形变测量和道孚地震ht

在四川鲜水河断裂带上的炉霍和道孚两地,分别于1973年和1981年发生了7.9级和6.9级地震,本文根据该断裂带上六处跨地震主破裂面和跨断层短水准、短基线场的多年形变测量资料,分析了断层活动特征与地震孕育和发生的关系,并对运用跨断层形变测最手段与地震预报作了粗浅的探讨.      

形变测量和道孚地震

在四川鲜水河断裂带上的炉霍和道孚两地,分别于1973年和1981年发生了7.9级和6.9级地震,本文根据该断裂带上六处跨地震主破裂面和跨断层短水准、短基线场的多年形变测量资料,分析了断层活动特征与地震孕育和发生的关系,并对运用跨断层形变测最手段与地震预报作了粗浅的探讨.     

道孚6.9级地震的地质构造背景与发震构造条件分析

本文以1981年1月24日道孚6.9级地震的宏观考察资料为基础,从震区地质构造条件、近代地壳运动与构造应力场特征出发,结合这次地震地裂缝展布特征、等烈度线形态、地震时的地面运动、余震序列及震源错动特征及地壳形变资料的综合分析,认为此6.9级地震是在区域性近东西向的压应力作用下,使活动强烈的鲜水河断裂再次发生左旋错动的结果。并着重讨论了道孚地震区的闭锁条件以及鲜水河断裂北面地震的迁移过程     

鲜水河断裂带的断错地貌特征与断层沟通

摘要鲜水河断裂带是中国大陆内部少有的一条地震活动带,地震活动具有频度高、强度大的特点.沿鲜水河断裂带发育的一系列第四纪断层和一连串的大震所形成的断错水系及地震断层表明,鲜水河断裂是在统一的近东西向水平应力作用下作左旋错动的最新活动断裂,具有世界典型走滑断裂的线状特征.鲜水河断裂的地震断层以1725年康定木格错7.2级地震开始到1981年道孚6.9级地震近250年间,除道孚至乾宁间和乾宁海南至康定一段尚未勾通外,其余地段的地震断层均已连续布满全断裂带.以断裂破裂机制观点推测,这种地震断层只有连续布满全带,才能达到新的平衡,才能完成沿断裂带的地震活动周期,从这种意义上理解,破裂还将继续向断裂中段道孚至乾宁间以及断裂东南段乾宁至康定一段扩展.     

道孚6.9级地震形变特征分析

1981年1月24日,位于川西鲜水河断裂的遭孚发生了一次6.9级地震。地震发生前,沿鲜水河断裂布设了一些流动短水准、短基线场地及两条长水准路线(图1),并有多期复测资料。本文拟根据这些资料,分析道孚地震前后的形变特征。     

道孚地震构造背景及震害述评

1981年1月24日道孚6.9级地震,是继1967年8月30日炉霍侏倭6.8级和1973年2月6日炉霍7.9级地震后,我省西部地区鲜水河断裂带上发生的又一次强烈地震。在短暂的14年时间内,同一断裂带上相邻地段多次发生强烈地震,无论现代或历史上都是较为少见的。为了适应深入研究的需要,兹将道孚6.9级地震的构造背景和震害分布综合述评如后:     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震对鲜水河断裂带断层活动的影响

利用1981年以来鲜水河断裂带跨断层短水准、短基线观测资料,计算多年来断层的水平扭错、水平张压以及垂直升降变化量,以此分析各测点断层随时间推移的活动习性.认为:昆仑山口西8.1级地震后,鲜水河断裂带中南段断层的走滑和张压活动分量有所改变,垂直升降活动变化则不明显.中段的沟普测点扭错活动量在逐渐减小,类似道孚6.9级地震后扭错活动逐步衰减的趋势,该测点1997年后结束了的压性活动,在2002～2005年间快速逼近"闭锁",直至2006～2007年间改变了多年的活动习性,出现张性活动趋势.同样,以左旋扭错为主的老乾宁测点在该时间段内也改变了多年的断层活动习性,出现右旋运动趋势.     

