沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)植物物候对长期气温变化的响应

由新疆维吾尔自治区气象信息中心提供的1977—2006年吐鲁番气象资料统计得知:近29年气候有变暖趋势,线性变暖速率为每10年0.72℃,29年来吐鲁番地区年平均气温共上升2.06℃。结合吐鲁番沙漠植物园沙拐枣属植物的物候观测积累资料,分析了4个组的芽膨胀、开始展叶、同化枝开始变色、同化枝初落的时间变化趋势及其与温度变化的响应关系。结果表明:(1)1977年以来,沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)植物刺果组(Sect.Medusa Sosk.et Alexandr)物候期最晚;同化枝开始变色为泡果组(Sect.Calliphysa(Fisch.et Mey.)Borszcz)晚于翅果组;其他3种物候期中,泡果组物候期最早,基翅组(Sect.Calligonum)和翅果组(Sect.Pterococcus(Pall.)Borszcz)均居中。4个组的芽膨胀和开始展叶时间大部分呈提前趋势,同化枝开始变色和同化枝初落时间呈推后趋势。(2)4个组的芽膨胀与年平均气温、春季气温呈显著负相关(p0.05)。年平均气温每升高1℃,泡果组、刺果组、基翅组、翅果组的芽膨胀时间分别提前4.5d、4.3d、4.1d、8.3d;同化枝开始变色和同化枝初落时间变化不明显。芽膨胀对温度变化的响应程度显著大于同化枝开始变色和同化枝初落。     

荒漠绿洲过渡带不同立地条件下物种多样性及其与土壤理化因子的关系

通过于2007-2011年对甘肃河西走廊中部荒漠绿洲过渡带不同立地条件下植被样方的调查,应用 Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和Simpson指数研究了不同立地条件下物种多样性的变化,并采用典范对应分析方法(CCA)研究植物物种分布与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明：荒漠绿洲过渡带丘间低地的植被盖度和Margalef、Simpson、Shannon-Wiener、Pielou指数值均最大,流动沙丘条件下最小;Hill多样性指数排序结果显示,随着土壤水分条件的变差,物种多样性同样表现出降低的趋势。按多样性从高到低的顺序,其相应的立地条件分别为丘间低地、缓平沙坡、固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘。选取的土壤因子对过渡带植被分布的影响程度大小为土壤含水量＞pH值＞全钾＞有机质＞速效氮＞全氮＞速效钾＞全磷＞土壤盐分＞速效磷。土壤含水量和pH是荒漠绿洲过渡带植被分布空间差异的最主要影响因子,前3个轴的环境解释率为98％,证明排序可信。     

沙拐枣属（Calligonum L.）7种植物总DNA提取方法的改进及鉴定

 摸索沙拐枣属（Calligonum L.）七种植物沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. ）、泡果沙拐枣（C. junceum (Fisch. et Mey.) Endl.）、无叶沙拐枣（C. aphyllum (Pall.) Gürke）、红果沙拐枣（C. rubicundum Bge.）、心形沙拐枣（C. cordatum E. Kor. ex N. Pavl.）、密刺沙拐枣(C. densum Borszcz.)、乔木状沙拐枣（C. arborescens Litv.）的总DNA提取方法并对DNA样品的纯度和浓度进行鉴定,对传统的CTAB法进行方法和材料的改进,开展与总DNA相关的PCR扩增和其他遗传学分析,并取得满意的结果。其结果对于沙拐枣属植物的有关研究提供了有效的实验手段。     

沙拐枣属植物果实性状的数值分类研究

筛选出我国沙拐枣属(calligonum L.)植物15种,测定了果实刺/翅毛排数、刺/翅毛质地、扭曲方向、扭曲程度等11项指标。应用主成分分析法对15种沙拐枣属植物果实性状的各项指标进行了分析,结果表明,第一主成分贡献率为29.704%,其中沟槽深度、肋棱突起程度、刺毛稀疏度是影响沙拐枣果实性状的主要因素;第二主成分贡献率为25.598%,主要包括了基部加宽度、果组。对沙拐枣果实性状指标进行PCA排序可将其划分为4类:第一类包括翅/刺毛排数、刺毛稀疏度、肋棱宽度;第二类包括果组、果实扭曲方向、扭曲程度;第三类包括刺毛/翅质地、刺毛/翅粗硬、沟槽深度、肋棱突起程度;第四类包括果实基部是否加宽。通过第一、第二和第三主成分分析体现了沙拐枣果实趋向于沟槽浅、肋棱浅,而果实刺毛密度趋向于增加。     

