Geology and Alteration-Mineralization Characteristics of the Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Banten, Indonesia

Abstract. The Cibaliung gold project is located at the central portion of the Neogene Sunda‐Banda magmatic arc. Gold‐silver mineralization in the area is hosted in a thick sequence of sub‐aqueous basaltic andesite volcanics with intercalated sediments intruded by sub‐volcanic andesite to diorite plugs and dykes, and subsequently cut by a cluster of diatreme breccias. These host rocks are unconformably overlain by dacitic tuffs, younger sediments and basalt flows. The gold prospects in Cibaliung occur within a NW‐trending structural corridor that is 3.5 km wide by at least 6 km long. It is fault‐bounded and is considered to be a graben. Two aligned NNW‐trending sub‐vertical shoots, Cikoneng and Cibitung, host the currently defined resource within the steeply dipping vein system with a minimum strike length of 1,300 m. As of July 2001, exploration has defined an inferred + indicated mineral resource of approximately 1.3 million tonnes at 10.42 g/t gold and 60.7 g/t silver at a 3 g/t Au cut‐off. This equates to approximately 435,000 ounces of gold and 2.54 million ounces of silver. Gold‐silver mineralization occurs as quartz veins characteristic of the low‐sulphidation epithermal adularia‐sericite type. Progressive dilation with a general increase in gold grade has produced multi‐stage veining and brecciation that grades from early to late stages as: pre‐mineral fluidized breccia, quartz vein stockwork, massive vein, crustiform vein, colloform‐crustiform vein with progressive increase in chloritic clay bands, clay‐quartz milled matrix breccias with a progressive increase in clay content, and synto post‐mineral fault gouge with vein clasts. Wall rock alteration is characterized by pro‐grade chlorite+adularia flooding that is locally overprinted by a low temperature argillic alteration (smectite, illite and mixed layered clays). Generally, the argillic alteration becomes weak with depth. The major mineral constituents of the veins are quartz, adularia and clay. In the early gold‐poor hydrothermal stages, quartz and adularia dominate with minor calcite and clay (smectite, poorly crystalline chlorite, interlayered chlorite‐smectite and illite‐smectite). In the later gold‐rich hydrothermal stages, clay with variable amounts of carbonate increases whereas the abundance of quartz and adularia decreases. Gold occurs mainly as electrum while silver occurs as argentite‐aguilarite‐naumannite and electrum, and rarely as native silver, sulphosalts and tellurides. Sulphides generally comprise <1 vol % of the vein, with pyrite as the most common species. Together with pyrite, traces of very fine‐grained base metal sulphides dominated by chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are in most cases intimately associated with electrum and silver minerals. Partial supergene oxidation generally extends down to about 200 m below the surface at Cikoneng and further down to more than 300 m at Cibitung. The hydrothermal system responsible for the gold‐silver mineralization in the area may be related to rhyolitic magmatism focused on a volcanic intrusive center during back arc rifting that formed a graben or pull‐apart basin. The dominant mechanism for the higher grade gold deposition is fluid mixing of up welling metal‐bearing hydrothermal solutions with relatively near surface cool, oxygenated condensate and/or steam‐heated meteoric fluids, as opposed to retrograde boiling. The strongly focused dilational structural environment is thought to have been the mechanism for focusing fluid flows, both up welling and descending, forming pipe‐like mineralized bodies in the rhomboidal dilation zones. It is interpreted that mineralization took place under low temperature conditions (<150–220d?C) at a minimum depth of around 200–250 m below the palaeo‐water table.     

