延安新区大厚度压实填土地基均匀性评价

延安新区大厚度压实填土由于其形成过程的特殊性,现行规范对其地基均匀性评价无具体的评价依据和判定准则。在研究了压实填土的工程性质和差异沉降影响因素的基础上,创新性地提出压实填土地基差异沉降敏感度概念,并给出了具体的地基均匀性判定方法,便于进行压实填土地基均匀性评价,为建筑物总平面布置、地基处理及基础设计提供依据。大厚度压实填土不均匀地基不仅应进行针对性的地基处理,还应采取必要的结构措施,并加强建筑物沉降观测,以进行长期深入研究。     

布达拉宫西印经院地基应力特征与结构变形分析

世界各国在文物建筑保护领域形成共识的技术标准非常有限,而岩土工程研究与文物建筑保护研究的融合是目前斜坡岩体古建筑保护研究的一个发展方向。在世界文化遗产布达拉宫西印经院保护研究的过程中,采用岩土工程和结构工程技术手段,对红山岩体及结构主体进行调研和勘察,揭示了影响该文物建筑结构稳定的三个因素,即斜坡岩体地基非均质性、建筑物刚度具有较大差异性和结构荷载分布的不均匀性。进一步分析了地基中的应力分布特征,模拟研究了三个因素综合影响下的地基沉降及结构变形力学机制,为斜坡岩体古建筑的保护提供依据。     

Understanding different perspectives on the preservation of community and heritage buildings in the Wellington Region,New Zealand

The Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquake sequence of 2010–2012 caused unexpectedly extreme levels of damage and disruption, being an unparalleled event in New Zealand in terms of the damage extent. Christchurch’s heritage buildings were seriously damaged during these events, with churches especially affected in 22 February 2011 M _w 6.2 earthquake. During this earthquake, a total of 84% of the heritage unreinforced stone and 81% of the clay brick masonry churches in the Canterbury region were either considered unsafe (receiving red placards) or with restricted access (yellow placards). Following the earthquakes, authorities across New Zealand are reassessing the capacity of older buildings to resist earthquakes. Current legislation requires that a building judged as earthquake prone either be strengthened by retrofitting or be demolished within a legislated number of years. Many building owners are facing the problems of owning earthquake-prone buildings and lacking the funding to upgrade. This affects both community and heritage buildings, resulting in the likely abandonment or demolition of some buildings. To address the problem of the balance between life safety and preservation in the Wellington Region, this project gathered and compared the perspectives of the general public, church communities, heritage specialists, professional engineers, and local authorities to assist in balancing the interests of these stakeholders. As a result of the findings, several recommendations have been provided that include standardizing structural assessment processes and training, feasibility of additional public funding to upgrade buildings, new signage to increase public awareness of earthquake-prone buildings, and regular communication among stakeholders to understand and resolve differences.     

地质工程专业普通地质认识实习教学的思考

文章针对地质工程专业中基础地质学的重要性和普地实习野外教学实际,提出在普地实习中融入地质工程专业知识教学内容。从岩石基本地质特征、力学问题和具体工程地质问题3个方面将基础地质学与地质工程专业知识进行融合、交叉。从而拓展学生视野,实现实习模式创新、内容改革,促进学生学习意识和自主学习的发展,提升专业思维。岩石成分与岩石力学性质、风化特征和水软化性关系密切,节理面的粗糙、起伏和充填物成分影响节理面抗剪、透水等特性,具体工程中的“滑坡”问题是典型的岩体剪切破坏问题,其形成的力学机制与剪节理相同。将上述问题两者联系起来的讲解丰富了普地实习的内容。文章认为普地实习中观察到的现象与地质工程专业课程中很多知识点紧密联系,在基础地质实习教学中融入上述地质工程的专业知识是完全可行性的,采取增加与地质工程专业结合的实践教学环节的办法,既扩大了学生知识面,初步提高学生专业素养,也为实现毕业后成为专业领域合格工程师和科研人员的培养目标迈出重要的第一步。     

The Town Effect: Dynamic Interaction between a Group of Structures and Waves in the Ground

In a conventional approach, the mechanical behaviour of a structure subjected to seismic or blast waves is treated separately from its surroundings, and in many cases, the dynamic coupling effect between multiple structures and the waves propagating in the ground is disregarded. However, if many structures are built densely in a developed urban area, this dynamic interaction may not become negligible. The first purpose of this contribution is to briefly show the effect of multiple interactions between waves and surface buildings in a town. The analysis is based on a recently developed, fully coupled, rigorous mathematical study, and for simplicity, each building in the town is represented by a rigid foundation, a mass at the top and an elastic spring that connects the foundation and mass. The buildings stand at regular spatial intervals on a linear elastic half-space and are subjected to two-dimensional anti-plane vibrations. It is found that the buildings in this model significantly interact with each other through the elastic ground, and the resonant (eigen) frequencies of the collective system (buildings or town) become lower than that of a single building with the same rigid foundation. This phenomenon may be called the “town effect” or “city effect.” Then, second, it is shown that the actual, unique structural damage pattern caused by the 1976 Friuli, Italy, earthquake may better be explained by this “town effect,” rather than by investigating the seismic performance of each damaged building individually. The results suggest that it may also be possible to evaluate the physical characteristics of incident seismic/blast waves “inversely” from the damage patterns induced to structures by the waves.     

