Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous Phylloid Algae in Southern Guizhou, SW China

Phylloid algae arc important rcef-builders in the late Carboniferous. This paper focuses on the paleoecology of phylloid algae in the Late Carboniferous on well-exposed reefs in Ziyun County, Guizhou Province. Phylloid algae growing closely packed arc attached via holdfast or similar structure to substrate. They were growing in environments such as shallow water, photic zone and below the wave base with medium energy currents. They have a variety of morphological forms, such as single cup-shaped, cabbage-shaped and clustering cup-shaped. The thalli arc of certain tenacity and intensity. In the areas dominated by phylloid algae, other marine orgam＇sms arc relatively scarce. Obviously, phylloid algae arc stronger competitors for living space than other co-occurring organisms.     

Effect of Sediment Nutrient Enrichment and Grazing on Turtle Grass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassia testudinum</Emphasis> in Jobos Bay,Puerto Rico

We examined the effect of nutrients and grazers on Thalassia testudinum in Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico by fertilizing sediment and manipulating grazer abundances. Bottom-up effects were variable: Added nutrients did not increase seagrass aboveground biomass, but decreased belowground biomass—perhaps as a result of less biomass being allocated to belowground structures in response to greater nutrient supply in porewater. Experimental fencing of 1.5 × 1.5 m plots provided shelter that attracted large aggregations of fish, including seagrass herbivores. Seagrass biomass and shoot density decreased with increasing abundance of herbivorous fish, indicating a significant top-down effect. There were interactions between nutrient supply, provision of shelter, and grazing pressure. Fertilization enhanced seagrass %N; however, %N also increased in unfertilized plots that were fenced, most likely due to uptake of N excreted from the large numbers of fish associated with the fences. Only plots where shelter was provided and fertilizer was applied to sediments exhibited evidence of heavy grazing, reducing both seagrass cover and aboveground biomass. In the unfertilized fenced plots, signs of grazing were fewer despite large abundances of fish and enhanced nutritional quality of seagrass leaves. This suggests the possibility that high nutrient availability in sediments lowered concentrations of chemical defense compounds in the seagrass and that cues other than %N may have been involved in stimulating grazing. This study highlights the complexity of bottom-up and top-down interactions in seagrass systems and the important role of refuge availability in shaping the relative strengths of these controls.     

Screening of biofouling activity in marine bacterial isolate from ship hull

Biofouling is the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and animals on submerged structures especially ship hulls. Biofouling also occurs on the surface of living marine organisms. It is also found on membrane systems such as membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis spiral wound membranes. In the same manner, it is found in cooling water cycles of large industrial equipments and power stations. In the present study, totally 11 isolates were obtained from three ships from Royapuram harbour, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Among the 11 isolates only DR4 showed maximum biofouling activity in the microtiter plate assay with a significant optical density of 0.596. Also an attempt was made to characterize the different biofouling bacterial isolates analyzing their morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The results of the present study based on the above characteristics revealed that the isolate DR4 was similar to Bacillus sp. This study also highlights the need for a safe and natural antifouling agent to control the biofouling bacteria in the marine environment.     

海洋蓝细菌生物固氮的研究进展

海洋生物固氮是海洋中氮循环的重要过程，其对海洋吸收CO2有着重要的影响。海洋固氮蓝细菌的种类和数量也有待进一步探明。现今的研究已表明，蓝细菌对海洋的氮平衡和生物生产有着重要的贡献。从海洋生物固氮的研究现状和研究方法着手，阐述了海洋生物固氮的意义，并重点对影响海洋生物固氮的因素、海洋蓝细菌生物固氮的生物化学和分子生物学机制等研究方面做了细致的综述，在此基础上提出了海洋生物固氮方面有待深入研究的科学问题，旨在为海洋生物固氮及氮的生物地球化学研究提供基础资料。     

The seagrass skeletal assemblage from modern to fossil and from tropical to temperate: Insight from Maldivian and Mediterranean examples

Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that form extensive submarine meadows in the photic zone where carbonate producing biota dwell as epiphytes on the leaves or as infaunal forms, and act as prolific carbonate sediment factories. Because seagrasses have a low preservation potential and records of exceptionally well‐preserved and plant material from marine settings are rare, these palaeoenvironments are difficult to identify in the rock record. Consequently, sedimentological and palaeontological proxies are the main indicators of the presence of seagrass‐dominated ecosystems. This work investigates the skeletal assemblage of Modern (Maldivian and western Mediterranean) and fossil (Eocene; Apula and Oman carbonate platforms and Oligocene; Malta platform) seagrass examples to characterize the skeletal assemblage of modern and fossil seagrasses. Two main types of grains, calcareous algae and foraminifera, constitute around 50% of the bioclastic sediment in both tropical Maldivian and temperate Mediterranean scenarios. However, in the tropical setting they are represented by green algae (Halimeda), while in the Mediterranean they are represented by corallinacean red algae. In contrast, in the Eocene examples, the foraminifera are the most conspicuous group and the green algae are also abundant. The opposite occurs in the Maltese Chattian, which is dominated by coralline algae (mean 42%), although the foraminifera are still abundant. It is suggested to use the term foralgal to identify the seagrass skeletal assemblage. To discriminate between red algae and green algae dominance, the introduction of the prefixes ‘GA’ (green algae) and ‘RA’ (red algae) is proposed. The investigated examples provide evidence that the green algae–foralgal assemblage is typical of tropical, not excessively dense seagrass meadows, characterized by a well‐illuminated substrate to support the development and calcification of the Halimeda thallus. Contrarily, the red algae‐foralgal assemblage is typical of high density tropical to subtropical seagrass meadows which create very dense oligophotic conditions on the sea floor or in temperate settings where Halimeda cannot calcify.     

Effects of Shoreline Armoring on Beach Wrack Subsidies to the Nearshore Ecotone in an Estuarine Fjord

The ecological significance of algal and seagrass wrack subsidies has been well-documented for exposed-coast sandy beaches but is relatively unstudied in lower-energy and mixed-sediment beaches. In marine nearshore environments where beaches are fringed with riparian vegetation, the potential for reciprocal subsidies between marine and terrestrial ecosystems exists. Within the marine-terrestrial ecotone, upper intertidal “wrack zones” accumulate organic debris from algae, seagrass, and terrestrial plant sources and provide food and shelter for many organisms. Human modification also occurs within this ecotone, particularly in the form of armoring structures for bank stabilization that physically disrupt the connectivity between ecosystems. We conducted detailed wrack and log surveys in spring and fall over 3 years at 29 armored–unarmored beach pairs in Puget Sound, WA, USA. Armoring lowered the elevation of the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and narrowed the width of the intertidal transition zone. Armored beaches had substantially less wrack overall and a lower proportion of terrestrial plant material, while marine riparian zones (especially trees overhanging the beach) were an important source of wrack to unarmored beaches. Armored beaches also had far fewer logs in this transition zone. Thus, they lacked biogenic habitat provided by logs and riparian wrack as well as the organic input used by wrack consumers. Results such as these that demonstrate armoring-associated loss of connectivity across the marine-terrestrial ecotone may be useful in informing conservation, restoration, and management actions.     

不同成烃生物的拉曼光谱特征

为了区分不同的成烃生物,本文利用拉曼光谱对烃源岩中两种常见的成烃生物,即浮游藻类和底栖藻类进行了研究。
发现不同生源有机质成烃后的拉曼光谱各具特征。G 峰与D 峰间的位移差能够指示不同成烃生物分子结构中芳环的稠合程
度,D 峰和G 峰的强度比可以反映有机质芳香结构有序度。通过对比不同成烃生物的拉曼光谱参数,发现成烃后浮游藻类
的芳环稠合程度明显小于底栖藻类,芳香结构有序度也低于底栖藻类。相同层位烃源岩中不同成烃生物的G 峰与D 峰位移
差有明显区别,即可以通过拉曼光谱检测芳环的稠合程度来区分不同的成烃生物。D 峰与G 峰强度比不仅受成熟度控制,
而且成烃生物的性质对其有重要的影响,也能作为区分不同成烃生物的参考标准。     

Release and toxicity comparison between industrial- and sunscreen-derived nano-ZnO particles

