Performance evaluation of WAVEWATCH III model in the Persian Gulf using different wind resources

The third-generation wave model, WAVEWATCH III, was employed to simulate bulk wave parameters in the Persian Gulf using three different wind sources: ERA-Interim, CCMP, and GFS-Analysis. Different formulations for whitecapping term and the energy transfer from wind to wave were used, namely the Tolman and Chalikov (J Phys Oceanogr 26:497–518, 1996), WAM cycle 4 (BJA and WAM4), and Ardhuin et al. (J Phys Oceanogr 40(9):1917–1941, 2010) (TEST405 and TEST451 parameterizations) source term packages. The obtained results from numerical simulations were compared to altimeter-derived significant wave heights and measured wave parameters at two stations in the northern part of the Persian Gulf through statistical indicators and the Taylor diagram. Comparison of the bulk wave parameters with measured values showed underestimation of wave height using all wind sources. However, the performance of the model was best when GFS-Analysis wind data were used. In general, when wind veering from southeast to northwest occurred, and wind speed was high during the rotation, the model underestimation of wave height was severe. Except for the Tolman and Chalikov (J Phys Oceanogr 26:497–518, 1996) source term package, which severely underestimated the bulk wave parameters during stormy condition, the performances of other formulations were practically similar. However, in terms of statistics, the Ardhuin et al. (J Phys Oceanogr 40(9):1917–1941, 2010) source terms with TEST405 parameterization were the most successful formulation in the Persian Gulf when compared to in situ and altimeter-derived observations.     

Developing configuration of WRF model for long-term high-resolution wind wave hindcast over the North Atlantic with WAVEWATCH III

The spatial resolution of wind forcing fields is critical for modeling ocean surface waves. We analyze here the performance of the non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction system WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting) run with a 14-km resolution for hindcasting wind waves in the North Atlantic. The regional atmospheric model was run in the domain from 20° N to 70° N in the North Atlantic and was forced with ERA-Interim reanalysis as initial and boundary conditions in a spectral nudging mode. Here, we present the analysis of the impact of spectral nudging formulation (cutoff wavelengths and depth through which full weighting from reanalysis data is applied) onto the performance of the modeled 10-m wind speed and wind wave fields for 1 year (2010). For modeling waves, we use the third-generation spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III. The sensitivity of the atmospheric and wave models to the spectral nudging formulation is investigated via the comparison with reanalysis and observational data. The results reveal strong and persistent agreement with reanalysis data during all seasons within the year with well-simulated annual cycle and regional patterns independently of the nudging parameters that were tested. Thus, the proposed formulation of the nudging provides a reliable framework for future long-term experiments aiming at hindcasting climate variability in the North Atlantic wave field. At the same time, dynamical downscaling allows for simulation of higher waves in coastal regions, specifically near the Greenland east coast likely due to a better representation of the mesoscale atmospheric dynamics in this area.     

Numerical modeling of wave equation by a truncated high-order finite-difference method

Finite-difference methods with high-order accuracy have been utilized to improve the precision of numerical solution for partial differential equations.However, the computation cost generally increases linearly with increased order of accuracy.Upon examination of the finite-difference formulas for the first-order and second-order derivatives, and the staggered finite-difference formulas for the first-order derivative, we examine the variation of finite-difference coefficients with accuracy order and note th...     

高精度瑞雷波有限差分数值模拟及波场分析

应用2×12阶高精度交错网格有限差分法,建立了震源位于自由表面时模拟瑞雷波的边界条件,通过对均匀半空间模型模拟得到的结果与解析解完全一致,证明了波场模拟的正确性.针对模拟得到的波场记录,从瑞雷波的传播速度、传播深度、能量衰减和频散特性等几个方面进行了分析,从波场模拟的角度完全证实了弹性波传播理论中的瑞雷波传播特征,加深了对瑞雷波传播过程的认识.在均匀介质模拟的基础上,对含有软弱夹层的三层介质模型进行了模拟,获得了更加接近实际情况的地震记录.为进一步开展对高模式下瑞雷波的反演研究和促进对瑞雷波勘探的应用提供了有益的帮助.     

横向各向同性介质中地震波场谱元法数值模拟

横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛存在的一种各向异性介质,因此为了能够更好地认识地震波在这种介质中的传播特征,用数值方法进行地震波模拟显得十分必要.本文采用谱元法对横向同性介质中的地震波进行模拟,该方法基于弹性力学方程弱形式基础之上,具有有限元适应任意复杂介质模型的韧性和伪谱法的精度.文中阐述了基于Legendre多项式的谱元法的理论和推导过程,该方法可以形成全局对角质量矩阵,在时间域使用显式的差分算法,提高运算效率,最后通过横向各向同性介质的数值计算,模拟结果表明该方法是一种有效的数值模拟方法.     

