Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the tertiary alkaline volcanic suite of the Labe tectonovolcanic zone,Czech Republic

Summary The Tertiary alkaline, nepheline-normative olivine melanephelinite-basanite-phonolite suite in the Labe tectono-volcanic zone, Czech Republic, displays mineralogical and geochemical features indicative of the presence of products of more than one fractionation series and of more than one parental magma. The Mg- and Ni-rich olivine melanephelinites (ankaratrites), which contain disintegrated lherzolite xenoliths, represent low degree (c. 4%) partial melts of a highly enriched mande source. Many of the abundant basanitic rocks also represent primary or near-primary basaltic melts subject to a small but variable degree Fof olivine fractionation. Other basanites with lower mg-numbers and Mg and Ni contents had a crystallization history involving hornblende and phlogopite.Melaphonolites (tephriphonolites) provide a link between basaltic rocks and phonolites with plagioclase fractionation progressively playing a more significant role. The phonolites represent products of crystallization of highly evolved melts but poor correlation between SiO₂, MgO, CaO, Na₂O and degree of undersaturation as well as between major and trace element contents indicate that a single line of descent cannot have been in operation: the products of different parental magmas showing a wide compositional range that evolved under different conditions of fractionation are represented. A very advanced stage of magma evolution, characterized by the dominance of alkali feldspar fractionation is represented by phonolites that contain the highest Hf, Nb, Rb, Ta, Th, Y, Zr and REE in the whole Tertiary volcanic suite.

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Geochemie und Petrogenese der tertiären alkalischen Vulkanit-Serie der Labe tektonovulkanischen Zone, Tschechische Republik

Zusammenfassung Die tertiäre alkalische Nephelin-normative Olivin Melanephelinit-Basanit-Phonolit Serie in der Labe tektono-vulkanischen Zone, Tschechische Republik, zeigt mineralogische und geochemische Eigenschaften, die auf die Anwesenheit von Produkten von mehr als einer Fraktionierungsserie und von mehr als einem Ausgangsmagma hinweisen. Die Mg- und Ni-reichen Olivin Melanephelinite (Ankaratrite), die umgewandelte LherzolitXenolite enthalten, stellen einen niedrigen Grad (ca. 4%) teilweiser Aufschmelzung einer stark angereicherten Mantelquelle dar. Viele der verbreiteten basanitischen Gesteine stellen auch primäre oder fast-primäre basaltische Schmelzen dar, die in kleinem, aber schwankendem Ausmaß von Olivinfraktionierung betroffen wurden. Andere Basanite mit niedrigen Mg-Zahlen und Mg- und Ni-Gehalten hatten eine Kristallisationsgeschichte in der Hornblende und Phlogopit eine Rolle spielte.Melaphonolite (Tephriphonolite) stellen ein Verbindungsglied zwischen basaltischen Gesteinen und Phonoliten dar, wobei Plagioklas-Fraktionierung eine zunehmend größere Rolle spielt. Phonolite sind Produkte der Kristallisation von Schmelzen, aber die schlechte Korrelation zwischen SiO₂, MgO, CaO, Na₂O und dem Grad der Untersättigung, wie auch zwischen Haupt- und Spurenelementen weist darauf hin, daß eine einzelne Entwicklungslinie nicht in Frage kommt. Die Produkte verschiedener Ausgangsmagmen zeigen ein weites Spektrum verschiedener Zusammensetzung, das sich unter verschiedenen Bedingungen der Fraktionierung entwickelt hat. Ein sehr fortgeschrittenes Stadium der Magmaentwicklung, charakterisiert durch die Vorherrschaft von Alkali-Feldspat-Fraktionierung wird durch Phonolite dargestellt, die die höchsten Gehalte an Hf, Nb, Rb, Ta, Th, Y, Zr und REE in der gesamten tertiären vulkanischen Abfolge führen.