西准噶尔宝贝金矿地质与容矿火山岩的锆石SHRIMP年龄

位于西准噶尔的宝贝金矿主要由石英脉型矿石组成,主要含金矿物为银金矿,以裂隙金和包裹金的形式赋存在毒砂、黄铁矿和石英中。宝贝金矿的黄铁矿普遍含As（最高达3.88%,平均1.49%）。根据脉穿切和矿物共生组合可将宝贝金矿的成矿作用划分出四个成矿阶段：钠长石–石英阶段（I）、银金矿–黄铁矿–毒砂–石英阶段（II）、多金属硫化物浸染状矿化阶段（III）和碳酸盐化阶段（IV）,其中第II和III阶段为主要成矿期。利用锆石SHRIMP方法测定了赋矿围岩（酸性凝灰岩）的形成时代,其U–Pb谐和年龄为328.1±1.8 Ma（MSWD＝1.6, n＝13）。该年龄代表宝贝金矿赋矿围岩的形成时间,即西准噶尔地区大规模中酸性火山岩的喷发时间。     

Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Studies at Don Sixto,a Precious Metal Low Sulfidation Deposit in Mendoza Province,Argentina

The Don Sixto mining area in Mendoza province, central‐western Argentina, contains an epithermal low sulfidation Au–Ag deposit. It is a small deposit (～4 km²), with a gold resource of 36 t. In Don Sixto, ore minerals are disseminated in the hydrothermal quartz veins and hydrothermally altered volcanic‐pyroclastic rock units of Permian–Triassic age. On the basis of the texture, ore mineral paragenesis and cross cutting relationship of gangue minerals, seven stages of mineralization were recognized and described. The first six stages are characterized by quartz veins with minor amounts of base metal minerals and the last stage is represented by fluorite veins with minimal quantities of base metal minerals; the precious metal mineralization is mainly related to the fourth stage. The hydrothermal veins exhibit mainly massive, crustiform and comb infilling textures; the presence of bladed quartz replacement textures and quartz veins with adularia crystals are indicative of boiling processes in the system. Fluid inclusion and complementary stable isotope studies were performed in quartz, fluorite, and pyrite samples from the vein systems. The microthermometric data were obtained from primary, biphasic (liquid‐vapor) fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz and fluorite. The maximum values for salinity and homogenization temperature (T_h) came from the stage IV where quartz with petrographic evidence of boiling has average values of 4.96 wt% NaCl_equiv. and 286.9°C respectively. The lower values are related to the last stage of mineralization, where the fluid inclusions in fluorite have average salinities of 1.05 wt% NaCl_equiv. and average homogenization temperatures of 173.1°C. The oxygen and sulfur isotopic fractionation was analyzed in quartz and pyrite. The calculated isotopic fractionation for oxygen in the hydrothermal fluid is in the range of δ¹⁸O_H2O = ?6.92 up to ?3.08‰, which indicates dominance of a meteoric source for the water, while sulfur reaches δ³⁴S_H2S = 1.09‰, which could be reflecting a possible magmatic, or even a mixed source.     

First evidence of epithermal gold occurrences in the SE Afar Rift,Republic of Djibouti

The geology of the Republic of Djibouti, in the SE Afar Triangle, is characterized by intense tectonic and bimodal volcanic activity that began as early as 25–30 Ma. Each magmatic event was accompanied by hydrothermal activity. Mineralization generally occurs as gold–silver bearing chalcedony veins and is associated with felsic volcanism. Eighty samples from mineralized hydrothermal chalcedony, quartz ± carbonate veins and breccias were studied from ten sites representing four major volcanic events that range in age from early Miocene to the present. The most recent veins are controlled by fractures at the edges of grabens established during the last 4 Myr. Gold in excess of 200 ppb is present in 30% of the samples, with values up to 16 ppm. Mineralogical compositions allowed us to identify different types of mineralization corresponding to different depths in the hydrothermal system: (1) surface and subsurface mineralization characterized by carbonate chimneys, gypsum, silica cap and quartz ± carbonate veins that are depleted in metals and Au; (2) shallow banded chalcedony ± adularia veins related to boiling that contain up to 16 ppm Au, occurring as native gold and electrum with pyrite, and tetradymite; (3) quartz veins with sulfides, and (4) epidote alteration in the deepest hydrothermal zones. Samples in which pyrite is enriched in As tend to have a high Au content. The association with bimodal volcanism, the occurrence of adularia and the native Au and electrum in banded chalcedony veins are typical of epithermal systems and confirm that this type of mineralization can occur in a young intracontinental rift system.     

Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the Trenggalek District,East Java,Indonesia

Gold‐mineralized quartz veins at the Trenggalek district of the Southern Mountains Range in East Java, Indonesia, are hosted by Oligo‐Miocene volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks, and are distributed close to andesitic plugs in the northern prospects (Dalangturu, Suruh, Jati, Gregah, Jombok, Salak, and Kojan) and the southern prospects (Sentul and Buluroto). The plugs are subalkaline tholeiitic basaltic‐andesite to calc‐alkaline andesite in composition. ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating of a quartz‐adularia vein at the Dalangturu prospect yielded an age of 16.29 ± 0.56 Ma (2σ), and a crystal tuff of a limestone‐pyroclastic rock sequence at the southwest of the Dalangturu prospect was determined as 15.6 ± 0.5 Ma (2σ). Statistic overlap of ages suggests that the gold mineralization in the northern prospects took place in a shallow marine to subaerial transitional environment. Hydrothermal alteration of the host rocks is characterized by the replacement of quartz, illite and adularia. Quartz veins in surface outcrops are up to 50 cm wide in the northern prospects and up to 3 m wide in the southern prospects, showing a banded or brecciated texture, and are composed of quartz, adularia, carbonates with pyrite, electrum, sphalerite, galena, and polybasite. Gold contents of quartz veins are positively correlated with Ag, Zn, Pb, and Cu contents in both the northern and southern prospects. The quartz veins at the Jati, Gregah, and Sentul prospects have relatively lower gold‐silver ratios (Ag/Au = 23.2) compared to those at the Kojan, Dalangturu, Salak, and Suruh prospects (Ag/Au = 66.8). The quartz veins at the Dalangturu prospect are relatively rich in base metal sulfides. Ag/(Au+Ag) ratios of electrum in the Dalangturu prospect range from 45.2 to 65.0 at%, and FeS contents of sphalerite range from 1.2 to 6.4 mol%. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates ore‐forming temperatures of 190–200°C and 220–230°C at the Sentul and Kojan prospects, respectively. Widely variable vapor/liquid ratio of fluid inclusions indicates that fluid boiling took place within the hydrothermal system at the Sentul prospect. Salinities of ore‐fluids range from 0 to 0.7 wt% (av. 0.4 wt% NaCl equiv.) and from 0.5 to 1.4 wt% (av. 0.9 wt%) for the Sentul and Kojan prospects, respectively. The boiling of hydrothermal fluid was one of the gold deposition mechanisms in the Sentul prospect.     

江西大背坞金矿床矿石物质组成及金的赋存状态

大背坞金矿床属贫硫化物（糜棱岩）石英脉型,该矿床有用组分唯有Au,自然金是Au最主要的赋存形式,几乎集中富集了全部Au组分.虽然矿石中有极微量的银金矿,并在方铅矿中发现可能还存在次显微金,但含金量却微不足道.石英、黄铁矿、毒砂是自然金的主要载体.自然金成色高,多以中粗粒裂隙金形式产出,粒间金次之,包裹金较少.本矿床中黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿不发育,含量少,但它们与自然金关系密切,镜下常常发现与自然金共生赋存于较粗粒的黄铁矿、毒砂等载金矿物中.这3种硫化物是发现富矿化的标志.铅同位素结果表明本金矿成矿物质来源于前震旦纪变质沉积岩,中元古界双桥山群是矿源层.金以络合物的形式迁移.当温度降低（低于300℃）,含矿溶液进入容矿空间压力降低,金发生沉淀.矿化早期石英脉包裹体pH值4.91,Eh值164.52,到矿化主期pH升高到6.38~6.72,Eh降低到57.44,从而使金在溶液中的溶解度大大降低,促使金发生沉淀.     