正则化预处理迭代算法在频率域声波模拟中的应用

高精度及高效频率域声波数值模拟的关键在于高效求解声波方程经离散化后得到的大型稀疏线性方程组.该方程组系数矩阵具有很强的稀疏性,非对称性和非正定性等特征,常用的迭代算法难以准确、高效地求解.为了改善数值模拟迭代算法的收敛性与稳定性,在算法基础上添加预条件算子是求解该类方程的常用方案.本文基于以上思路,引入正则化技术来构造合适的预条件算子,提出正则化预条件迭代算法,以加速求解方程组.通过包含有均匀介质和高非均匀度介质（Marmousi）模型的数值模拟实验结果表明：与单独使用迭代算法相比,本文提出的正则化预条件迭代算法在计算量方面仅多了一次矩阵-矢量相乘,内存消耗未增加;同时,基于该算法的数值模拟结果能够满足精度要求,较单独使用迭代法能够有效改善收敛性质,加快收敛速度;而且,在二维模型算例下,与LU分解算法相比,基于该算法的内存消耗大幅下降.

     

Seismic wave modeling in viscoelastic VTI media using spectral element method

Spectral element method (SEM) for elastic media is well known for its great flexibility and high accuracy in solving problems with complex geometries. It is an advanced choice for wave simulations. Due to anelasticity of earth media, SEM for elastic media is no longer appropriate. On fundamental of the second-order elastic SEM, this work takes the viscoelastic wave equations and the vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media into consideration, and establishes the second-order SEM for wave modeling in viscoelastic VTI media. The second-order perfectly matched layer for viscoelastic VTI media is also introduced. The problem of handling the overlapped absorbed corners is solved. A comparison with the analytical solution in a two-dimensional viscoelastic homogeneous medium shows that the method is accurate in the wave-field modeling. Furtherly, numerical validation also presents its great flexibility in solving wave propagation problems in complex heterogeneous media. This second-order SEM with perfectly matched layer for viscoelastic VTI media can be easily applied in wave modeling in a limited region.     

Kinematic wave modeling of overland flow using characteristics method with cubic-spline interpolation

Use of characteristics method integrated with cubic-spline interpolation technique (CSMOC scheme) for computation of one-dimensional and two-dimensional kinematic overland flow has been examined in this study. The characteristic trajectory is allowed to fall on space line and time line for interpolating the corresponding values at the foot of trajectory in terms of neighboring grid points. The effects of different endpoint constraints on use of cubic-spline interpolation are investigated. As far as accuracy and simplicity are concerned, the not-a-knot constraint could be a better choice. Three hypothetical examples are used to examine the capabilities of CSMOC scheme through the comparison with the analytical solution and the well-known Preissmann scheme. Some degrees of numerical diffusion and numerical oscillation, attenuating and overestimating the peak discharge, are induced by the Preissmann scheme. In contrast, the CSMOC scheme gives convincing results for the kinematic overland flow computations.     

Numerical modeling of environmental flows using DAM: Some preliminary results

Development of closures and parameterizations for subgrid scale effects is a significant and longstanding problem in the numerical simulation of environmental flows. The model described herein uses a rigorous approach for developing double-averaged governing equations — first a traditional Reynolds averaging to derive the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation (RANS), then a volume average to derive a set of double-averaged equations (DANS). An existing finite element flow model is then modified to accommodate these equations. This process gives rise to several new terms that require closures, as well as a new equation for free surface elevation. This paper is directed toward model development and uses several existing closure schemes as test cases.     

基于非均匀化多尺度方法的自组织介质波前愈合效应波场模拟

随机介质表征的地球介质自组织性,体现了地球内部复杂介质的统计性特征,对理解地球内部构造和动力学演化有重要的意义.波前愈合效应是自组织介质散射效应的体现,会导致高频近似射线理论的计算走时和真实波场到时有一定的差异.为了研究射线理论在自组织介质中的适应性范围,本文选取高斯型和指数型自相关函数来描述自组织介质,采用非均匀化多尺度方法进行大尺度地球模型的波场模拟.利用互相关方法求取背景速度场与附加自组织介质速度场之间的波场走时差,并与由射线理论得到的走时差进行比较.结果表明,非均匀化多尺度方法在节省计算时间的同时,又可保持计算精度.介质相关长度越小、波长越长且传播距离越远时,波前愈合效应越强.当相关长度a、波长λ以及传播距离L之间满足a/(λL)1/2≤0.5时,波前愈合效应显著,且随着比值减小两者差异增大,波前愈合效应在增加,在该范围内射线理论计算走时的误差较大.     