Testing of Sydney dimension sandstone for use in the conservation of heritage buildings

This paper deals with the scientific assessment of the physical properties of sandstone used in the conservation of Sydney's historic heritage sandstone buildings. The local Hawkesbury Sandstone has been widely used for all manner of constructions since the early days of the first settlement. In the nineteenth century, dimension sandstone quarries existed all over the Sydney region, and the demand for the stone was great. During this time, a true ‘freestone’ known as ‘yellow block’ sandstone, in which bedding planes were absent, was quarried extensively. This sandstone is also known as a ‘self-colouring’ sandstone, where the rock, although grey when quarried, turns a yellow–brown after a few months exposure to the atmosphere. It can be easily carved and was eminently suitable for the ornate Victorian architecture of the time. There are very few quarries within the Sydney region today capable of producing ‘yellow block’ sandstone. Whenever possible, sandstone from suitable building excavations, particularly on the Pyrmont Peninsula, is used for this work. Conservation work is extremely expensive and the building elements that most need replacement, the overhanging and decorative elements, are usually those that cost the most. It is essential that the most durable replacement stone be selected. Thus, a strict regime of scientific testing is used for any major conservation project, in order to determine the physical properties of possible replacement stone. This is the province of the geologist and involves visual observation in the quarry or excavation, which is a simple, cost-effective means of weeding out poor quality stones, followed by laboratory engineering tests to establish the physical parameters of a sandstone and finally, petrographic analysis. The results of such tests, combined with careful sampling, ensure the best possible quality of replacement material.     

土工试验指标影响因素分析

土是地壳表层的岩石风化后产生的松散堆积物,不同地区的土具有不同的物理性质和力学性质。土工试验是指对岩和土的物理、力学、化学性质和矿物成分的测试,为工程勘察提供重要的参数,是岩土工程勘察中重要组成部分,其准确性直接影响工程的安全和质量。简述土工常规试验操作步骤,对土工常规试验数据影响因素进行总结,并对如何提高试验数据准确性提出意见和想法。     

泥石流作用下建筑物易损性评价方法分析与评价

建筑物易损度评价作为泥石流易损度评价的重要组成部分,其研究是实现城镇及居民点泥石流风险定量化和风险管理的必要环节。综述近30年来,泥石流作用下建筑物易损度研究的发展过程,并指出以统计分析方法建立的建筑物易损度曲线普适性差且力学机理不明等问题,提出数值计算和模型实验的手段获取建筑物结构易损度的机理模型。由于建筑物易损度研究问题本身的复杂性,统计分析方法仍将作为建筑物易损度研究的重要手段,力学机理明晰的研究方法则将成为今后研究的难点和热点。此外,地震、滚石、雪崩等类似灾种的易损度研究方法和成果可被借鉴到泥石流领域。针对灾害中因结构破坏引发人员伤亡的情况,建议采用时间概率和基于条件概率的事件树方法计算建筑物内人员易损度。最终形成综合结构和人员易损度研究成果的建筑物易损度评价方法。     

Bearing of structural anisotropy on deformation and mechanical response of rocks: An experimental example of rocksalt deformation under variable compression rates

The deformation and mechanical responses of rocks are prime concern in development of varieties of civil and mining engineering structures. The deformation and mechanical properties of both natural and artificial materials are strongly depend on mineral constituents and their arrangements, temperatures and pressures, stress rates and structural anisotropy. This study elaborates an understanding of structural anisotropy, compression rates and mechanical attributes relationship in rocks with specific examples of deformed rocksalt. The cubical samples (5X5X5 cm³) with three kinds of structural anisotropy were subjected to quasistatic compressive stress at rates 0.00035 MPa/min, 0.0035 MPa/min, 0.035 MPa/min, 0.35 MPa/min, 3.5MPa/min, 5 MPa/ min, 7MPa/min and 9 MPa/min on servo-controlled Material Testing System (MTS). The stress-strain curves prepared from deformation of rocksalt’s samples under different rates of compressions are used to determine major mechanical parameters viz., strengths, strains, and modulus of elasticity. A micromechanical en-echelon crack array model is proposed to explain the influence of structural anisotropy on deformation patterns and mechanical properties of rocksalt.According to the proposed model the deformation progresses due to different proportional contributions of tensile and shear crack arrays under the influence of structural anisotropy. The control of structural anisotropy loses with respect to increment in rate of compression with enhance contribution of shear crack arrays in comparison to tensile crack arrays and ultimately fails in shear where the structurally anisotropic rock show isotropic behaviour.     