道孚6.9级地震的地震活动

1981年1月24日道孚6.9级地震是继1973年炉霍7.9级地震在鲜水河断裂带上发生的又一次强烈地震。其震前地震活动与1976年松潘、平武地震,盐源、宁蒗地震、1975年永善地震有所不同,没有观察到震源区周围在震前几年内地震活动增加。因而对这样的地震怎样利用地震活动作可能的予     

四川鲜水河带地震衰期中的间歇震

本文认为1981年1月24日道孚6.9级地震,属于鲜水河带地震衰期中的间歇震。依据新编的历史地震等资料对该带间歇特征作了初步分析,并提出了今后地震趋势估计。     

1981年道孚6.9级地震微观异常

1981年1月24日道孚6.9级地震虽然未作予报,但在震前仍有一部份台、站记录到某些异常现象,为我们今后深入地进行地震理论研究和地震予报提供了重要的资料。现主要就鲜水河断裂上的康定,沪定、道孚、甘     

Temporal variations and scaling of streamflow and baseflow and their nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and loads

The patterns of temporal variations of precipitation (P), streamflow (SF) and baseflow (BF) as well as their nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations (C) and loads (L) from a long-term record (28 years) in the Raccoon River, Iowa, were analyzed using variogram and spectral analyses. The daily P is random but scaling may exist in the daily SF and BF with a possible break point in the scaling at about 18 days and 45 days, respectively. The nitrate concentrations and loads are shown to have a half-year cycle while daily P, SF, and BF have a one-year cycle. Furthermore, there may be a low-frequency cycle of 6–8 years in C. The power spectra of C and L in both SF and BF exhibit fractal 1/f scaling with two characteristic frequencies of half-year and one-year, and are fitted well with the spectrum of the gamma distribution. The nitrate input to SF and BF at the Raccoon watershed seems likely to be a white noise process superimposed on another process with a half-year and one-year cycle.     

Fault and system stiffnesses and stick-slip phenomena

Summary This paper discusses the influence of system stiffness on the dynamic instability of fault surfaces under laboratory conditions for a number of test modes. In conjunction with shear load stiffness, the normal load stiffness, often neglected, is shown to have a considerable effect on the stick-slip process —its presence or absence and its characteristics. Also appropriate stiffnesses are suggested for an earthquake sequence modeled as a growing dislocation.     

Point and Diffuse Nutrient Emissions and Transports in the Odra Basin and its Main Tributaries

The river Odra is one of the biggest transboundary rivers in Central Europe. The basin is characterized by an area of 110 074 km?sk (upstream Krajnik Dolny) and a population of about 15.5 million inhabitants. Compared with the Westeuropean river basins the specific runoff of the Odra basin is low and amounts only 4.5 L km?sk s–1. The long term changes of the average annual nutrient transport of the Odra at Krajnik Dolny show for the period 1991 to 1994 a low reduction for phosphorus but no changes for nitrogen. For the period of 1991 to 1994 an inventory of the point sources produces emissions of 10.7 kt a–1 P and 54.4 kt a–1 N upstream of the station Krajnik Dolny/Schwedt. Emissions from agricultural land and urban areas represent the main diffuse sources. A range of 68 to 96 kt a–1 N and 3.3 to 3.9 kt a–1 P were estimated for the total diffuse emissions depending on the database and the method of modeling. The emission situation of the river is characterized by a high dominance of point sources in the case of phosphorus (about 73%). For nitrogen the diffuse emissions dominate the total emissions to an amount between 59 and 67%. Compared to the emissions the nutrient transport is low. An average load of 5.1 kt a–1 P and 70.1 kt a–1 N was observed at the station Krajnik Dolny for the period 1991 to 1994. The emission and load situation within the main tributaries of the river Odra is comparable to the whole basin. The big difference between the total emissions and the observed load refers to intensive retention and loss processes within the river system of the Odra.     

