On the wave field generated by a variable wind

Abstract

By using an empirical expression relating the rate of increase in wave energy to the local wind speed, an equation for the phase speed at the peak of the wave spectrum is derived. The solution of the equation is determined for some simple wind fields. In particular, the wave field caused by a localised storm moving steadily over an unbounded ocean is considered. It is also shown that only a small fraction of the momentum transferred from the wind into the water propagates away from a local storm area in the form of wave momentum.     

基于小振幅波方程的起伏海面构建及其对地震波场传播特性的影响

海面起伏状态对波场传播以及模型空间成像有着非常重要的影响, 在常规海洋地震数据采集和处理中, 都是将海面作为水平界面处理, 实际海洋地震数据采集中, 由于海水受风浪、洋流等的影响, 海面呈现高低起伏状态, 这样来自底层反射界面的反射波经过海水起伏界面反射后会引起波场的强烈散射, 从而造成地震记录反射波同相轴抖动和畸变, 最终影响成像效果.为了更加深入了解起伏海面存在对波场传播以及偏移成像的影响, 本文首先基于流体力学小振幅波方程, 从边界条件出发, 给出包含海浪谱信息的动态边界条件, 并在此基础上构建起伏海面速度模型; 然后在构建的起伏海面速度模型上通过冻结不同时刻海面开展波场传播特征分析, 研究起伏海面在不同冻结时刻下波场传播规律以及对反射地震记录和偏移成像的影响.研究结果表明, 不管是对于简单的层状介质模型还是海底较为复杂的大水深模型, 海面不同形态的起伏变化直接影响着波场记录以及波场快照形态, 同时会对偏移成像结果造成较大影响, 随着海水深度的增加, 该影响对于简单模型影响逐渐变小, 但对于复杂模型, 影响依然很严重.

     

The statistics of wave height and crest elevation during the December 2012 storm in the North Sea

This paper concerns new field measurements of wave height and crest elevation probability distributions as measured in the North Sea during a storm in December 2012. The water surface elevation was recorded by Saab WaveRadar REX instruments mounted on eight fixed-jacket platforms in addition to a Datawell Directional Waverider buoy. The storm generated an easterly sea state which peaked well in excess of the 100-year wave height for that direction in the region. Furthermore, 19 freak waves occurred during the storm according to the definition as reported by Haver (2000). The present study demonstrates that the significant steepness and spectral bandwidth during the storm remain almost constant. Consequently, there is little change in the commonly applied design wave height and crest elevation probability distributions throughout the storm. Whilst the bulk of the recorded data was in good agreement with the theoretical distributions, it was demonstrated that when the wind speed was larger than 25 m/s, the measured crest elevation lies above the second-order Forristall distribution.     

Predictability of storm wave heights in the ice-free Beaufort Sea

A predictability study on wave forecast of the Arctic Ocean is necessary to help identify hazardous areas and ensure sustainable shipping along the trans-Arctic routes. To assist with validation of the Arctic Ocean wave model, two drifting wave buoys were deployed off Point Barrow, Alaska for two months in September 2016. Both buoys measured significant wave heights exceeding 4 m during two different storm events on 19 September and 22 October. The NOAA-WAVEWATCH III^? model with 16-km resolution was forced using wind and sea ice reanalysis data and obtained general agreement with the observation. The September storm was reproduced well; however, model accuracy deteriorated in October with a negative wave height bias of around 1 m during the October storm. Utilising reanalysis data, including the most up-to-date ERA5, this study investigated the cause: grid resolution, wind and ice forcing, and in situ sea level pressure observations assimilated for reanalysis. The analysis has found that there is a 20% reduction of in situ SLP observations in the area of interest, presumably due to fewer ships and deployment options during the sea ice advance period. The 63-member atmospheric ensemble reanalysis, ALERA2, has shown that this led to a larger ensemble spread in the October monthly mean wind field compared to September. Since atmospheric physics is complex during sea ice advance, it is speculated that the elevated uncertainty of synoptic-scale wind caused the negative wave model bias. This has implications for wave hindcasts and forecasts in the Arctic Ocean.     