太白山土壤种子库储量与物种多样性的垂直格局

通过野外植被调查和室内试验,从1 220份土样中,挑选土壤中的种子,进行分类统计,研究秦岭太白山南坡土壤种子库储量与物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化。研究结果如下：(1) 太白山南坡土壤种子库中的植物种为172种;从总体上看,土壤种子库中的物种丰富度 (S) 随着海拔的上升呈下降趋势。土壤种子库生物多样性特征表现为在2个海拔段发生较明显的变化：一是从低海拔到中等海拔 (1 500~2 500 m),二是从中等海拔到高海拔 (2 500~3 500 m)。在?琢多样性方面,生态优势度在海拔2 500 m处最大;在海拔2 400 m以下 (包含2 400 m) 的样地中,种子库生态优势度大于海拔2 500 m以上 (含2 500 m) 的样地种子库的生态优势度。 H′(Shannon-Wiener指数)与生态优势度的变化趋势相反。(2) 太白山南坡土壤种子库储量最大值出现在海拔2 600 m的样地,为2.24×104 Ind./m²;种子库储量最小值出现在海拔3 500 m的样地,为4.43×102 Ind./m²。储量沿海拔梯度的变化趋势表现为：在海拔2 600 m以下,种子库储量沿海拔的上升呈逐渐增加的趋势;在海拔2 600 m以上,种子库储量沿海拔的上升呈逐渐下降的趋势。(3) 土壤种子库的种子储量与种子密度的变化规律基本一致。而用单位面积土壤中的种子储量来表示种子库的大小特征比用种子密度来表示更为实用和方便,而且采集具有不同性质的土壤研究种子库,考虑到了土壤性质等因素的影响,更能客观反映土壤种子库的特点。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘群落天然化发育过程中植物物种多样性研究

运用空间代替时间的方法,对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同发育阶段(3 a、8 a、15 a、25 a)的沙棘人工林群落内植物的种类、盖度、密度等进行调查,并分析了沙棘人工林群落天然化发育过程中物种多样性动态变化。结果表明:1.沙棘人工林群落天然化发育过程中主要以菊科、禾本科、豆科植物为主。其生活型变化为:一年生草本群落→多年生草本群落→半灌丛群落→灌丛群落。2.不同发育阶段沙棘群落灌木层物种丰富度呈增加趋势,草本层的物种丰富度呈先减少后增加的趋势;灌木层和草本层的S impson指数和Shannon-W iener指数在不同阶段沙棘群落中表现出大致相同的趋势,即草本层>灌木层。同一层次的物种多样性指数D和H′虽然数值不同,但在不同发育阶段有基本一致的趋势。草本层多样性指数在荒草地阶段较高,其他阶段的沙棘群落随发育时间的增加而减少;灌木层物种多样性指数随发育时间的增加而呈波动性增加。3.随着群落发育,群落相似性增加。总体上,随着沙棘群落的发育,不同科属的植物种类在增加,群落生态优势度增加,到15 a时群落趋向稳定。     

迁地保护条件下4种沙拐枣(Calligonum)的花部特征和传粉特性

通过观测花器官、开花动态、花粉胚珠比、访花昆虫,对生长在吐鲁番沙漠植物园的4种沙拐枣(Calligonum)的花部特征和传粉特性进行研究。结果表明:4种沙拐枣均具两性花,但花部各器官的颜色、大小等在种间存在一定差异;单花开放动态相似,花粉序次呈现;花香气主要来自于花药和花托;花粉为“淀粉质”;花粉胚珠比值31 000～44 750,需要传粉者,虫媒和风媒并存;意大利蜂为主要有效的传粉昆虫,为典型的高移出低沉降;花粉序次呈现、意大利蜂较高的访花频率及重复拜访有利于提高传粉效率;花粉数量和品质不是造成果实无胚率高的原因,可能是由自身花粉阻塞和资源限制造成的,还有待于进一步研究。     

不同地质背景下发育的土壤及其对物种多样性的影响

以重庆金佛山地区为例,分析土壤基本理化性质与成土母质和植被的关系,并对石灰岩和砂页岩地区的生物多样性及其与土壤基本理化性质的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,成土母质对土壤基本理化性质的影响主要体现在钙镁总量上,但这种影响随着土壤发育的成熟和植被正向演替的进展逐渐减弱;不同母质地区的物种多样性指数均与土壤钙镁含量呈明显的负相关,在土壤发育和生态恢复初期,土壤中较高的钙镁含量对物种多样性有一定的限制作用;石灰岩地区的物种多样性与土壤因子的关系更为复杂,导致群落的不稳定性增强。     