Planform-asymmetry and backwater effects on river-cutoff kinematics and clustering

River bends occasionally meander to the point of cutoff, whereby a river shortcuts itself and isolates a portion of its course. This fundamental process fingerprints a river's long-term planform geometry, its stratigraphic record, and biogeochemical fluxes in the floodplain. Although meander cutoffs are common in fast-migrating channels, timelapse imagery of the Earth surface typically does not offer a long enough baseline for statistically robust analyses of these processes. We seek to bridge this gap by quantifying cutoff kinematics along the Humboldt River (Nevada) – a stream that, from 1994 to 2019, hosted an exceptionally high number of cutoffs (specifically, 174 of the chute type and 53 of the neck type). A coincidence between major floods and cutoff incidence is first suggestive of hydrographic modulation. Moreover, not just higher sinuosity but also upstream planform skewness is associated with higher cutoff incidence and channel widening for a sub-population of chute cutoffs. We propose a conceptual model to explain our results in terms of channel-flow structure and then examine the distances between adjacent cutoffs to understand the mechanisms governing their clustering. We find that both local and nonlocal perturbations together trigger the clustering of new cutoffs, over distances capped by the backwater length and over yearly to decadal timescales. Our research suggests that planform geometry and backwater controls might sway the occurrence of cutoff clusters – both local and nonlocal – thereby offering new testable hypotheses to explore the evolution of meandering-river landscapes that have significant implications for river engineering and stratigraphic modelling. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismics and optics: hyperbolae and curvatures

We rederive and generalize hyperbolic moveout formulae for the common-midpoint (CMP) gather and for the zero-offset (ZO) section that can be efficiently used for macro-model-independent reflection imaging in two-dimensional media. The hyperbolic moveout formulae for the common-midpoint gather are obtained from different Taylor series expansions of a particular parametric moveout surface defined in the multicoverage data space. Such a moveout surface involves three kinematic wave-field attributes of two hypothetical waves, which have to be determined by a coherency analysis. By using hyperbolic moveout curves in the CMP gather and in the ZO section one can determine these attributes in two steps. The relationships between the local shapes of the interfaces and the attributes of the hypothetical wave-fields attributes are considered by means of geometrical optics. The determination of these attributes allows to perform a macro-model-independent ZO simulation and a subsequent inversion.     

In-plane and anti-plane strong shaking of soil systems and structures

The concept of in-plane and anti-plane shaking is introduced with a rigid block on a plane surface with Coulomb friction. Using a hypoplastic constitutive relation to model the mechanical behaviour of the soil, numerical solutions for a rigid block on a thin dry or saturated soil layer are obtained. The coupled nature of dynamic problems involving granular materials is shown, i.e. the motion of the block changes the soil state—skeleton stresses and density—which in turn affects the block motion. Motions of the block as well as soil response can be more realistically calculated by the new model. The same constitutive equation is applied to the numerical simulation of the propagation of plane waves in homogeneous and layered level soil deposits induced by a wave coming from below. Experiments with a novel laminar shake box as well as real seismic records from well-documented sites during strong earthquakes are used to verify the adequacy of the hypoplasticity-based numerical model for the prediction of soil response during strong earthquakes. The response of a homogeneous earth dam subjected to in-plane and anti-plane shaking is investigated numerically. In-plane and anti-plane shaking is shown to cause nearly the same spreading of a sand dam under drained conditions, whereas under undrained conditions anti-plane shaking causes stronger spreading of the dam. The dynamic behaviour of a breakwater founded on rockfill and soft clay during the 1995 Kobe earthquake is back-calculated to show the good performance of the proposed numerical model also with a structure. Section 9 deals with buildings on mattresses of densified cohesionless soils or fine-grained soils with granular columns, slopes with ‘hidden’ dams and structures on piles traversing clayey slopes to show the suitability of hypoplasticity-based models for the earthquake-resistant design and safety assessment of geotechnical systems.     