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With 7 Figures     

Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of late Neoproterozoic Dokhan-type volcanic rocks in the Fatira area, eastern Egypt

 The Neoproterozoic Dokhan volcanics of the Fatira area in eastern Egypt comprise two main rock suites: (a) an intermediate volcanic suite, consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and their associated pyroclastic rocks; and (b) a felsic volcanic suite composed of rhyolite and rhyolitic tuffs. The two suites display well-defined major and trace element trends and a continuum in composition with wide ranges in SiO₂ (54–76%), CaO (8.19–0.14%), MgO (6.96–0.04%), Sr (983–7 ppm), Zr (328–95 ppm), Cr (297–1 ppm), and Ni (72–1 ppm). They are enriched in LILEs (Rb, Ba, K, Th, Ce) relative to high field strength elements (Nb, Zr, P, Ti) and show strong affinity to calc-alkaline subduction-related rocks. However, their undeformed character, their emplacement temporally and spatially with post-orogenic A-type granite, and their high Zr/Y values suggest that their emplacement follow the cessation of subduction in eastern Egypt in an extensional-related within-plate setting. Major and trace element variations in the intermediate volcanics are consistent with their formation via partial melting of an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle source followed by a limited low-pressure fractional crystallization of olivine and pyroxene before emplacement. The LILE enrichment relative to HFSE is attributed to the inheritance of a subduction component from mantle material which constituted the mantle wedge during previous subduction events in eastern Egypt. The evolution of the whole volcanic spectrum was governed mainly by crystal/melt fractionation of amphibole, plagioclase, titanomagnetite, and apatite in the intermediate varieties and plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, Fe–Ti oxides, apatite, and zircon in the felsic varieties. At each stage of evolution, crystal fractionation was accompanied by variable degrees of crustal contamination. Received: 28 June 1998 / Accepted: 25 August 1999     

郯庐断裂带东侧滁州盆地早白垩世高镁埃达克质火山岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

郯庐断裂带东侧滁州盆地内晚中生代火山岩以安山岩为主。本文对其中3件样品中锆石进行LA-ICP-MS测年,获得年龄分别为128±3Ma、128±2Ma、128±2Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。火山岩Si O_2含量为60.48%~66.20%,富钠、富碱(σ=2.34~4.97),属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列。岩石均富集Ba、U、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素。样品具有高的Sr(944×10~(-6)~1213×10~(-6))含量及高Sr/Y(80.0~113)和(La/Yb)N(23.8~29.7)比值,低Yb(0.70×10~(-6)~0.92×10~(-6))和Y(8.84×10~(-6)~11.8×10~(-6))含量,且Mg O(2.39%~3.48%)和Mg~#(43~61)较高,表明其具有高镁埃达克质岩的特征。火山岩(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i变化范围为0.70564~0.70579,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-15.7~-14.0,全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成与大别晚中生代加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆岩的特征相类似。滁州火山岩中锆石具有较高的氧逸度(Ce4+/Ce3+=38~1260,Eu/Eu*=0.68~1.20)和较低的锆石Ti温度(613~728℃),暗示滁州火山岩形成于相对高氧逸度和低温条件下,类似于长江中下游地区(LYRB),明显不同于郯庐断裂带南段(STLF)。受古太平洋板块俯冲流体/熔体交代改造的滁州盆地岩石圈地幔,具有含水、高氧逸度的性质。岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融形成含水、高氧逸度的岩浆,并与下扬子含金红石和石榴子石加厚下地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆混合,从而形成滁州盆地早白垩世高镁埃达克质火山岩。     

沂沭断裂带中生代青山群火山岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

以沂沭断裂带安丘地区中生代青山群火山岩为研究对象,在进行系统的元素-同位素分析的基础上,探讨其岩浆源区和岩石成因。安丘火山岩SiO2含量变化于56.5%~65.8%,主要为高钾钙碱性系列岩石,岩石组合为英安岩和粗面安山岩;安丘火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,显示富集但变化范围较大的Sr-Nd同位素组成((~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)t=0.708 7~0.710 7,εNd(t)=-13.7~-5.93)。综合分析表明,安丘火山岩为大陆下地壳物质经拆沉作用于地幔环境中发生部分熔融作用,与上地幔岩石发生交代作用后进入地表形成,且其源区中可能有软流圈物质的加入。     