基于静主元消元法的频率域波动方程正演(英文)

频率域波动方程正演是求解一个大型线性稀疏方程组问题,其受到计算效率和内存存储问题的限制。常规的高斯消元法不能满足大型数据的并行计算,本文提出基于静主元消元法(GESP)进行稀疏矩阵LU分解和多炮有限差分正演,该方法不仅提高了稳定性,更有利于单频点内LU分解的分布式并行计算。通过Marmousi模型模拟试验,单频波场和转化到时间域地震剖面的试验表明模拟精度和计算效率得到提高,节约并充分利用内存,为波形反演奠定基础。     

旋转网格和常规网格混合的时空域声波有限差分正演

压制数值频散,提高正演模拟精度,一直是有限差分正演模拟研究的重要内容.基于时空域频散关系的有限差分法,比基于空间域频散关系的传统有限差分法,模拟精度更高.时空域声波方程数值模拟,普遍采用常规十字交叉型高阶有限差分格式.而在频率-空间域,普遍采用旋转网格和常规网格混合的有限差分格式,有效提高了模拟精度和计算效率.本文将频率-空间域混合网格有限差分的思想引入到时空域,提出了时空域混合网格2M+N型声波方程有限差分方法.首先推导出基于时空域频散关系的混合网格差分系数计算方法,然后进行频散分析、稳定性分析,并和传统高阶、时空域高阶有限差分法对比,结果表明：计算量相同时,新方法能有效压制数值频散,显著提高模拟精度;新方法相比传统2M阶有限差分法,稳定性增强,与时空域2M阶有限差分法稳定性基本相当.最后利用新方法进行均匀介质、层状介质、盐丘模型的数值模拟和盐丘模型的逆时偏移,模拟效果和成像质量进一步证实了该方法的有效性和普遍适用性.     

复杂介质地震波传播的褶积微分算子数值模拟h

将佛尔塞（Forsyte）广义正交多项式微分算子地震波场正演模拟算法运用于复杂非均匀介质模型的波场数值模拟中,并比较了该方法在计算效率和计算精度方面与有限差分方法和伪谱法的差异. 数值结果表明,这种广义正交多项式微分算子法计算速度快、精度高,对计算资源需求低,是一种颇具潜力的数值模拟方法.      

Numerical modeling of flow in riverine basins using an improved dynamic roughness coefficient

Various parameters such as bed and bank materials, shape and irregularity of the section, vegetation, river meanders, plan of the river path etc. affect the flow hydraulic resistance. In open channel hydraulics the effects of all these parameters are generally considered as the roughness coefficient. The Manning’s equation is one of the most practical equations to flow resistance analysis, in which the surface roughness is defined by Manning coefficient. Since many parameters are effective on the value of this coefficient, in this research study it was tried to define the roughness coefficient somehow that it be able to dynamically change with different river and hydraulic conditions. The collected data in Karun River (Iran) for two periods were used as the case study. It is shown that the accuracy of model predictions for water surface elevations were improved more than 13% in error estimation in comparison with the corresponding results obtained for a constant roughness coefficient. The roughness coefficient (n) for Karun River was also estimated using the empirical method proposed by Cowan for two different dry and wet periods. These values were then successfully compared with the average corresponding roughness coefficients calculated by the numerical model for those periods.     

复杂介质中平面波模拟的单程波方法

地震勘探中平面波分解技术在地震资料处理与反演领域均得以广泛应用,通过正演算法模拟平面波记录有助于理解和检验平面波分解的效果和精度.本文给出一种用以模拟复杂介质中平面波的数值算法,考虑了振幅随入射角度的变化.与前人研究的平面波模拟算法相比,该算法基于波动方程的单程波解法,不但适用于横向非均匀介质,在地层倾角水平条件下还能够准确模拟振幅随入射角关系.通过MArmousi模型的计算实例,证明了本文方法的可行性.     

地震波传播数值模拟

本文概述了地震数值模拟及其理论基础,阐述了地震数值模拟方法及特点．综述了地震数值模拟方法、三维建模和计算机硬件平台等方面的现状和进展．最后。给出了地震波数值模拟在地震勘探方法研究、地震观测系统优化设计、地震数据处理、地震资料解释、开发地震等方面的应用．     

Numerical simulation of 2D wave propagation on unstructured grids using explicit differential operators

We present a numerical method of simulating seismic wave propagation on unstructured 2D grids. The algorithm is based on the velocity–stress formulation of the elastic wave equation and therefore uses a staggered grid approach. Unlike finite-element or spectral-element methods, which can also handle flexible unstructured grids, we use explicit differential operators for the calculation of spatial derivatives in each time step. As shown in previous work, three types of these operators are used, and their particular performance is analysed and compared with standard explicit finite-difference operators on regular quadratic and hexagonal grids. Our investigations are especially focused on the influence of grid irregularity, sampling rate (i.e. gridpoints per wavelength) and numerical anisotropy on the accuracy of numerical seismograms. The results obtained from the various methods are therefore compared with analytical solutions. The algorithm is then applied to a number of models that are difficult to handle using (quasi-)regular grid methods. Such alternative techniques may be useful in modelling the full wavefield of bodies with complex geometries (e.g. cylindrical bore-hole samples, 2D earth models) and, because of their local character, they are well suited for parallelization.     

震源数值模拟

在土木工程中,经常遇到波动问题,不同的震源可产生不同的波动,本文用傅氏变换法求解波动方程,对胀缩源,剪切源及方向力源进行了数值模拟,并讨论了各自的特点.