Many consumer products containing ZnO have raised concern for safety in regard to environmental impact and the public health. Widely used sunscreens for protecting against UV and avoiding sunburns represent a great exposure to nano-ZnO, one of the ingredients commonly applied in sunscreens. Applying nanoproducts on beaches may release nanoparticles unintentionally into the ocean. Despite the accumulation of such nanoproducts in the ocean harming or being detrimental to critical marine organisms, few studies have investigated the release and potential toxicity of nanoparticles extracted from products and compared them with those from industrial-type nanoparticles. Results show that the cytotoxicity of both industrial- and sunscreen-derived nano-ZnO to the marine diatom algae, Thalassiosira pseudonana, increased as exposure increases over time, as measured by growth inhibition (%) of the algae at a constant concentration of nano-ZnO (10 mg/L). The extent of toxicity appeared to be higher from industrial-type nano-ZnO compared with sunscreen-extracted nano-ZnO, though the extent becomes similar when concentrations increase to 50 mg/L. On the other hand, at a fixed exposure time of 48 h, the cytotoxicity increases as concentrations increase with the higher toxicity shown from the industrial-type compared with sunscreen-induced nano-ZnO. Results indicate that while industrial-type nano-ZnO shows higher toxicity than sunscreen-derived nano-ZnO, the release and extent of toxicity from nano-ZnO extracted from sunscreen are not trivial and should be monitored for the development of safe manufacturing of nanomaterials-induced products.     

New data on paleontological characteristic of the Oligocene in the Il’pinskii Peninsula, northeastern Kamchatka

Fossil diatom algae first found in the Paleogene marine succession (Alugivayam Formation) of the Il’pinskii Peninsula, northeastern Kamchatka are studied, and new data on molluscan assemblages from the same sequences are presented. Some of the diatom forms identified suggest the Oligocene age of their host deposits. This is consistent with earlier inference from benthic groups of marine organisms.     

深海热液口化能合成共生作用的研究进展

海洋无脊椎动物和细菌间的化能合成共生作用的发现,改变了人们对深海热液口初级生产力主要来源的认知.近年的研究表明,营化能合成共生的动物隶属于纤毛门、软体动物门、环节动物门和节肢动物门;其中无脊椎动物作为宿主在与共生菌的长期共生过程中,伴随着部分器官和功能的退化或消失,逐渐形成和演化出了与此相适应的形态结构,并产生了一些特殊的行为;在深海热液口发现的所有化能合成共生菌都属于革兰氏阴性菌,它们的宿主大致可以分为2个群体;通过16 SrRNA基因编码分析,不同代谢类型的共生菌在系统发育中通常处于不同分支,形态也有所差异;共生菌独特的传播方式和进化模式也使其更加适应共生生活;由无脊椎动物和化能合成细菌构成的共生体系与环境相互作用,影响了深海热液口生态系统的演化.对共生菌蛋白质及代谢组学的研究,以及对宿主生理和代谢机制的研究将成为未来热液口化能合成共生作用研究的新热点.     

海草床食物链有机碳传递过程的研究进展

海草床是重要的近海生态系统,生产力极高,可为海洋动物提供良好的栖息地和丰富的有机碳食源;人类活动引起近岸海域的富营养化,可能会改变海草床有机碳源组成和性质,进而影响植食动物和次级消费者的摄食过程及其食物链能量传递效率,从而影响海草床的生物资源产出功能。归纳总结了国内外海草床食物链碳传递过程各方面的研究进展,主要包括:①海草床有机碳源组成及食源贡献;②海草床初级消费者对有机碳源的摄食;③海草床食物网营养级结构及其能量传递;④富营养化对海草床有机碳源组分结构及其成分的影响;⑤海草床食物链能量传递效率对富营养化的响应。在此基础上,提出了未来的研究重点:①联合运用总有机物的稳定同位素比值法、脂肪酸标志法和特定化合物稳定同位素分析方法,加强定量研究海草床各有机碳源的贡献、食物网营养结构图谱、关键碳流途径及其季节性变化规律;探究关键消费者成体和幼体的有机碳源差异,弄清生长阶段的食性转化过程。②结合野外观测、原位围隔实验和室内模拟实验,深入探讨富营养化对海草床有机碳源组成(海草与附生藻类等)及其化学成分(营养质量和次生化合物)的影响,海草等初级生产者成分变化对植食动物和次级消费者摄食过程的影响,以及牧食食物链和碎屑食物链的组成和碳传递效率等的响应机制。     