Invisible Gold from the Hishikari Epithermal Gold Deposit, Japan: Implication for Gold Distribution and Deposition

Abstract. The presence of invisible gold was confirmed in arsenian pyrite from the Hishikari epithermal gold deposit, Kagoshima, Japan, by means of EPMA and SIMS analyses. The relative concentration of invisible gold may be positively correlated with As contents (0.01 to 10.37 wt%) of fine-grained arsenian pyrite which commonly occurs in the auriferous quartz veins. Although arsenian pyrite occurs widely in any mineralization stage with electrum and other sulfide, sulfosalts, selenide or telluride minerals, arsenian pyrites having higher As contents accompanied by invisible gold occur dominantly in the middle stage of fine-adularia-quartz and in the late stage of coarse-quartz rather than in the early stage of columnar-adularia.     

Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Utanobori Gold Deposit in Northern Hokkaido,Japan

The Utanobori gold deposit is a low‐sulfidation, epithermal vein‐type deposit located in northern Hokkaido, Japan. The deposit is hosted by conglomerate, sandstone, and tuff of the Middle to Late Miocene Esashi Formation. These rocks were hydrothermally altered. Silica sinters and quartz‐adularia veins are common in the deposit. The quartz‐adularia veins either contain a ginguro band, which corresponds to the main gold‐bearing vein (Type 1 Veins), or do not contain a ginguro band but contain minor adularia (Type 2 Veins). Type 1 Veins are divided into three stages with 12–14 substages. Ore minerals identified include electrum, naumannite, chlorargyrite, bromargyrite, an unidentified Fe‐Sb mineral, and an Fe‐(Sb)‐As mineral. These ore minerals formed in the main mineralization stages I (bands I‐b and I‐d) and II (band II‐a). Scanning electron microscopy with cathodoluminescence images show that cathodoluminescence‐dark microcrystalline quartz exhibiting colloform (ghost‐sphere) texture is closely associated with ore minerals in the Type 1 Vein and Type 2 Vein, and the Al and K contents of such quartz are commonly >1000 ppm. This indicates that the ore minerals were crystallized from alkaline, silica‐saturated fluids at temperatures <200°C, which initially deposited amorphous silica that was recrystallized to microcrystalline quartz. The average Au content of electrum is 52.5 at% Au (n = 10), 65.7 at% Au (n = 20), and 55.5 at% Au (n = 5) in bands I‐b, I‐d, and II‐a, respectively, of Type 1 Veins. The δ³⁴S_CDT values of two fine‐grained disseminated pyrites in the altered conglomerate and bedded tuff in the argillic altered zone are ?4.3 and ?4.2‰. Ar‐Ar dating on adularia yielded 13.6 ± 0.06 Ma, 13.6 ± 0.07 Ma, and 13.6 ± 0.06 Ma for the stages I, II, and III of the Type 1 Vein, respectively. K‐Ar ages determined on adularia in the silica sinter and on whole‐rock of glassy rhyolite of the Esashi Formation are 15.0 ± 0.4 Ma and 14.6 ± 0.4 Ma, respectively. These radiometric ages indicate that silica sinter associated with the rhyolitic volcanic rocks formed prior to the main gold mineralization.     

西藏马攸木金矿床金银互化物的赋存状态

马攸木金矿床是西藏近年发现的首例规模较大、矿石品位富、金成色高的岩金矿床.作者通过对马攸木金矿床矿石组构、矿石共生组合及矿物特征研究发现,金银互化物主要有自然金、含银自然金、银金矿、自然银.载金矿物为黝铜矿、针铁矿、脆硫锑铅矿及石英;金银互化物的赋存形式主要为包裹体金、裂隙金及粒间金.金银互化物的形成、富集与热液成矿作用及表生风化作用关系密切.     

