Preliminary study of the microstructure and mineralogy of 12th and 13th century ceramics,Samsat, Southeastern Turkey

The mineralogy and microstructure of 12th and 13th century ceramics from Samsat, Turkey were examined with an X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. There is a highly vitrified interlayer between the glaze and body in these sherds that probably accounts for the high durability of these ceramics. the lower vitrification and uniformity of the body in these ceramics suggests that leftover glaze was not mixed with paste during manufacture. Finally, the presence of tabular forsterite in the pores of the body points to the use of magnesium rich raw materials.     

从河南仰韶村到山西丁村——怀念袁复礼教授,并记“丁村旧石器”发现的一个序曲

本文简单记述了古脊椎动物与古人类研究所50年代几件有历史意义的活动,包括研究所的名称的由来,第一次野外考察,丁村旧遗址群的发现过程中的一些作者亲身经历的小插曲,供对科学史有兴趣的地学工作者的参考。此外,也提到一些关于我国几个著名的古生物(包括古人类)地点或遗址,当前在研究方面一些遇到的问题和对这些问题的个人看法。这些存在的问题,它们的产生是“自然的”,但可以减少重复,使工作更为有效和集中到了解科学问题本身上去。我们发表了不少数量的著作,但相对的信息则较少,深入解决问题的进度还可以更快一些。     

The 80th Anniversary of V.N. Kholodov

Chronicle

The 80th Anniversary of V.N. Kholodov     

The 80th Birthday of B.M. Mikhailov

Chronicles

The 80th Birthday of B.M. Mikhailov     

1875年6月8日贵州罗旬地震再考证

经过对历史地震资料记载、前人研究成果、地质构造背景、现今地震活动等的调查研究,得出1875年6月8日发生的波及黔桂湘滇地区的6．5级地震,宏观震中位置在贵州罗甸县北西,参考经纬度为北纬25°35′,东经106°28′。地震名称建议采用“1875年6月8日贵州罗句地震”。     

A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the january 26th, 2001<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> 7.6 Bhuj,India earthquake

We compiled available news and internet accounts of damage and other effects from the 26th January, 2001, Bhuj earthquake, and interpreted them to obtain modified Mercalli intensities at over 200 locations throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are used to map the intensity distribution using a simple mathematical interpolation method. The maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated towards the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sedimentinduced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium such as mud flats and salt pans. In addition we use fault rupture parameters inferred from teleseismic data to predict shaking intensity at distances of 0–1000 km. We then convert the predicted hard rock ground motion parameters to MMI using a relationship (derived from internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1–2 units than those estimated from news accounts. This discrepancy is generally consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors such as a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage, rather than the average effects. Our modeling results also suggest, however, that the Bhuj earthquake generated more high-frequency shaking than is expected for earthquakes of similar magnitude in California, and may therefore have been especially damaging.     

17th International Cartographic Conference 10th General Assembly of ICA

Reports

17th International Cartographic Conference 10th General Assembly of ICA     

世纪之交的水文研究

基于第二十二届国际大地测量与地球物理大会的动态,分析出世纪之交水文学研究的三大基本特点.其一是强调人类活动对水循环的影响的研究,主要表现为研究土地利用变化对来自面源的氮负荷的影响、城市化进程加快对地表和地下水质的影响、河流对水文系统、泥沙输送及营养负荷的变化的生态响应和地下水和地表水在质与量上的相互作用.其二是十分重视区域尺度的水文的研究.包括区域及全球尺度资料库的建立和区域水分通量的计算.其三是集成应用示踪剂、遥感及先进的水文测验技术进行水文机理研究.     

