south‐western. Atlantic. The species may thus have a circumpolar distribution in subantarctic latitudes. A list of six small cetacean species now known from New Zealand's subantarctic region is appended.     

Spatial variability of the structure of the Harpacticoida (Copepoda) crustacean assemblages in intertidal and shallow-water zones of European seas

On the basis of original and published data for 26 sites off Europe (the Barents, White, Black, Caspian, North, Baltic, Mediterranean, and Adriatic seas and the Atlantic Ocean) we assessed the variability of the near-shore benthic harpacticoid assemblages. A set of six life forms is recognized that retains its composition regardless of the geographical location and species composition of the assemblage. It is shown that the geographical variability of harpacticoid assemblages is low and intraregional and biotopical variations in the structure of these assemblages are often greater than their interregional (geographical) variability. It seems that the main factors that control the composition of species and life forms of harpacticoids are the characteristics of the sediments and the hydrodynamical processes that determine the structure of the sediments and the salinity.     

Submarine ridges do not prevent large-scale dispersal of abyssal fauna: A case study of Mesocletodes (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

We examined the large-scale distribution of deep-sea harpacticoid copepods at the species level, in order to clarify the underlying processes of copepod dispersal. The study was based on samples collected from 12 regions and a total of 113 stations: 57 stations at depths between 1107 and 5655 m on abyssal plains in the South and North Atlantic, Southern Ocean, southern Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean, and 56 stations above 900 m in the North Atlantic and eastern Mediterranean Sea.We chose the genus Mesocletodes Sars, 1909 as an ideal group to study the large-scale distribution of harpacticoid copepods in the deep oceans. Clear apomorphies and a comparatively large body size of about 1 mm allow rapid recognition of allied species in meiofauna samples. In addition, Mesocletodes represents more than 50% of the family Argestidae Por, 1986, one of the most abundant harpacticoid families in the deep sea.The geographical distributions of 793 adult females of Mesocletodes belonging to 61 species throughout the South and North Atlantic, Southern Ocean, southern Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and eastern Mediterranean Sea indicated that most species are cosmopolitan. Neither the topography of the sea bottom nor long distances seem to prevent species from dispersing. Passive transport by bottom currents after resuspension is likely the propulsive factor for the dispersal of Harpacticoida, while plate tectonics and movement of individuals in the sediment may play relatively minor roles.     

大西洋经向翻转环流对岁差响应的气候背景依赖性

大西洋经向翻转环流（Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,AMOC）是气候系统重要的组成部分,其强度变化可直接影响南北半球的热量分配,厘清其变化机理对全球变暖背景下的未来预估至关重要。海洋沉积物记录发现,在晚更新世,AMOC的变化与地球岁差周期有紧密联系,但其物理机理尚不清楚。本文利用海洋−大气耦合气候模型—COSMOS（ECHAM5/JSBACH/MPIOM）模型,通过敏感试验,分析在冰盛期冷期和间冰期暖期气候背景下,AMOC对地球岁差变化的响应机理。结果表明：岁差降低引起的北半球夏季太阳辐射增强,会导致间冰期暖期背景下的AMOC显著减弱,但对冰盛期AMOC的影响并不明显。通过进一步分析发现,在间冰期暖期,夏季太阳辐射增强,造成高低纬大西洋海表的升温,同时促进北大西洋高纬度地区的局地降水,两者导致北大西洋表层海水密度降低,共同削弱大西洋深层水生成。而在冰盛期冷期,大西洋高低纬度地区的响应对AMOC的影响反向—副热带升温触发的海盆尺度低压异常,通过其南侧的西风异常削弱大西洋向太平洋的水汽输送,导致净降水增多,海表盐度下降;同时,高纬度升温造成的海冰减少,促进了海洋热丧失,海表失热变重,有利于大西洋深层水的生成,最终两者的共同作用导致AMOC对岁差变化的响应偏弱。本文系统揭示了不同气候背景下,岁差尺度AMOC变化的控制机理,对理解晚更新世AMOC重建记录中持续存在的岁差周期具有重要启示意义。     

Thallium concentrations in seawater

Measurements of the concentration of thallium in seawater collected from numerous ocean locations ranged from 12 to 16 ng kg⁻¹. Variations between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, between the northern and southern hemispheres of the Pacific Ocean, and between surface and deep waters of both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans were comparable with the precision of the analyses. This relatively constant distribution indicates that the element's cycle in seawater may be similar to those of the alkali metals which are its principal biogeochemical analogues.     