洪河自然保护区湿地主要植被类型物种多样性与表层土壤性质的相关性研究

对洪河湿地主要植被类型物种多样性特征、土壤性质特征及二者之间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:按沼泽—沼泽化草甸—湿草甸—灌丛草甸—岛状林的序列,物种丰富度呈逐渐增加的变化格局,物种多样性、均匀度呈先下降后上升的格局,优势度呈先上升后下降的格局;而土壤性质特征则呈不规则变化格局。植物物种多样性与土壤性质之间只有均匀度与速效氮之间存在着极显著正相关,其他均无显著相关。这说明在洪河湿地,土壤性质不是决定上述序列的植被类型的物种多样性的主要因素,而土壤速效氮含量是影响物种均匀度的关键因素,同时,对其他物种多样性特征也有一定影响。     

乌拉特天然梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林土壤微生物多样性及其与土壤性质的关系

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)是优良的固沙树种,在干旱区生态建设和经济创收中起着重要的作用.本研究以内蒙古乌拉特后旗天然梭梭林为研究对象,对梭梭林下(Ha)和林外裸露沙地(BS)中土壤微生物多样性和土壤理化性质进行测定,并分析了微生物多样性与土壤性质的相关关系.结果表明:天然梭梭林土壤细菌和真菌的香...     

Species diversity and its relation with soil factors under different site conditions in a desert-oasis ecotone

Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007–2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dune. Results of the Hill’s index (diversity ordering) shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation distribution was soil water content > pH > total K > organic matter > available N > total N > available K > total P > saline content > available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.     

土库曼斯坦物种多样性及其与中国新疆的比较

土库曼斯坦与中国新疆在地理地形、景观带以及气候特征等诸多方面具有相似之处,这些因素共同决定了二者在物种多样性方面的相似性与可比性,加之人类活动影响加剧,两地物种多样性均遭受着严重的威胁。在对土库曼斯坦和中国新疆现有物种多样性数据进行总结的基础上,分析了二者的物种多样性现状、珍稀动植物特征以及濒危种和入侵种相关研究进展,对比了二者在物种多样性年际尺度上的异同,总结了土库曼斯坦与中国新疆物种多样性保护现状与相关政策,以期为深入开展两地生物多样性合作与交流提供支持。     

基于多元成土因素的土壤有机质空间分布分析

以陕西省蓝田县2013年667份土壤有机质样本为对象,运用GIS空间分析及遥感数字图像处理收集整理土壤类型、地形、植被等成土因子,利用多元线性回归分析集成所有成土因子对土壤养分进行空间分布预测。结果表明:通过分级统计均值定权法和像元线性拉伸法将所有成土因子统一为相对度量值,并根据成土因子与有机质含量的相关性显著程度进行因子取舍,有利于集成各类成土因子构建多元线性回归模型。预测结果定性分析表明:多元线性回归预测结果与kriging法预测结果在宏观上具有一致的空间分布趋势;但多元线性回归预测结果土壤有机质空间分布特征带有各种成土因子的变化特征,从视觉效果上,克服了传统插值法中存在的斑块状分布现象,更精细的描述了本区域内有机质空间分布趋势; MPE和RMS定量精度分析显示,在集成多元成土因素对有机质进行空间分布分析时,本文方法优于常用kriging插值法,该法可作为集成多元成土因子对土壤养分空间分布预测的有效方法。本区域内土壤有机质高值区域主要集中在地势低平、坡度缓和、湿度适中的农耕区,地势较高、坡度陡的山区有机质含量低。     

不同生物气候区生物土壤结皮蓝藻物种多样性

丝状蓝藻作为荒漠区的先锋拓殖生物,在干旱半干旱的生物地球化学循环和生态修复过程中发挥着重要作用.本研究对3个不同生物气候区(民勤,大陆性荒漠气候;盐池,中温带大陆性气候;玛曲,高原大陆性气候)藻结皮中培养分离到的67株丝状蓝藻进行丝体的形态描述和16srRNA分子鉴定.结果表明:67株丝状蓝藻隶属于颤藻目(Oscill...     

免灌人工梭梭林生长与土壤水分变化的耦合关系

为了研究古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠-绿洲过渡带区域龟裂土立地条件下免灌人工梭梭林生态特征,探讨林分的最佳建植密度,对莫索湾1983—2021年38 a集水造林地初始种植梭梭、梭梭自然更新苗及不同坡位的土壤水分进行了调查,研究了梭梭生长对密度差异的响应,同时分析了各林地土壤水分的变化特征,探讨了梭梭生长与土壤水分的关系,以期为人工梭梭林的营建与可持续性提供科学依据。结果表明：（1） 当梭梭造林密度为6 m×3.5 m时（480 株·hm^-2）,母树存活率最高。随造林密度增大,母树保存率与梭梭自然更新比逐渐下降;母树保留密度越大的林地,其长势越差、生物量越低;盖度、郁闭度越高的林地,阻碍浅层土壤水分的补给,导致梭梭更新苗长势及生物量越差。（2） 梭梭母树的林木生长与其根部140~280 cm深度土壤含水量之间均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,且主要利用根部140~240 cm土壤水分,对比3个林地可知该层土壤水分含量越高的林地,其母树的长势越好、生物量越高。（3） 当母树保留密度为360株·hm^-2（株行距4 m×7 m）时,梭梭长势较好、整体生物量最高,林下植被更为丰富,林地土壤水分条件相对较好。综上所述,在该地区进行集水造林时,保持该密度更有利于免灌人工梭梭林结构稳定、持续发挥防风固沙效益。     