基于量纲分析的岩石相似材料抗压强度计算模型

物理相似模型试验是复杂、难采矿技术研究的有效手段,而岩石相似材料物理力学特性的研究是试验有效进行的前提。根据相似原理和岩石的力学特性,论证了岩石相似材料单轴抗压强度的力学代表性。统计并分析了影响岩石相似材料单轴抗压强度的一系列因素,基于量纲分析的方法构建了岩石相似材料单轴抗压强度与砂粒径、配比材料总量、充填材料（砂）用量、水用量、养护方式等重要因素间的无量纲计算模型,结合岩石相似材料配比试验得到了定量关系式。选取3组具有代表性的岩石相似材料配比试验对所建立的单轴抗压强度计算关系式进行验证,其计算结果与实验室实测结果相吻合,平均误差为4.20%,定量关系式在岩石相似材料参数的研究上具有一定的合理性。研究结果可以为相似材料物理力学参数的预测及岩土工程物理模型试验相似材料的高效选取提供参考。     

Rock mass mechanical characteristics in an opencut at bor copper mine

SummaryRock Mass Mechanical Characteristics in an Opencut at Bor Copper Mine Preliminary testing for the design of the new opencut, which will go to a depth of about 300 m, included testing rock mechanical characteristics. The character of the preliminary testing demanded by an engineering undertaking of this scale and the fundamental structural and physical properties of rock masses (fissuring, anisotropy, heterogeneity, natural stresses) are discussed and it is emphatically concluded that priority should go to in situ testing. Results are presented of determinations of the velocity of propagation of longitudinal elastic waves, elasticity modulus, coefficient of damage and shear strength parameters.With 7 Figures     

颗粒物质力学及其在工程地质领域中的应用初探

由碎散物质组成的地质体失稳流滑大变形所致的地质灾害严重影响国民经济发展和人民生命财产安全,绝大多数造成此类地质灾害的对象属于颗粒物质,而地质灾害与颗粒物质力学的交叉融合一直以来都是软物质物理学和工程地质科研工作者的努力方向之一.颗粒物质是由大量离散颗粒组成的复杂无序体系,其力学特性极为复杂,根据颗粒的运动状态可以表现出...     

排弃物料力学性质大型三轴剪切试验研究

露天矿剥离堆积的排弃物料力学性质是矿山排土场设计与稳定性控制之关键科学问题。文章以西南某露天矿剥离排弃物料为研究对象,采用室内相似级配模拟试验制作了不同物质组成、级配、相对密度条件下的试样,采用剪后筛分试验研究了各试样在不同应力状态下的颗粒破碎机理及破碎率变化关系,采用大型三轴剪切试验测试了各试样的应力-应变关系及抗剪强度参数。试验结果表明:排弃物颗粒剪切破碎力学机制复杂,颗粒破碎率与物料组分、级配、相对密度及围压条件密切相关,与抗剪强度参数相关性强。应力-应变曲线无明显峰值强度,具有应变硬化特征,分析认为其与围压、相对密度水平较低有关。试验数据拟合曲线均表明:ε1/（σ1-σ3）与ε1为线性关系,-ε3与ε1为抛物线关系,相关系数均大于0.9。据此拟合曲线,求解出排弃物料的切线泊松比μt,修正了邓肯-张模型。对相同试验条件下对比试样（QG-B-3）应力-应变关系,采用邓肯-张模型（修正）进行了预测,预测结果与试验测试数据基本一致,验证了邓肯-张模型（修正）能够描述排弃物料力学特征。研究排弃物料剪切破碎机理与应力-应变特征,对露天矿排土场边坡变形控制具有重要的理论意义。     

基于土体中结构面的岩土工程问题探讨

土体中也存在结构面，并且结构面的存在与很多的岩土问题有关。为使土体中的结构面受到足够的重视，本文就其中的几个主要岩土工程问题进行了探讨，它们是：结构面对土体力学性质的影响、土体结构面对土体破坏的控制作用、有时可尝试用离散元等模型分析土体变形、土体中结构面上水的渗流和污染物的运移、结构面上土体力学参数问题、土坡稳定性问题、土与结构物的相互作用问题、土体中结构面与环境岩土工程问题等。     