太平洋波高成份研究

利用Topex／Poseidon卫星高度计1992年10月到1998年12月连续75个月，230个重复周期的有效波高资料对南北太平洋的波高成份进行了分析，结果显示所有的月份，频数密度峰值对应的波高成份因子为1．4，以赤道太平洋海域最高为1．6，南北太平洋海域为1．2左右。7、8、9、10月份太平洋涌浪成份占频数密度累积率的比例大于95％，其余各月占90%左右，表明太平洋海域波高成份以涌浪为主。     

全球变暖背景下对太平洋环流（1960—1999）的模拟

我们用Non—Boussinesq POP海洋模式和NECP 1000 hPa的风应力和气温场资料,模拟了1960—1999年太平洋环流,结果显示：在过去的40年,热带太平洋环流变弱了,另外,由于全球变暖,由北赤道流产生的向热带西太平洋沿岸的热输送和由南赤道流产生的向南太平洋中高纬度的热输送随着时间是减弱的,而在北半球,由北赤道流产生的向中高纬度的热输送是增加的。     

Metabolism of Centropages species in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean

Information on the metabolism rates of Centropages typicus and congeneric species (C. hamatus, C. furcatus, C. brachiatus and C. abdominalis) in neritic areas of the Mediterranean Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean are reported here. Respiration rates and excretion rates are strongly influenced by abiotic (i.e. temperature, salinity) and biotic factors (i.e. food availability and composition). Differences in the response of respiratory rates to temperature of acclimated, acclimatized and adapted individuals are clearly observed among regions of the Mediterranean Sea and the West and East shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Food supply also strongly affects respiration and excretion rates, as well as the size, sex and stage development of the individuals. The co-measurement of these two rates allows confirmation of the omnivory or carnivory oriented feeding habits of these species. The role of this neritic genus in coastal environment is also discussed.     

北太平洋冬季SST、风场及环流对淡水强迫的响应

通过海气耦合模式CCSM3(The Community Climate System Model version 3),研究在北大西洋高纬度淡水强迫下,北太平洋冬季的海表温度SST、风场及流场的响应及其区域性差异。结果表明:淡水的注入使北太平洋整体变冷,但有部分区域异常增暖;在太平洋东部赤道两侧,SST的变化出现北负南正的偶极子型分布。阿留申低压北移的同时中纬度西风减弱,热带附近东北信风增强。黑潮和南赤道流减弱,北太平洋副热带逆流和北赤道流增强,日本海被南向流控制。风场及流场的改变共同导致了北太平洋SST异常出现复杂的空间差异:北太平洋中高纬度SST的降温主要由大气过程决定,海洋动力过程主要影响黑潮、日本海及副热带逆流区域的SST,太平洋热带地区SST异常由大气与海洋共同主导。     

Biogeography of the deep-sea galatheid squat lobsters of the Pacific Ocean

We analyzed the distribution patterns of the galatheid squat lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) of the Pacific Ocean. We used the presence/absence data of 402 species along the continental slope and continental rise (200–2000 m) obtained from 54 cruises carried out in areas around the Philippines, Indonesia, Solomon, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia. The total number of stations was ca. 3200. We also used published data from other expeditions carried out in the Pacific waters, and from an exhaustive search of ca. 600 papers on the taxonomy and biogeography of Pacific species. We studied the existence of biogeographic provinces using multivariate analyses, and present data on latitudinal and longitudinal patterns of species richness, rate of endemism and the relationship between body sizes with the size of the geographic ranges. Latitudinal species richness along the Western and Eastern Pacific exhibited an increase from higher latitudes towards the Equator. Longitudinal species richness decreased considerably from the Western to the Central Pacific. Size frequency distribution for body size was strongly shifted toward small sizes and endemic species were significantly smaller than non-endemics. This study concludes that a clear separation exists between the moderately poor galatheid fauna of the Eastern Pacific and the rich Western and Central Pacific faunas. Our results also show that the highest numbers of squat lobsters are found in the Coral Sea (Solomon-Vanuatu-New Caledonia islands) and Indo-Malay-Philippines archipelago (IMPA). The distribution of endemism along the Pacific Ocean indicates that there are several major centres of diversity, e.g. Coral Sea, IMPA, New Zealand and French Polynesia. The high proportion of endemism in these areas suggests that they have evolved independently.     