塔吾尔别克-阿庇因迪斑岩型金矿特征

矿床的形成与矿区二长斑岩岩体有关.岩体内发育4组原生节理或裂隙带,这些节理或裂隙带控制了矿体的分布,特别是它们的交汇部位是成矿的良好部位.矿体形态为脉状、网脉状和透镜体状.有4种矿石类型:黄铁矿石英脉型;黄铁矿硅酸盐石英脉型;黄铁绢英岩型和细脉浸染型.矿床可以划分为2个成矿期:内生成矿期和表生成矿期.内生成矿期划分3个成矿阶段,第2成矿阶段是金矿主成矿阶段.矿物组合为黄铁矿、自然金、银金矿、石英、绿泥石、方解石、白云石、绢云母、白云母和重晶石.矿体的围岩蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化、黄铁绢英岩化、绿泥石化、硅酸盐化.氢氧同位素、硫同位素以及流体包裹体的研究表明,成矿热液为岩浆热液和大气降水的混合体.成矿热液温度为130℃,成矿压力为22MPa,盐度1.03%,氧逸度-36.7~-38.8,pH=5.8~8.8.成矿流体早期显酸性,晚期显碱性.认为该矿床为浅成低温、低盐度流体成矿,属于次火山斑岩型金矿.     

山东乳山英格庄金矿床地质特征及成因浅析

英格庄金矿为胶东牟平-乳山成矿带上的一个中型金矿床。该矿床矿体严格受金牛山断裂带控制,呈脉状、透镜状和囊状平行斜列式产出;矿体平均厚1．58～1．98m,平均品位3．96×10^-6～4．77×10^-6。矿石类型主要为黄铁矿石英脉型;矿石中金属矿物主要为银金矿、自然金、黄铁矿等。围岩蚀变包括绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化、黄铁矿化等。研究表明,英格庄金矿床为一中低温热液脉型金矿,属Groves等提出的造山型金矿范畴。     

福建黄地金-多金属矿床地质特征

黄地金-多金属矿床严格受黄地逆冲推覆断层控制,矿脉(体)赋存于由推覆体构造带上下盘岩石所形成的碎裂岩化、糜棱岩化带中,并且金、铅、锌在空间上具有分段富集的特点.矿石为动力变质多金属硫化物蚀变岩型,主要有自形-半自形、他形粒状,包含、碎裂等结构,块状、浸染状、角砾状等构造.金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿以及银金矿和自然金,非金属矿物主要为石英和绢云母.自然金主要产于黄铁矿的晶洞中,少部分包裹于非金属矿物中.成矿作用可分为岩浆接触交代期、气-水热液矿化期和氧化期,其中气-水热液矿化期的早期石英-硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段,成矿物质主要来源于动力变质作用所形成的深部矿化热液,为沿推覆构造充填交代所形成.     

The Arinem Te‐Bearing Gold‐Silver‐Base Metal Deposit,West Java,Indonesia

The vein system in the Arinem area is a gold‐silver‐base metal deposit of Late Miocene (8.8–9.4 Ma) age located in the southwestern part of Java Island, Indonesia. The mineralization in the area is represented by the Arinem vein with a total length of about 5900 m, with a vertical extent up to 575 m, with other associated veins such as Bantarhuni and Halimun. The Arinem vein is hosted by andesitic tuff, breccia, and lava of the Oligocene–Middle Miocene Jampang Formation (23–11.6 Ma) and overlain unconformably by Pliocene–Pleistocene volcanic rocks composed of andesitic‐basaltic tuff, tuff breccia and lavas. The inferred reserve is approximately 2 million tons at 5.7 g t^?1 gold and 41.5 g t^?1 silver at a cut‐off of 4 g t^?1 Au, which equates to approximately 12.5t of Au and 91.4t of Ag. The ore mineral assemblage of the Arinem vein consists of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite with small amounts of pyrrhotite, argentite, electrum, bornite, hessite, tetradymite, altaite, petzite, stutzite, hematite, enargite, tennantite, chalcocite, and covellite. These ore minerals occur in quartz with colloform, crustiform, comb, vuggy, massive, brecciated, bladed and calcedonic textures and sulfide veins. A pervasive quartz–illite–pyrite alteration zone encloses the quartz and sulfide veins and is associated with veinlets of quartz–calcite–pyrite. This alteration zone is enveloped by smectite–illite–kaolinite–quartz–pyrite alteration, which grades into a chlorite–smectite–kaolinite–calcite–pyrite zone. Early stage mineralization (stage I) of vuggy–massive–banded crystalline quartz‐sulfide was followed by middle stage (stage II) of banded–brecciated–massive sulfide‐quartz and then by last stage (stage III) of massive‐crystalline barren quartz. The temperature of the mineralization, estimated from fluid inclusion microthermometry in quartz ranges from 157 to 325°C, whereas the temperatures indicated by fluid inclusions from sphalerite and calcite range from 153 to 218 and 140 to 217°C, respectively. The mineralizing fluid is dilute, with a salinity <4.3 wt% NaCl equiv. The ore‐mineral assemblage and paragenesis of the Arinem vein is characteristically of a low sulfidation epithermal system with indication of high sulfidation overprinted at stage II. Boiling is probably the main control for the gold solubility and precipitation of gold occurred during cooling in stage I mineralization.     