Research Progress of the Transfer Process of Organic Carbon Through Food Chain in Seagrass Bed

Seagrass beds are highly productive coastal ecosystems, which provide good nursery habitat and abundant Organic Carbon Sources (OCS) as food for marine animals. Human activities have led to widespread eutrophication in coastal areas. Eutrophication may alter the composition and properties of OCS, thereby affecting the feeding process of herbivores and secondary consumer, and energy transfer efficiency in food chain. This may affect the production function of biological resource in seagrass beds. Based on the summary of the foreign and domestic researches, primary achievements were systematically reviewed in this paper in five aspects: the composition of OCS and their contribution, feeding process of herbivore, food web structure and energy transfer efficiency, and their responses to eutrophication. Future researches that should be emphasized were also prospected. With the combined application of stable isotope analysis for bulks and tissues, fatty acid biomarkers and compound-specific stable isotope analysis, the quantitative study of the contribution of OCS, food web structure, key carbon flow pathway and their seasonal change patterns should be enhanced. Meanwhile, the differences of OCS between larval and adult stages of key consumers will need to be further examined to clarify the transformation of their feeding habits. Through field investigation, in-situ mesocosm and laboratory simulation experiments, the effects of nutrient increase on the structure (seagrass and epiphyte, etc.) and chemical composition (nutritional quality and secondary compounds, etc.) of OCS, the response of feeding process of herbivore and secondary consumer to the alteration of chemical compounds in primary producers, and the response mechanism of carbon transfer efficiency of the grazing food chain and detritus food chain need to be further studied.     

川东北固体沥青的有机地球化学

采用选择性化学降解方法并结合多种有机地球化学测定手段对川东北固体沥青的成因进行研究。生物标志化合物参数和沥青反射率数据表明,此类固体沥青经历了相对较高的热演化程度。化学降解释放出的生标化合物以C₁₆和C₁₈一元脂肪酸为主,具有明显的偶碳优势,揭示这类固体沥青的母质可能以菌藻类低等水生生物输入为主。降解产物中还含有一定的正构烷烃及甾萜类化合物,与抽提物中的相应组分对比表明,它们可能具有相同的来源,但经历的热演化程度明显较抽提物中的组分偏低。单体碳同位素组成特征表明,这类母质可能形成于一个半深水-深水的沉积环境,单体氢同位素组成特征则揭示出是一个环境水为富D的海相环境。     

下扬子区三叠纪古生物和古地理变迁及其主要原因

根据下扬子区三叠系生物化石和沉积相的研究，该区三叠纪古地理环境先后经历陆表海，萨布哈潮坪－泻湖，下三角洲平原滨海河口湾及三角洲平原河，湖和沼泽一系列变迁，其主要原因是由于扬子板块从赤道以南附近持续向北进行跨气候带漂移抵达北回归线以北附近的结果。     

塔中地区中晚奥陶世灰泥丘初步研究

塔中地区中晚奥陶世灰泥丘是在古老碳酸盐岩台地逐渐沉没过程中生长发育的。横向上,它向台地高部位层层爬坡,纵向上,为多旋回叠丘。建造灰泥砂丘的生物主要是菌藻类-奥特藻及其相近的属,尚有珊瑚、苔藓虫、层孔虫、海绵等。其岩石类型主要是泥晶凝块格架岩、泥晶凝块障积格架岩、泥晶藻凝块粘结岩。其沉积相可分为丘中心、丘前和丘间三个相带。灰泥丘的演化受控于海进速率同灰泥丘的增长速率及海水深度与浊度。     

Toxicity of ibuprofen and perfluorooctanoic acid for risk assessment of mixtures in aquatic and terrestrial environments