The effect of a northward shift in the southern hemisphere westerlies on the global ocean

We examine the effect of a northward shift in the position of the southern hemisphere subpolar westerly winds (SWWs) on the vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity in the world ocean. A northward shift of the SWWs causes a latitudinal contraction of the subpolar gyres in the southern hemisphere (SH). In the Indian and Pacific, this leads to subsurface warming in the subtropical thermocline. As the southern margins of the gyres move into latitudes characterised by warmer surface air temperature (SAT), the layers at mid-depth below 400 m depth become ventilated by warmer water. We characterize the approximation of the ventilated thermocline in our coarse resolution model using a set of passive tracer experiments, and illustrate how the northward shift in the SWWs causes an equatorward shift in the latitude of origin of water ventilating layers deeper than 400 m in the Indian and Pacific, leaving the total surface ventilation of the upper 1200 m unchanged. In contrast, the latitudinal constraint on the Antarctic Circumpolar Current posed by the Drake Passage causes a cooling and freshening throughout the Atlantic thermocline; here, subsurface thermocline water originates from higher latitudes under the wind shift. On longer timescales Atlantic cooling and freshening is reinforced by a reduction in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and surface salinification of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In effect, the latitude of zero wind stress curl in the SWWs regulates the relative importance of the “cold water route” via the Drake Passage and the “warm water route” associated with thermocline water exchange via the Indian Ocean. Thus, a more northward location of the SWWs corresponds with a reduced salinity contrast between the Indian/ Pacific Oceans and the Atlantic. This results in reduced NADW formation. Also, a more northward location of the SWWs facilitates the injection of cool fresh Antarctic Intermediate Water into the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. Beyond these changes, on a millennial timescale, the deep ocean warms throughout the water column in response to the wind shift. Global salinity stratification also becomes less stable, as more saline water remains at the surface and accumulates in the Indian and Pacific thermocline. The freshening of the deep ocean reflects a reduced stirring of the global ocean due to reduced net circulation arising from a misalignment between the westerlies and the topographically constrained ACC. Our results lend support to the idea that a more equatorward location of the SWW maximum during glacial climates contributed to cooler and fresher conditions in the Atlantic, inhibiting NADW.     

西太平洋卡罗琳洋脊CM4海山铁锰结壳矿物学和地球化学特征

2017年8月中国科学院海洋研究所在西太平洋低纬度海区的卡罗琳洋脊CM4海山开展了多学科综合调查,发现该海山山体表面分布着大量的铁锰结壳。本文对该海山的5个铁锰结壳样品进行了矿物学和地球化学研究,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子光谱及质谱(ICP-OES、ICP-MS)等测试技术分析了铁锰结壳的矿物组成、主微量元素和稀土元素含量,并进一步探讨了铁锰结壳的成因类型。结果表明,该海山铁锰结壳的矿物组成以水羟锰矿为主,含有少量钡镁锰矿、水钠锰矿、针铁矿、纤铁矿、石英和方解石。该海山铁锰结壳的Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu元素平均含量分别为24.24%、15.14%、0.16%、0.34%、0.01%。与全球各大洋海山区铁锰结壳相比,该海山样品的Cu含量很低。该海山铁锰结壳的稀土元素(REY)含量相对偏低,总体为轻稀土(LREE)富集;稀土(REY)配分模式显示相对平坦的特征,呈明显的Ce正异常,轻微的Y负异常和Ho正异常。样品的矿物组成、元素比值、元素组合等都表明该海山铁锰结壳属于水成成因,未受明显的成岩作用影响。     

大眼金枪鱼的资源现状

大眼金枪鱼的分布很广 ,在南、北纬 4 0°以内的太平洋、印度洋和大西洋均有分布 ,是金枪鱼渔业的重要捕捞种类之一。本文分别论述了大眼金枪鱼在大西洋、印度洋和太平洋的渔业概况、生物学特性、资源状况和管理对策。     

Relationship between Composition of Settling Particles and Organic Carbon Flux in the Western North Pacific and the Japan Sea

Settling particles play an important role in transporting organic carbon from the surface to the deep ocean. It is known that major components of settling particles are biogenic silicates (opal), biogenic carbonate (CaCO₃), lithogenic clays and organic matter. Since each component aggregates and/or takes in organic carbon, all of these components have the ability to transport particulate organic carbon (POC) to the interior of the ocean. In this study, sediment trap experiments were carried out in four areas of the western North Pacific (including a marginal sea). Factors are proposed that correlate the composition of settling particles with POC flux. Annual mean organic carbon fluxes at 1 km depth in the western North Pacific Basin, Japan Sea, Hidaka Basin and northern Japan Trench were found to be 14.9, 18.1, 13.0 and 6.6 mg/m²/day, respectively. Organic carbon flux in the western North Pacific was greater than that in the Eastern North Pacific (7.4), the Equatorial Pacific (4.2), the Southern Ocean (5.8) and the Eastern North Atlantic (1.8). In the western North Pacific, it was calculated that 52% of POC was carried by opal particles. Opal is known to be a major component even in the Eastern North Pacific and the Southern Ocean, and the opal fluxes in these areas are similar to those in the western North Pacific. However, the organic carbon flux that was carried by opal particles (OC_opalflux) in the western North Pacific was greater than that in the Eastern North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. These results indicate that the ability of opal particles to transport POC to the deep ocean in the western North Pacific is greater than that in the other areas.     