沉积河谷-建筑群地震动力相互作用的二维IBEM模拟

众多城市坐落于沉积河谷之中,沉积河谷-密集建筑群间的地震动力相互作用规律尚不明确。采用间接边界元方法（IBEM）,对在平面SV波入射下,沉积河谷-建筑群之间的地震相互作用进行二维模拟计算和参数分析。研究结果表明：沉积河谷-建筑群间存在着显著而复杂的地震动力相互作用;较浅沉积河谷中建筑群地震响应呈现强弱交替变换特征;入射波角度、沉积河谷的材料、几何特征是影响沉积河谷-建筑群整体地震响应规律的关键因素。总体上看,建筑群对浅沉积河谷地震动响应有较大的降幅效应,特别是高频波入射下最大降幅近50%。实际河谷地震放大效应评估需考虑密集建筑群的影响,而位于地震波聚焦位置的建筑物需适当提高设防标准。     

疏浚淤泥固化土的压缩特性与结构屈服应力

河道疏浚拓宽以及港口新建扩建等不可避免地产生大量疏浚淤泥,如何处置大量废弃淤泥是工程界关注的一个重要研究课题。固化方法是目前处理疏浚淤泥的常用方法,其目的是将废弃淤泥处理成土工材料加以利用。处理后的淤泥固化土作为工程建设用土必须考虑其工程力学性能。为了研究疏浚淤泥固化土的压缩性状与结构屈服应力,进行了多组不同配比下淤泥固化土的压缩试验。通过室内一维压缩试验,研究了高含水率疏浚淤泥固化土的压缩性状,探讨了固化材料掺量、初始含水率、龄期等对固化土压缩变形特性和结构屈服应力的影响。压缩试验结果表明:与许多天然沉积结构性土及水泥土类似,疏浚淤泥固化土的压缩曲线均存在一个明显的结构屈服点。当上部荷载小于结构屈服应力之前,固化土的压缩性很小; 一旦上部荷载超过结构屈服应力之后,固化土的压缩性急剧增大。分析了淤泥固化土结构屈服应力的影响因素,并将由一维压缩试验得到的结构屈服应力(Py)与由无侧限抗压试验确定的抗压强度(qu)进行了比较,给出了两者之间的定量关系。疏浚淤泥固化土在屈服前后的压缩性状差异很大,这一研究成果对工程应用很有指导意义,当上部荷载较低时,可以充分利用其屈服前的低压缩性,但应确保上部荷载不能超出其结构屈服应力,以避免固化土在缺乏预兆的情况下发生突然破坏。     

The historic and artistic heritage facing the earthquake risk: The Italian case

The problem of protection against earthquakes in Italy is made difficult by the presence of a huge historic and artistic heritage. Such a heritage is mainly made up of ancient buildings and monuments situated in the urban centres, which are densely distributed throughout Italy. Therefore, very complex problems are met in the determination of the value parameter concurring with the determination of seismic risk, in addition to hazard and vulnerability. An indication of the monetary value of a building is not sufficient as far as the cultural heritage is concerned: different criteria are necessary in order to distinguish which are the strategic buildings. If we consider that there are more than 2000 museums in Italy, most of which are placed inside historic buildings, it appears that museums should receive the highest priority in future initiatives for seismic rehabilitation.     

An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain

The stone traditionally used to build cities contributes to their personality and attests to the geological substrate on which they stand. While stone decay in the built heritage can be attributed to a number of causes, anthropic activity has a particularly significant impact. The geomonumental routes project is one of the initiatives proposed in recent years for urban routes that convey geological fundamentals by observing the rocks present in heritage structures. Its innovative approach addresses traditional stone properties, original quarrying sites and mechanisms of decay. Madrid’s Royal Palace is a fine example of the use of traditional building stone in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. In the geomonumental route proposed, the building doubles as an in situ laboratory that affords an overview of the main petrological properties of the two traditional stones most commonly used in the city’s built heritage, the forms of decay they are subject and the factors underlying such alterations. This route constitutes a tool for showing the main petrological features and decay forms in traditional building stones found in urban heritage façades, with a special focus on anthropic impact, primarily air pollution and the use of conservation treatments that time has proven to be unsuitable.     

桩基建筑物运行中稳定性的治理措施

The vast majority of buildings in Russia have been constructed on pile foundations incorporating a ventilated air space between the structure and ground surface (passive construction method, or Principle I in the Russian Building Code 2.02.04-88). Warming of the frozen soil during the life of the structure is one of the primary factors leading to structural damage. This paper presents a new technique for preventing failure in engineering structures.