非洲乍得盆地火山岩地球化学特征及成因

钻井揭示了乍得盆地中新生代有大量玄武岩喷发,主要为橄榄拉斑玄武岩,少数为石英拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩。主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,乍得盆地玄武岩岩浆在上升过程中经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,且未受到陆壳物质的混染;岩石明显富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf具正异常。晚白垩世玄武岩(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i比值（0.704167~0.706564）高于古近纪玄武岩（0.703545~0.705380）,(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i比值（0.512451~0.512703）低于古近纪玄武岩（0.512690~0.512847）;晚白垩世玄武岩ε_Nd(t)u值变化范围较大（-1.4~3.5）,且明显低于古近纪玄武岩（2.6~5.6）。两者具有相似的Pb同位素比值,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.14~18.96,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.56~15.62,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.33~38.88。乍得盆地玄武岩主要来自于亏损地幔DM和富集地幔EMⅡ两种端元组分混合产生的,石榴石橄榄岩的母熔体可能是本区玄武岩产生的源区,是地幔高度部分熔融的结果（15%左右）。乍得盆地玄武岩的地幔组份随时间的演化可能与中生代以来中、西非地区软流圈上涌、岩石圈减薄作用密切相关。     

沂沭断裂带高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩的地球化学及岩石成因

沂沭断裂带内高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩SiO2含量为51.97%～68.94%;由玄武粗安岩、 粗面岩和流纹岩组成;都属于碱性岩。岩石富集Rb、 Ba、 K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素;相对亏损Nb、 Ta、 Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;并具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。钾质粗面岩具有高稀土Cr、 Ni含量、 La/Yb、Sr/Y和Th/U高比值;这类似于华北克拉通东南缘早白垩世富集岩石圈来源的基性岩（如方城玄武岩、 沂南辉长岩）;其可能主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融。与之相比;钠质玄武粗安岩具有低Cr、 Ni含量 、 87Sr/86Sr（t）、 Th/U和高εNd（t）值;表明它可能由岩石圈地幔熔体与软流圈物质混合而成。沂沭断裂带高桥盆地火山岩形成于岩石圈伸展背景下;沂沭断裂带的活动可能诱使软流圈物质的上涌;导致岩石圈地幔升温发生部分熔融;并为软流圈物质的上升提供了通道。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Kuril island arc

Newly obtained precise analytical data on trace elements and radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes testify to anomalous geochemical characteristics of mafic and intermediate Quaternary lavas in Paramushir (in the north of the Kuril arc), Kunashir and Iturup (in the south) islands, which are the largest three islands of the Kuril island arc. The high K and LREE concentrations in the volcanic products in Paramushir Island resulted from the southward expansion of the mantle thermal anomaly of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the involvement of melts related to the melting of oceanic sediments in magma generation. The depleted characteristics of the mafic volcanics are explained by the relatively young tectono-magmatic events during the opening of the Kuril backarc basin. The Kuril island-arc system developed on a heterogeneous basement. The northern islands are a continuation of the volcanic structures of southern Kamchatka, which were formed above an isotopically depleted and hot lithospheric mantle domain of composition close to that of the Pacific MORB type. The southern islands were produced above an isotopically enriched and cold lithospheric domain of the Indian-Ocean MORB type, which was modified in relation to relatively young backarc tectono-magmatic processes. Although issues related to the genesis of the transverse geochemical zoning were beyond the originally formulated scope of our research, the homogeneous enough isotopic composition of the rear-arc lavas in the absence of any mineralogical and geochemical lines of evidence of crustal contamination suggests an independent magmatic source.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks of the Neoarchaean Sukumaland Greenstone Belt, northwestern Tanzania