地震孕育过程准静态模型激发扰动电磁场问题

以磁热弹性理论为工具,讨论与地热有关的三维准静态问题: 载热流体侵入竖直或水平裂隙的情况和存在静态局部高温区的情况。在求得其近似解后,着重讨论其扰动磁场的时空分布。最后指出其在地震理论研究中的应用。     

Influence of solar wind parameters on ground magnetic field near equator during intense storms

Using a simple time-lagged correlation technique, present study aims to identify the solar wind (SW) parameter, which is better associated with the ground magnetic field variations of shorter time duration near equator, during intense geomagnetic storms. It is found that out of all SW parameters, successively occurring enhancements in the SW dynamic pressure have substantial influence on the horizontal component of magnetic field at ground. Present analysis reveals a time lag of ~30–45 min between the SW pressure changes seen at L1 location and ground magnetic field variations, and hence providing a good approximation of an averaged propagation time during entire storm interval; the time lag varies with solar wind velocity. Separate study during day and nighttime suggests that the SW dynamic pressure enhancements recorded by the dayside outer magnetospheric satellite have impact on the ground horizontal magnetic field measurements near equator, irrespective of day or nighttime.     

On the relation between residual currents and the wind field in the German Bight

Summary The long-period part (T>25 h) of currents measured at close spacing in the German Bight in June 1968 is investigated. The north component of the bottom current is shown to be highly correlated with the east component of the wind in this area, the wind-generated changes of the mass-field giving rise to a quasi-geostrophic current near the bottom.This current responds without perceptible delay to the variations of wind fields with periods considerably longer than those of the seiches of the North Sea. The accelerations linked to such long periods are so small as to be negligable and the residual currents can be regarded as quasi-stationary.

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Über die Beziehung zwischen Reststrom und Windfeld in der Deutschen Bucht

Zusammenfassung Es werden engabständige Strommessungen in der Deutschen Bucht aus dem Juni 1968 in ihrem langperiodischen Teil (T>25 h) untersucht. Dabei ergibt sich, daß die Nordkomponente des Bodenstromes (v) stark korreliert mit der Ostkomponente des Windes (U) in diesem Gebiet. Die winderzeugten Veränderungen des Massenfeldes verursachen eine quasi-geostrophische Strömung am Boden.Diese Strömung reagiert ohne erkennbare Verzögerung auf solche Veränderungen des Windfeldes, die erheblich größere Perioden haben als die Eigenschwingungen der Nordsee. Die damit verbundenen Beschleunigungen sind sehr klein und so zu vernachlässigen; daher kann man die Restströmung auch als quasi-stationär ansehen.

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Sur la relation entre les courants résiduels et le champ du vent en baie Allemande

Résumé La partie à longue période (T>25 h) de courants measurés en des points rapprochés en baie Allemande en juin 1968 est étudiée. La composante Nord du courant de fond se révèle largement corrélée avec la composante Est du vent dans cette zone. Les modifications du champ de masse dues au vent donnent naissance à un courant quasi-géostrophique près du fond.Ce courant répond sans délai perceptible aux variations du champ du vent avec des périodes considérablement plus longues que celles des seiches de la mer du Nord. Les accélérations liées à de telles longues périodes sont si petites qu'elles peuvent être négligées et les courants peuvent être considérés comme quasi-stationnaires.

     

Dependence of geomagnetic activity during magnetic storms on the solar wind parameters for different types of streams: 3. Development of storm

This paper is a continuation of (Nikolaeva et al., 2011, 2012) and it analyzes the development of the main phase of 190 magnetic storms with Dst ≤ −50 nT depending on the type of source in the solar wind (magnetic clouds, MC; corotating interaction regions, CIR; Ejecta; Sheath before them, Sh_E; Sheath before MC, Sh_MC; all Sheath regions before ICME, Sh_E + Sh_MC; all ICME, MC + Ejecta; and an indeterminate type of solar wind stream, IND).     

On the problem of electron loss in the outer radiation belt during a magnetic storm

An abrupt change in the latitudinal profile of energetic electrons in the Earth’s outer radiation belt during magnetic storms is explained in many publications by a loss of electrons at L = 4–7 resulting from their departure to the atmosphere or to the magnetopause. In the present work, the loss of electrons is explained primarily by adiabatic transformation of the magnetic drift trajectories. For this purpose, the effect of dawnto- dusk asymmetry measured by low-orbit SERVIS-1 and KORONAS-F satellites is involved.     