克拉玛依油田六、七、九区石炭系火山岩储集层特征及其控制因素

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、测井解释等多种分析手段,从火山岩岩性特征、岩相特征、孔隙类型等方面研究了克拉玛依油田六、七、九区石炭系火山岩储层的特征,分析了火山岩储层的储集空间类型、储集空间与渗流通道的配置关系以及储层物性的影响因素。研究结果表明:区内火山岩岩石类型主要为火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩和沉积火山碎屑岩。熔岩以玄武岩、安山岩为主,火山碎屑岩与沉积火山碎屑岩主要为火山角砾岩、凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩。按孔隙结构火山岩储集空间可分为气孔、孔隙、裂缝3大类,按成因可分为原生和次生2大类;火山岩的储集性能主要受火山岩的岩性、岩相、构造作用以及风化淋滤作用的影响。     

A reconstruction of the pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of central Corinth,Greece

The pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of the center of Corinth, southern Greece, was reconstructed using a combination of geological and geomorphological observation and archaeological evidence. Preserved areas of calcrete and overlying calcareous soil, which represent surviving remnants lying close to the pre‐8th century B.C. land surface, were mapped. The geology of the site was also mapped. The topography of Corinth in pre‐8th century B.C. times was radically different from that observed today. Most topographic modification occurred as a result of quarrying from a line of Pleistocene oolitic sand dunes for construction‐stone during antiquity. The reconstruction presented differs in key respects from previously published palaeotopographies, which did not include geological evidence. The results of the new reconstruction illustrate the importance of combining geological, geomorphological, and archaeological evidence and have implications for the urban development of Corinth in post‐8th century B.C. times. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于综合等级划分方法的土地质量地球化学评价——以吉林省乌拉街镇为例

采用图斑+网格化布样以及"S"型采样方法,采集表层土壤、灌溉水、大气干湿沉降物、农作物等样品677件,依据综合等级划分方法对吉林省乌拉街镇一带开展了土地质量地球化学评价,评价面积为153 km²。结果表明：评价区土地质量地球化学综合等级一等的约占全区面积的49.32%,二等占21.94%,三等占28.38%;该区玉米中重金属元素Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Hg,Pb质量分数分别为<0.87,0.91~2.60,15~27,<0.050,0.003~0.018,<0.010,<0.050 mg/kg,均符合国家标准;土壤酸碱度变化范围为4.43~8.09,平均值5.48,土壤酸化问题严重,酸性土壤占全区的78%,强酸性土壤占15%。该区综合土地质量为优良水平,对农作物种植较为适宜;但是,土壤酸化以及硼缺乏（0.35 mg/kg,处于4级水平0.2~0.5 mg/kg）问题应引起足够重视,亟待采取有效措施加以防治。     

Astronomical dating in the 19th century

Today astronomical tuning is widely accepted as numerical dating method after having revolutionised the age calibration of the geological archive and time scale over the last decades. However, its origin is not well known and tracing its roots is important especially from a science historic perspective.Astronomical tuning developed in consequence of the astronomical theory of the ice ages and was repeatedly used in the second half of the 19th century before the invention of radio-isotopic dating. Building upon earlier ideas of Joseph Adhémar, James Croll started to formulate his astronomical theory of the ice ages in 1864 according to which precession controlled ice ages occur alternatingly on both hemispheres at times of maximum eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. The publication of these ideas compelled Charles Lyell to revise his Principles of Geology and add Croll's theory, thus providing an alternative to his own geographical cause of the ice ages. Both Croll and Lyell initially tuned the last glacial epoch to the prominent eccentricity maximum 850,000 yr ago. This age was used as starting point by Lyell to calculate an age of 240 million years for the beginning of the Cambrium. But Croll soon revised the tuning to a much younger less prominent eccentricity maximum between 240,000 and 80,000 yr ago. In addition he tuned older glacial deposits of late Miocene and Eocene ages to eccentricity maxima around 800,000 and 2,800,000 yr ago. Archibald and James Geikie were the first to recognize interglacials during the last glacial epoch, as predicted by Croll's theory, and attempted to tune them to precession. Soon after Frank Taylor linked a series of 15 end-moraines left behind by the retreating ice sheet to precession to arrive at a possible age of 300,000 yr for the maximum glaciation.In a classic paper, Axel Blytt (1876) explained the scattered distribution of plant groups in Norway to precession induced alternating rainy and dry periods as recorded by the layering in Holocene peat bogs. He specifically linked the exceptionally wet Atlantic period to the prolonged precession minimum at 33,300 yr ago and further related basic stratigraphic alternations to precession induced climate change in general. Such a linkage was also proposed by Grove Karl Gilbert for cyclic alternations in the marine Cretaceous of North America. Extrapolating sedimentation rates, he arrived at an astronomical duration for part of the Cretaceous that was roughly as long as the final estimate of William Thomson for the age of the Earth. Assuming that orbital parameters directly affect sea level, Karl Mayer-Eymar and Blytt correlated the well known succession of Tertiary stages to precession and eccentricity, respectively. Remarkably, Blytt, like Croll before him, used very long-period cycles in eccentricity to establish and validate his tuning.Understandably these studies in the second half of the 19th century were largely deductive in nature and proved partly incorrect later. Nevertheless, this fascinating period marks a crucial phase in the development of the astronomical theory of the ice ages and climate, and in astronomical dating. It preceded the final inductive phase, which started with the recovery of deep-sea cores in 1947 and led to a spectacular revival of the astronomical theory, by a century. The first half of the 20th century can best be regarded as an intermediate phase, despite the significant progress made in both theoretical aspects and tuning.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长8段液化柱及相关软沉积物变形