The toxicity of ibuprofen and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was evaluated individually and in binary combination on two photosynthetic organisms, the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, representative of aquatic environments, and the monocotyledonous Sorghum bicolor, for terrestrial ecosystems. Both non-target organisms showed different sensitivities to pollutants. The alga was more affected than the plant to each compound assayed, whether separately or mixed in EC₅₀ proportion, and PFOA was more toxic to both bioindicators. An analysis of toxic chemical interactions covering the whole range of effect levels was conducted using the Combination Index method and indicated that synergism could be expected at low effect levels in higher plants, while for algae this type of interaction predominated at higher effect levels. Ecological risk assessment was performed by calculating the Hazard Quotient as the ratio between the measured environmental concentration and the predicted no-effect concentration, using our EC₅₀ data derived from the mixture of pollutants. Acute hazard was found in the terrestrial compartment (soil or sediments). In the light of the data reported, we conclude that risk evaluation should include toxicological information on compound interactions that exert a toxic effect on non-target organisms.     

黔北坳陷过成熟烃源岩和固体沥青中正构烷烃系列的双峰态分布

对黔北坳陷几个露头和钻井地质剖面上前寒武系-下古生界烃源岩和金沙岩孔古油藏储层沥青地球化学特征的分析结果表明这些已处于高、过成熟阶段的地质样品中正构烷烃系列普遍存在双峰态分布现象,且构成每个峰群中的正构烷烃均无碳数优势,这一现象在其他地区的相应层位地质样品和热模拟实验产物中均得到了印证,并提出了利用FCPR和LCPR两个参数来表征前、后两峰群的相互关系。当两个参数均大于1.0时,指示正构烷烃系列具双峰态分布。鉴于研究区烃源岩的时代古老,当时沉积有机质的来源为富氢的菌藻类,富含长链脂族结构则是这些有机质形成高碳数正构烷烃的重要原因。此外,所研究地质样品中有机质附存形式的多样性和复杂性可使它们发生差异成熟作用,结果可能导致不同分布特征的正构烷烃发生叠置而出现双峰态分布现象。因此,这些古老地质样品中正构烷烃系列的双峰态分布可能是指示来源低等生物如藻类的有机质经历强烈热演化作用的潜在标志。     

对比日本秋吉生物礁论湖南石炭纪生物成礁条件

一个完好的石炭纪生物礁发育在日本秋吉地区的玄武岩熔岩和火山碎屑岩之上.其礁核相可划分为6个亚相.主要的造礁生物是钙藻类、剌毛虫、珊瑚和苔藓虫.这些造礁生物在湖南中部某些地区的石炭纪地层中也十分常见,其生物组成、形态和生态特征可以和秋吉礁礁核各亚相中的生物特征进行对比.湖南中部地区石炭纪浅海的海底地形存在高低差异,在地势较高的中高能地带具备生物礁发育的各种条件,已发现一些生物层,完全有可能发现生物礁.     

南海西科1井上新世以来礁滩体系内部构成及其沉积模式

通过对西科1井薄片进行鉴定, 对上新世以来莺歌海组和乐东组礁滩沉积体系的古生物种类、岩石微相类型及成因相类型进行了系统剖析.研究表明: 乐东组造礁生物以珊瑚和红藻为主, 莺歌海组以红藻为主.附礁生物主要包括有孔虫、棘皮类和绿藻, 其中有孔虫为最重要的附礁生物, 绿藻只在乐东组的个别层段极发育.根据生物种类及含量、泥晶、亮晶及粒间孔含量的大小关系, 识别出10种岩石微相.在此基础上, 将礁滩体系划分为生物礁、生屑滩和泻湖3种成因相组合.生物礁包括礁基、礁核和礁盖3种成因相, 其中礁盖可见显著的溶蚀现象, 形成粒内溶孔、铸模孔等次生孔隙.在研究井段仅发育礁后滩, 靠近礁核的礁后内侧滩生屑及粒间孔含量高, 而泥晶少; 靠近泻湖的礁后外侧滩则情况相反.泻湖主要沉积大量灰泥, 生屑含量少.礁滩体系仅在海侵体系域和高位体系域发育, 各成因相之间具有相对固定的成因相垂向叠置关系.海侵体系域主要发育退积型成因相组合序列, 准层序以代表海泛面的泥晶含量较高的成因相结束; 高位体系域主要发育进积型成因相组合序列, 多以对应暴露面的礁盖结束.