超富集植物蜈蚣草在中国的地理分布及其生境特征

根据本研究小组多年来对我国南部近20个省、市(区)的调查,结合前人的文献资料,编制了蜈蚣草在中国的分布图,总结了蜈蚣草对日照、水分、热量和土壤等因素的生态适宜性。研究发现,蜈蚣草在中国主要分布在秦岭以南的热带、亚热带地区。蜈蚣草生长需要的水热条件为:年均温高于10℃、1月均温大于0℃、7月均温大于20℃、≥10℃积温超过3800℃、无霜期不短于200天和年降水量大于500 mm。冬季的低温(1月均温和无霜期)可能是蜈蚣草进一步向高纬度分布的主要限制性因素。蜈蚣草对土壤pH的适应范围较宽。本研究结果为蜈蚣草的引种及其在植物修复中的潜在应用价值的确定提供了科学依据。     

Changes in soil and vegetation on moving sand dunes after exclosure in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

In the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land of northern China, land desertification is the main causation in vegetation degradation and formation of moving dunes. A study was conducted from 1996 to 2005 to monitor the changes of vegetation characteristics and soil properties after moving dunes were fenced. The changes were compared between moving sand dunes with exclosure and without exclosure to evaluate the effectiveness of vegetation and soil restoration after exclosure establishment. The results show that exlosure establishment facilitated the colonization and development of plant species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Species diversity, average coverage, and plant density significantly increased after exclosure of moving sand dunes along sequence compared with sand dunes without exclosure. Vegetation recovery on moving sand dunes accelerated by exclosure resulted in significant changes in soil properties including increased silt and clay contents, organic C and total N and decreased sand content, especially at the 0-5 cm depth. The results implied that moving sand dunes can be rapidly fixed by construction of exclosure.     

Distribution of plant species and species-soil relationship in the east central Gurbantunggut Desert,China

The distribution of plant species and relationships between species and soil factors in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert was studied to provide more insight into the flora and determine differences in vegetation across various parts of the desert. Two-way Cluster Analysis showed that the vegetation in the area could be divided into three groups, the first group was dominated by the shrub species, Ephedra przewalskii and the grass species, Carex physodes mainly in areas of flat grounds and gentle slopes; the second group was dominated by C. physodes, Artemisia songorica and A. xerophytica mainly on the slope of sand dunes and the third group was dominated by the shrub species, Haloxylon persicum mainly on the top of sand dunes. There was no difference in plant density between Groups 1 and 2 but there was a significant decrease in Group 3. Soil water under vegetation Group 3 was much lower than that in the other two groups at all soil depths. The EC, organic matter, total P and soluble Na, Ca and Mg varied very similarly with soil water. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) satisfactorily assessed the species-soil relations in the area. The distribution of plant species was strongly correlated with the soil factors of water content, organic matter, EC and nutrients. The variations in species occurrence explained by the three CCA axes were about 70%, indicating that some explanatory site variables may exist outside our studied parameters. Soil texture is suggested to be included in future studies to improve the explanation of CCA.     

中国古尔班通古特沙漠东部中心地区植物分布与植物—土壤关系(英文)

The distribution of plant species and relationships between species and soil factors in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert was studied to provide more insight into the flora and determine differences in vegetation across various parts of the desert. Two-way Cluster Analysis showed that the vegetation in the area could be divided into three groups, the first group was dominated by the shrub species, Ephedra przewalskii and the grass species, Carex physodes mainly in areas of flat grounds and gentle slopes; the second group was dominated by C. physodes, Artemisia songorica and A. xerophytica mainly on the slope of sand dunes and the third group was dominated by the shrub species, Haloxylon persicum mainly on the top of sand dunes. There was no difference in plant density between Groups 1 and 2 but there was a significant decrease in Group 3. Soil water under vegetation Group 3 was much lower than that in the other two groups at all soil depths. The EC, organic matter, total P and soluble Na, Ca and Mg varied very similarly with soil water. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) satisfactorily assessed the species-soil relations in the area. The distribution of plant species was strongly correlated with the soil factors of water content, organic matter, EC and nutrients. The variations in species occurrence explained by the three CCA axes were about 70%, indicating that some explanatory site variables may exist outside our studied parameters. Soil texture is suggested to be included in future studies to improve the explanation of CCA.