笔者在鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长8段的岩芯中首次识别出液化柱变形构造,本文从三维空间研究其宏观与微观特征。赋存液化柱的长8段的多个层位的岩芯中均发现有软沉积物变形构造,如液化流动变形、水塑性变形及脆性变形等,广泛分布于盆地不同地区的钻井岩芯中,并在垂向上重复出现。结合长8段的沉积环境和构造背景分析,笔者认为长8段的液化柱与软沉积物变形系地震触发。晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地以南秦岭地震造山运动与盆地沉陷是长8段软沉积物变形的构造背景。根据地震触发软沉积物变形构造的时空分布,鄂尔多斯盆地在长8段沉积的地质时期已受控于秦岭造山带动力机制的控制,而不是传统认为的仅在长8段沉积末期。     

Aftershocks of 26th january 2001 Bhuj earthquake and seismotectonics of the Kutch region

The 26th January 2001 Bhuj earthquake was followed by intense aftershock activity. Aftershock data from United States Geological Survey (USGS) utilized in this study encompasses three months period from 26th January to 26th April 2001. Epicenters of the aftershock are plotted on a map depicting active faults. All the aftershocks of magnitude > 5 and 70% of those ranging between magnitude 3 and 5 are confined to an area resembling a horseshoe pattern with a pointed end towards NE. The other 20% of magnitude 3 to 5 are enclosed within an almost parallel boundary. Only 10% are found to be beyond this limiting boundary. 50% of the recorded after-shocks took place within the first week of the main event and this study reveals that the basic characteristic pattern of aftershock activity can be determined on the basis of the data of only one week. Four major NW-SE trending active faults are mapped in the Kutch region. They define the western limit of Cambay structure and also mark the western limit of Dharangadhra and Wadhwan basins along the SE continuation in Saurashtra. These faults separate the Kutch region into two geologically different blocks. On the SW side the mapped horseshoe pattern gets characteristically truncated along the western most fault, which is characterized by a strike-slip movement in the south and vertical movement in the north. The present study has revealed that the epicenter of the 26th January earthquake is located in the vicinity of the Bhachau township, close to the intersection with the Kutch mainland fault. Furthermore, it has been noticed that most of the epicenters of the aftershock are confined in the intersectional area of the Kutch mainland fault and the NW-SE faults.     