Linearized amplitude variation with offset and azimuth and anisotropic poroelasticity

The normal-to-shear weakness ratio is commonly used as a fracture fluid indicator, but it depends not only on the fluid types but also on the fracture intensity and internal architecture. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth is commonly used to perform the fluid identification and fracture characterization in fractured porous rocks. We demonstrate a direct inversion approach to utilize the observable azimuthal data to estimate the decoupled fluid (fluid/porosity term) and fracture (normal and shear weaknesses) parameters instead of the calculation of normal-to-shear weakness ratio to help reduce the uncertainties in fracture characterization and fluid identification of a gas-saturated porous medium permeated by a single set of parallel vertical fractures. Based on the anisotropic poroelasticity and perturbation theory, we first derive a linearized amplitude versus offset and azimuth approximation using the scattering function to decouple the fluid indicator and fracture parameters. Incorporating Bayes formula and convolution theory, we propose a feasible direct inversion approach in a Bayesian framework to obtain the direct estimations of model parameters, in which Cauchy and Gaussian distribution are used for the a priori information of model parameters and the likelihood function, respectively. We finally use the non-linear iteratively reweighted least squares to solve the maximum a posteriori solutions of model parameters. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, and the real data illustrates the stabilities of estimated fluid indicator and dry fracture parameters in gas-saturated fractured porous rocks.     

东、南洞庭湖的径流、泥沙特征及冲淤规律

通过实地调查并对1957年以来水文、泥沙观测资料做系统分析和计算,探讨东、南洞庭湖出、入湖水量、沙量的年际和年内变化特征,以及长江下荆江段裁弯对湖区径流和泥沙的影响。提出了湖区泥沙汛淤枯冲的变化规律及水位升降与湖区泥沙冲淤的关系;论证了丰、平、枯年湖区淤积严重,面积日益缩小对径流的调节作用正在减弱。     

Pacific Plate motion and undulations in geoid and bathymetry

Previous studies have shown that the Pacific geoid and gravity fields exhibit lineated anomalies, trending approximately in the direction of absolute plate motion over the underlying mantle. Because the undulations obliquely cross fracture zones they have often been attributed a convective origin. Recently, lithospheric boudinage caused by diffuse extension has been proposed as a possible mechanism. We have examined the undulations in the free-air anomalies, geoid and bathymetry over a portion of the Pacific Plate to determine quantitatively how the undulations are related to plate motion. We compare the observed data to an axisymmetric, sinusoidal undulation defined in an arbitrary frame of reference; in particular, we seek the north pole of this reference frame that maximizes the correlation between data and model. Poles that are close to the Pacific hotspot pole represent copolar undulations possibly related to plate motion. The distance between the best-fitting poles and the hotspot pole is determined as a function of undulation wavelength and reveals several minima (with distance < 10°) for discrete geoid wavebands centered on wavelengths of 160 km, 225 km, 287 km, 400 km, 660 km, 850 km, 1000 km and 1400 km. Bathymetry data have copolar bathymetric expressions as well, giving an implied admittance of 2–3 m/km. The most co-polar geoid/bathymetry undulations (with poles within 2–3° of the average Pacific Euler pole) have wavelengths of 280 km and 1050 km, respectively. The latter could have a convective origin or be related to the spacing of hotspot swells. The former may reflect lithospheric boudinage formed in response to diffuse extension, but could also have a dynamic origin since flexural dampening may only have attenuated the bathymetric amplitude by 50% or less. Radiometric dating of volcanic ridges found in the troughs of prominent gravity lineations gives ages that correlate well with documented changes in Pacific and Indo/Australian Plate motion, suggesting the ridges formed in response to intermittent plate boundary stresses and not as a direct consequence of small-scale convection or diffuse extension.     

Correlation of foreshocks and aftershocks and asperities

A close correlation in spatial distribution of local seismic activity and energy release patterns before and after the 1979 Petatlan, Mexico earthquake suggests heterogeneity within the fault plane of this major low-angle thrust event associated with subduction along the Middle America Trench. A simple two-asperity model is proposed to account for the complexity. Foreshocks and aftershocks of the neighboring 1981 Playa Azul earthquake showed a similar pattern. As both events occurred at the junction of the Orozco Fracture Zone and the Middle America Trench, we speculate that the observed complex fault plane is caused by subduction of the rugged ocean floor of the Orozco Fracture Zone. Short-term precursory seismicity prior to the Petatlan earthquake can be explained by using the asperity model and migration of a slip front from the south-east to the north-west across the main shock source region.