Mineralogy of the Boroo Gold Deposit in the North Khentei Gold Belt,Central Northern Mongolia

Mineral assemblages and chemical compositions of ore minerals from the Boroo gold deposit in the North Khentei gold belt of Mongolia were studied to characterize the gold mineralization, and to clarify crystallization processes of the ore minerals. The gold deposit consists of low‐grade disseminated and stockwork ores in granite, metasedimentary rocks and diorite dikes. Moderate to high‐grade auriferous quartz vein ores are present in the above lithological units. The ore grades of the former range from about 1 to 3 g/t, and those of the latter from 5 to 10 g/t, or more than 10 g/t Au. The main sulfide minerals in the ores are pyrite and arsenopyrite, both of which are divisible into two different stages (pyrite‐I and pyrite‐II; arsenopyrite‐I and arsenopyrite‐II). Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite are minor associated minerals, with trace amounts of bournonite, boulangerite, geerite, alloclasite, native gold, and electrum. The ore minerals in the both types of ores are variable in distribution, abundance and grain size. Four modes of gold occurrence are recognized: (i) “invisible” gold in pyrite and arsenopyrite in the disseminated and stockwork ores, and in auriferous quartz vein ores; (ii) microscopic native gold, 3 to 100 µm in diameter, that occurs as fine grains or as an interstitial phase in sulfides in the disseminated and stockwork ores, and in auriferous quartz vein ores; (iii) visible native gold, up to 1 cm in diameter, in the auriferous quartz vein ores; and (iv) electrum in the auriferous quartz vein ores. The gold mineralization of the disseminated and stockwork ores consists of four stages characterized by the mineral assemblages of: (i) pyrite‐I + arsenopyrite‐I; (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite‐II; (iii) sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite + tetrahedrite + bournonite + boulangerite + alloclasite + native gold; and (iv) native gold. In the auriferous quartz vein ores, five mineralization stages are defined by the following mineral assemblages: (i) pyrite‐I; (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite; (iii) sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite; (iv) Ag‐rich tetrahedrite‐tennantite + bournonite + geerite + native gold; and (v) electrum. The As–Au relations in pyrite‐II and arsenopyrite suggest that gold detected as invisible gold is mostly attributed to Au⁺¹ in those minerals. By applying the arsenopyrite geothermometer to arsenopyrite‐II in the disseminated and stockwork ores, crystallization temperature and logfs₂ are estimated to be 365 to 300 °C and –7.5 to –10.1, respectively.     