New data on accounts of the 1908 Tunguska event

There has been a longstanding debate about the nature of the 1908 Tunguska event. Many eyewitness accounts were collected more than half of a century after the event. Among these are many second‐hand oral accounts after the generation of eyewitnesses faded away. However, several years ago, two valuable publications appeared containing first‐hand eyewitness accounts collected by a Russian ethnographer, Sev'yan Vainshtein, during an expedition to the settlement of Sulomay in 1948. This paper presents additional details of these accounts, based on the author's discussions with Vainshtein before he died in 2008, and demonstrates how these accounts shed new light on what happened in Tunguska in June 1908.     

本世纪中国西北地区的干旱变化

本文分析了陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海和新疆五省区有气象观测资料以来的干旱变化,并与历史时期的变化做了比较。同时还对该地区干旱变化与气温的关系作了分析。     

Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming

Alpine glacier retreat resulting from global warming since the close of the Little Ice Age in the 19th and 20th centuries has increased the risk and incidence of some geologic and hydrologic hazards in mountainous alpine regions of North America. Abundant loose debris in recently deglaciated areas at the toe of alpine glaciers provides a ready source of sediment during rainstorms or outburst floods. This sediment can cause debris flows and sedimentation problems in downstream areas. Moraines built during the Little Ice Age can trap and store large volumes of water. These natural dams have no controlled outlets and can fail without warning. Many glacier-dammed lakes have grown in size, while ice dams have shrunk, resulting in greater risks of ice-dam failure. The retreat and thinning of glacier ice has left oversteepened, unstable valley walls and has led to increased incidence of rock and debris avalanches.     

大炮检距优化6次NMO校正

常规2次NMO动校是假定炮检距与深度比值小，并且射线为直线。计算的旅行时精度随着炮检距与深度比值的增加而大大降低，NMO校正能通过高次(4次、6次)项逼近得到改善。因此，在大炮检距情况下，若直接忽略高次项，则计算旅行时会产生很大误差。所以在大炮检距条件下进行2次NMO近似不利于速度分析、AVO研究和CMP道集动校叠加。笔者引入了一个更精确的旅行时近似计算，称为优化6次NMO动校方程式，因为截断误差较小，故其精确度高于泰勒6次展开式。通过模型和实际数据的试验，证明大炮检距优化6次NMO方程精度高，更具有实际应用意义。     

19世纪以来全球蛇绿岩研究综述

蛇绿岩普遍被发现在碰撞型和增生型两种造山带缝合线上,因此经常被用来确定板块边界。自从欧洲地质学家在19世纪早期提出蛇绿岩的概念以来,蛇绿岩的研究经历了几个发展阶段。早期研究认为蛇绿岩是侵入地槽的一套侵入岩;板块构造理论兴起后,蛇绿岩被认为是产生于大洋中脊的洋壳;在1972年的Penrose会议上,科学家们将蛇绿岩定义为一套从基性岩到超基性岩的,可以区分的复式岩体。此后,蛇绿岩的起源(构造背景),侵位机制,特征等研究都取得了很多进展。进入21世纪,出现了一些较好的蛇绿岩形成模式和划分方法。     

中国大陆对全球变暖响应的区域敏感性分析

依据分辨率为0.5°×0.5°经纬度的网格数据,运用Mann-Kendall法对中国大陆各地在20世纪温度变化进行了分析.结果显示:有两次明显的升温事件,分别发生在20年代初到40代中期(第一次升温事件)和70年代中期以来(第二次升温事件);对比各地对全球升温响应的突变时间,发现在中国大陆的响应规律为:沿经线方向,大约35°N附近为两次升温事件的分界线,以它为界,第一次升温事件中温度转折时间向低纬度不断提早,在第二次升温事件中,升温突变时间越向高纬度地区越提早;在纬线方向上,中国东部地区对升温响应的时间突变点基本一致,但在青藏高原及其周围地区,由于受特殊的高原气候的影响,升温时间突变迥然不同.青藏高原大大提前了其西部和西北地区对全球升温的响应时间,同时它又推迟了其西南地区对全球升温响应的时间.通过分析发现,升温机制不同,温度变化区域响应的敏感性主要是纬度位置和地形因素综合影响的结果,而纬度位置是制约区域温度变化敏感性的主导性因素.