太平洋波高熵的分布变化规律研究

使用1992年IO月到1998年12月连续共75个月、230个重复周期的Topex／Poseidon卫星高度计有效波高资料，对南、北太平洋波高熵的空间分布特征和时间变化规律进行了研究。统计分析了太平洋波高熵的多年的空间分布特征和多年各月的时间变化规律。结果表明，太平洋波高熵呈现出中间低、南北高的马鞍形空间分布特征和明显季节变化的规律，与太平洋的平均有效波高和气候分布特征和变化规律相一致。给出了南北太平洋模拟波高熵的计算公式及计算稳定性检验。     

An East-West Comparison of the Transition Zone Coastal Pelagic Nekton of the North Pacific Ocean

During the 1980s and 1990s, scientific research cruises were conducted in both the eastern and western boundary regions of the North Pacific Ocean. The main purpose of these cruises was to examine the abundance and distribution patterns of juvenile salmon in coastal waters. These studies created one of the most extensive databases ever collected on the species composition of coastal Transition Zone epipelagic nekton in the North Pacific Ocean. Catch data from two purse seine and two surface trawl surveys (one each from off northern Japan and eastern Russia and off the West Coast of the U.S.) were examined using multivariate techniques to analyze the community structure of nektonic cephalopods, elasmobranchs, and teleosts in the coastal zone during the summer and autumn months. Juvenile salmonids are generally among the most common species caught, but in terms of overall abundance, other potential competitors with juvenile salmon, such as small squids and clupeoid fishes predominated the catches. Species diversity and dominance varied among areas and gear types. Distinct assemblages were found in each area, but the two regions had closely related species occupying similar ecological positions in each habitat. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Early Turonian global warming in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans according to the data of the Foraminifera analysis

In the article, my own data on the species composition of the shells of planktonic Foraminifera (PF) from the Early Turonian sediments of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean and from a number of the cross sections of Australia have been analyzed. In addition, literature materials on the epicontinental basins of the northern hemisphere were also studied. The foraminifera species (PF) are grouped, and four types of thanatocoenoses are distinguished according to their relationship. A climatic zonality map for the early Turonian was constructed on the basis of the spatial distribution of these types. The reconstruction obtained was compared with the climatic maps compiled earlier for the later time intervals of the Late Cretaceous. It was established that the Turonian was characterized by the warmest climate. The tendency for global warming was the most clearly manifested in the Early Turonian.     

Seasonal cycle of phosphate in the open ocean

The seasonal cycle of phosphate in the world ocean is described using all historical data (over 170,000 profiles) held at the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center and World Data Center-A for Oceanography. Generally, phosphate concentrations are depressed in the season of highest primary production, in conformance with phosphate's role as a major nutrient. Mean phosphate concentration in the North Pacific are twice those in the North Atlantic. The largest seasonal differences occur in the sub-polar North Atlantic and Pacific, where changes in concentration are as large as a factor of two. Temperate and equatorial regions exhibit less seasonal variability. High latitudes, upwelling areas, and river mouths exhibit a notable seasonal signal in phosphate. Enrichment of phosphate from the Amazon and Orinoco rivers appears to dominate the seasonal signal in the tropical Atlantic. In fact, the extent of the rivers’ effects extend so far north into the North Atlantic gyre that it obscures the normal pattern of summer depletion occurring elsewhere in the basin. The seasonal signal in the tropical Pacific Ocean is a function of seasonal variability in the winds, which affect the strength of coastal upwelling.     

Eolian dust from the lower atmosphere of the eastern Atlantic and Indian Oceans,China Sea and Sea of Japan

Dust-loadings in the lower atmosphere of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the China Sea and Sea of Japan are given. Average dust-loadings decrease in the following order: North Atlantic (northeast trades, ～ 7.7 μg/m³ of air) > northern Indian Ocean (～ 1.2 μg/m³ of air) > South Atlantic (southeast trades, ～ 0.78 μg/m³ of air) = southern Indian Ocean (～ 0.68 μg/m³ of air) > China Sea (～ 0.21 μg/m³ of air).There are differences in the clay mineralogies of dusts transported in similar latitudes in the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans. Dusts in the Atlantic northeast trades are dominated by kaolinite from the soils of equatorial Africa; dusts in the northeast monsoons of the northern Indian Ocean have a source in the arid regions of the Rajasthan desert where illite is the principal clay mineral.In the regions investigated quartz occurs in larger amounts in the dusts of the Northern Hemisphere (～ 7% quartz) than those of the Southern Hemisphere (～ 3% quartz) over both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.From the results given in the present paper and those reported in the literature a map is presented illustrating the order of magnitude of lower atmospheric dust-loadings in part of the world ocean.