胶东中生代金成矿系统

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,其内已发现金矿床150余处,探明金资源储量4000余吨。虽然其金矿床数量众多、资源储量巨大、分布地域广泛、产出空间各异、矿化类型多样,但它们的成矿地球动力学背景、赋矿围岩环境与产出条件及其成矿作用特征总体一致:(1)胶东是一个主要由前寒武纪基底岩石和超高压变质岩块组成、中生代构造-岩浆作用发育的内生热液金矿集区,约130~110Ma的金成矿事件比区域变质作用晚约2000Myr;(2)区域金成矿系统形成于早白垩世的陆缘伸展构造背景,大规模金成矿事件发生在区域NW向伸展转换为NE向伸展后的NEE向挤压变形作用过程中,对应于中国东部岩石圈大规模减薄、华北克拉通破坏和大陆裂谷作用的高峰;(3)金矿床群聚于NNE向玲珑、鹊山和昆嵛山变质核杂岩周边,主要沿前寒武纪变质岩与中生代花岗岩体接触带形成的区域NE-NNE向拆离断层带分布;(4)控矿断裂带经历了早期的韧-脆性变形和晚期的脆性变形构造叠加,在三维空间上呈舒缓波状延展,控制了金矿体的侧伏和分段富集;(5)矿化样式以破碎带蚀变(砾)岩型、(硫化物-)石英脉型和复合脉带型为主,矿石普遍发育压碎、晶粒状和填隙结构,浸染状、细脉浸染状、网脉状、脉状、团块状和块状构造,反映其形成于韧-脆性→脆性变形环境;(6)矿石中金属矿物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿为主,非金属矿物以石英、绢云母、钾长石、斜长石和方解石为主;金矿物以银金矿和自然金为主、含少量金银矿,主要以可见金的形式赋存于黄铁矿和石英裂隙中、含少量晶隙金和包体金;热液蚀变主要为黄铁矿化、硅化、钾长石化、绢云母化和碳酸盐化;成矿元素为Au-Ag(-Cu-Pb-Zn);呈现出中-低温蚀变矿化组合特征;(7)成矿流体为壳-幔混合来源,以壳源变质流体为主;成矿物质总体来源于中生代活化再造的前寒武纪变质基底岩石,并混入了少量浅部地壳和地幔组分。这种区域成矿特征的一致性,表明胶东金矿集区早白垩世大规模金成矿作用受控于统一的地质事件,属于后生的中-低温热液脉金成矿系统。这些金矿床具有明显的时空群聚分布特征,主要沿三个变质核杂岩周边的岩相接触带产出,且自西向东,金成矿作用年龄由老变新。据此,可划分为胶北隆起蚀变岩-石英脉型、苏鲁超高压变质带硫化物-石英脉型和胶莱盆地北缘蚀变砾岩型三个金成矿子系统。其矿化样式由浸染-细脉、细脉-网脉型和石英脉型→硫化物-石英脉型→蚀变(角)砾岩型变化,矿石结构、构造以细脉浸染状构造为主→环带结构与梳状构造→角砾状构造为特色,反映其成矿作用分别发生于脆-韧性转换带(约15km)→脆性张剪性断裂带→脆性角砾岩带(约5km)环境;矿化、蚀变规模和强度逐渐减弱,成矿物质中浅部壳源组分逐渐增多,可能与其矿床定位空间越来越远离源区有关;成矿温度和压力依次降低、成矿流体中大气降水和/或盆地卤水贡献逐渐增大,与其成矿深度越来越浅、成矿构造环境越来越偏张性的变化趋势一致。这种成矿特征的区域规律性变化反映至少在拆离断层韧-脆性转换带附近→脆性角砾岩带之间的地壳剖面中、在不同的垂向深度上连续成矿。胶东中生代金成矿系统的上述特征明显区别于典型的"与侵入岩有关的金矿"和"造山型金矿",也不同于全球其它已知的金矿床类型,不能被已有成矿模式所涵盖。为合理解释胶东中生代金成矿系统独特的地质与成矿特征,我们提出新的"胶东型金矿"成矿模式,指出古太平洋Izanagi俯冲板片的回转作用可能是引起区域前寒武纪变质基底岩石中成矿物质大规模活化再造的主要驱动机制,成矿流体主体来源于俯冲板片变质脱水,金可能主要以Au(HS)2-络合物的形式在流体中沿拆离断层系输运,在韧-脆性转换带附近→脆性角砾岩带,由于构造空间急剧增大、成矿流体的温度和压力突然降低,CO2、H2S逸出和硫化作用导致Au(HS)2-等金络合物失稳分解,金大规模沉淀富集成矿。     