Response of the inner and outer magnetosphere to solar wind density fluctuations during the recovery phase of a moderate magnetic storm

We examine the geomagnetic field and space plasma disturbances developing simultaneously in the solar wind, in the inner and outer magnetosphere, and on the ground from 0730 to 2030 UT on April 11, 1997 during the recovery phase of a moderate magnetic storm. The fluctuations of the solar wind density, H-component of the geomagnetic field, and power of Pc1–2 (0.1–5 Hz) waves at middle and low latitudes evolve nearly simultaneously. These fluctuations also match very well with variations of density and flux of the magnetospheric plasma at the geosynchronous orbit, and of the geomagnetic field at the geosynchronous orbit and northern polar cap. The time delay between the occurrence of disturbances in different magnetosphere regions matches the time of fast mode propagation. These disturbances are accompanied by the generation of Pc1–2 waves at mid- and high-latitude observatories in nearly the same frequency range. A scenario of the evolution of wave phenomena in different magnetospheric domains is proposed.     

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of cohesive sediment transport and wind wave impact in a shallow oxbow lake

It was observed that in some closed inland lakes sediment transport was dominated by wind-induced currents, and the sediment resuspension was primarily driven by wind-induced waves. This paper presents the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating cohesive sediment transport in water bodies where wind-induced currents and waves are important. In the model, the bottom shear stresses induced by currents and waves were calculated, and the processes of resuspension (erosion), deposition, settling, etc. were considered. This model was first verified by a simple test case consisting of the movement of a non-conservative tracer in a prismatic channel with uniform flow, and the model output agreed well with the analytical solution. Then it was applied to Deep Hollow Lake, a small oxbow lake in Mississippi. Simulated sediment concentrations were compared with available field observations, with generally good agreement. The transport and resuspension processes of cohesive sediment due to wind-induced current and wave in Deep Hollow Lake were also discussed.     

Dependence of geomagnetic activity during magnetic storms on the solar wind parameters for different types of streams: 2. Main phase of storm

The paper analyses the development of the main phase of magnetic storms with Dst ≤ −50 nT, the interplanetary source of which consists of eight types of solar wind streams: magnetic clouds (MC, 17 storms); corotating interaction regions (CIR, 49 storms); Ejecta (50 storms); compressed region (Sheath) before Ejecta Sh_E (34 storms); the Sheath before a magnetic cloud Sh_MC (6 storms); all Sheath before all ICME, Sh_E + Sh_MC (40 storms); all ICME, MC + Ejecta (67 storms); and an indeterminate type of stream IND (34 storms).     

Geomagnetic storm intensity forecast caused by magnetic clouds of solar wind

Method of short-term forecast intensity of geomagnetic storms, expected by effect Solar wind magnetic clouds in the Earth’s magnetosphere is developed. The method is based calculation of the magnetic field clouds distribution, suitable to the Earth, the initial satellite measurements therein components of the interplanetary magnetic field in the solar ecliptic coordinate system. Conclusion about the magnetic storm intensity is expected on the basis of analysis of the dynamics of the reduced magnetic field Bz component clouds and established communication intensity of geomagnetic storms on Dst-index values and Bz component of the interplanetary magnetic field vector.     

Spatial evolution equation of wind wave growth

Early in the thirties of the last century, the former Soviet scientists proposed characteristic waves (such as significant wave, and mean wave) to manifest the behavior of wind waves and began to study growth of wind waves. Later on Sverdrup and Munk[1] u…     

The human impact on the Pc1 wave activity

This paper deals with the problem of human impact on the electromagnetic environment of the Earth. We have focused our attention on the Pc1 electromagnetic waves (the frequency range is 0.2–5 Hz), which are spontaneously excited due to the instability of magnetospheric plasma. This paper describes the analysis of the long-term ground-based Pc1 observations to search for the so-called weekend effect, or, more generally, a specific weekly cycle in the Pc1 wave activity. It is supposed that such effects are evident of human origin. The data on the Pc1 occurrence at Borok (Φ=54.05°, Λ=119.44°, L=2.9) in 1958–1992 are examined. The synchronous detection method in the form of superposition epoch analysis has been used. It was found statistically that there is an inherent difference of about 10% in the numbers of Pc1 wave trains between weekdays and weekends. The main conclusion is that the weekly cycle in the Pc1 wave activity is a real geophysical phenomenon.     

On the development of the crater population on the moon with time under meteoroid and solar wind bombardment

In this paper a theory is evaluated to describe the development of the lunar crater population with time under the bombardment by meteoroids and solar wind. Starting from a general mass distribution law a differential equation has been established and solved separately for meteoroid impact and solar wind bombardment. The theory permits the calculation of absolute formation ages of the lunar surface as well as the particle flux, supposing the crater distributions on the moon have been measured. As an important result it includes a D⁻² equilibrium crater distribution law (D =crater diameter), actually measured in Mare Tranquillitatis and Oceanus Procellarum. Additionally, the exponential decrease of particle flux with time is confirmed.