东坪金矿主要地质特征及控矿条件

东坪金矿产于水泉沟偏碱性杂岩体与太古宇桑干群变质岩之内接触带,矿石工业类型为石英脉和蚀变岩型,以前者为主.矿脉带走向为NNE,主要载金矿物为石英、黄铁矿、镜铁矿、黄铜矿和碲金矿,金成色937~990,矿化蚀变主要是钾长石化和硅化;肉红色钾长石化是东坪金矿乃至赋存于水泉沟杂岩体中所有金矿的典型特征.矿化共分5个阶段,其中第2、3两个阶段,即镜铁矿-自然金-石英阶段和多金属硫化物-自然金-石英阶段为主要成矿阶段.水泉沟杂岩体在东坪金矿成矿过程中,不仅提供了热动力,而且提供了成矿物质和矿化剂;太古宙桑干群涧沟河组提供了部分成矿物质,近E-W向尚义-崇礼-赤诚深大断裂控制了水泉沟金矿田的产出,而NNE和NW向两组裂隙则控制了东坪金矿矿体的产出.     

福建尤溪肖板金矿床金的赋存状态及金矿物特征

肖板金矿床属受构造控制的中低温岩浆热液矿床,矿化类型为构造蚀变岩型。金多呈独立金矿物形式出现,少许呈分散状;金矿物以自然金为主,平均成色９３０,有少量银金矿和碲金矿。金矿物以包体金、裂隙金、连生金和粒间金等形式嵌布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、方铅矿及方解石等主要载金矿物中,且石英、方解石中较金属硫化物中占优势。金矿物形态各异,粒度以中细粒为主。     

Boiling and vertical mineralization zoning: a case study from the Apacheta low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, southern Peru

The Au-Ag (-Pb-Zn) Apacheta deposit is located in the Shila district, 600 km southeast of Lima in the Cordillera Occidental of Arequipa Province, southern Peru. The vein mineralization is found in Early to Middle Miocene calc-alkaline lava flows and volcanic breccias. Both gangue and sulfide mineralization express a typical low-sulfidation system; assay data show element zoning with base metals enriched at depth and higher concentrations of precious metals in the upper part of the veins. Three main deposition stages are observed: (1) early pyrite and base-metal sulfides with minor electrum 1 and acanthite; (2) brecciation of this mineral assemblage and cross-cutting veinlets with subhedral quartz crystals, Mn-bearing calcite and rhombic adularia crystals; and finally (3) veinlets and geodal filling of an assemblage of tennantite/tetrahedrite + colorless sphalerite 2 + galena + chalcopyrite + electrum 2. Fluid inclusions in the mineralized veins display two distinct types: aqueous-carbonic liquid-rich Lw-c inclusions, and aqueous-carbonic vapor-rich Vw-c inclusions. Microthermometric data indicate that the ore minerals were deposited between 300 and 225 °C from relatively dilute hydrothermal fluids (0.6-3.4 wt% NaCl). The physical and chemical characteristics of the hydrothermal fluids show a vertical evolution, with in particular a drop in temperature and a loss of H₂S. The presence of adularia and platy calcite and of co-existing liquid-rich and vapor-rich inclusions in the ore-stage indicates a boiling event. Strong H₂S enrichment in the Vw-c inclusions observed at -200 m, the abundance of platy calcite, and the occurrence of hydrothermal breccia at this level may indicate a zone of intense boiling. The vertical element zoning observed in the Apacheta deposit thus seems to be directly related to the vertical evolution of hydrothermal-fluid characteristics. Precious-metal deposition mainly occurred above the 200-m level below the present-day surface, in response to a liquid/vapor phase separation due to an upward boiling front.     

新疆阿希晚古生代冰长石-绢云母型金矿特征

论述了新疆阿希晚古生代冰长石-绢云母型金矿的地质特征,它与环太平洋火山带上的中、新生代冰长石-绢云母型金矿具有许多相似之处.揭示了该区成矿构造环境、成矿条件,论证了阿希金矿的矿床成因和金矿类型.