The late Archaean volcanic rocks of the Rwamagaza area in the Sukumaland Greenstone Belt consists of basalts and basaltic andesites associated with volumetrically minor rhyodacites and rhyolites. Most basalts and basaltic andesites yield nearly flat patterns (La/Sm_CN = 0.89–1.34) indicating derivation by partial melting of the mantle at relatively low pressure outside the garnet stability field. On primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams, the basalts and basaltic andesites can be subdivided into two groups. The first group is characterised by moderately negative Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.51–0.73, mean = 0.61 ± 0.08) with slight enrichment of LREE relative to both Th and HREE. The second group is characterised by nearly flat patterns with no Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.77 ± 0.39). The observed Nb and Th anomalies in the Rwamagaza basalts and basaltic andesites, cannot be explained by alteration, crustal contamination or melt–solid equilibria. Rather, the anomalies are interpreted, on the basis of Nb–Th–La–Ce systematics, as having formed by partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle consisting of variable mixtures of components derived from two distinct sources. These sources are depleted mantle similar to that generating modern MORB and an LREE-enriched and HFSE-depleted source similar to that feeding volcanism along modern convergent margins.The rhyolites are characterised by high Na₂O/K₂O ratios (>1) and Al₂O₃ (>15 wt.%), low HREE contents (Yb = 0.24–0.68 ppm) leading to highly fractionated REE patterns (La/Yb_CN = 18.4–54.7) and large negative Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.11–0.20), characteristics that are typical of Cenozoic adakites and Archaean TTG which form by partial melting of the hydrated basaltic crust at pressures high enough to stabilize garnet ± amphibole. The Rwamagaza basalts and basaltic andesites are geochemically analogous to the Phanerozoic Mariana Trough Back Arc Basin Basalts and the overall geochemical diversity of Rwamagaza volcanic rocks is interpreted in terms of a geodynamic model involving the interaction of a depleted mantle, a melting subducting oceanic slab in a back arc setting.     

胶东地区郭家岭花岗闪长岩的地球化学特征及成因

本文系统地报道了郭家岭花岗闪长岩的主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成,重点讨论了郭家岭花岗闪长岩的岩石成因、成岩物质来源及其地质意义.研究结果表明,郭家岭花岗闪长岩的SiO2含量从62%至72%,Na2O/K2O=0.64-1.79,多数样品大于1.0;K2O+Na2O值为7.34-8.49%,铝指数A/CNK=0.82～1.1,属于准铝质或过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;高Sr含量(Sr＞800μg/g)、低Y和Yb含量(Y＜10μg/g;Yb＜1.0μg/g)、轻重稀土分馏强烈(LaN/YbN=17.4～47.8);这些地球化学特征类似于adakite、太古代TTG岩系、Na质花岗岩及HiSrBa花岗岩而不同于岛弧环境的英安岩.高的初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7094～0.7114),负的δNd(t)值(-11.2～-17.5),表明花岗闪长岩与adakite、HiSrBa花岗岩的成因不同而类似于Na质花岗岩和TTG岩系,即郭家岭花岗闪长岩是由下部地壳镁铁质岩石脱水部分熔融作用形成的.Nd同位素与胶东地区基性脉岩的Nd同位素组成相近,表明二者有可能具有相似或相同的源区.但基性脉岩出露面积明显小于花岗岩,二者之间存在着SiO2成分间隔,并且基性脉岩的不相容元素明显高于花岗闪长岩,从而表明花岗闪长岩不是基性脉岩结晶分异的产物,这与由幔源岩浆直接分异形成的高Sr、Ba花岗岩(HiSrBa)的成因不同.因此,花岗闪长岩有可能来源于早先与脉岩源区相似的基性岩浆底侵作用而形成的下地壳镁铁质岩石.其地球化学特征表明母岩浆在岩浆演化过程中经历了少量地壳混染作用.Mg#＞50的岩石具有高Sr、Sr/Y、La/Yb等地球化学特征,表明岩浆形成时源区残留相中含有密度较大的石榴石,从而可能引起下地壳物质及岩石圈地幔的拆沉.这对研究胶东地区地区乃至中国东部在中生代期间岩石圈强烈减薄作用的机制和过程具有重要的地质意义.     

蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩主要出露于青山群八亩地组和方戈庄组中。火山岩SiO₂含量为53.71%~69.08%,主要为安山质岩石和流纹岩,以钙碱性系列为主(σ平均3.42);富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)=0.7051~0.7110,ε_Nd(t)=-5.16~-16.4)。根据MgO含量和Mg^﹟值,可将安山质火山岩划分为高镁(Mg^﹟>60)和低镁(Mg^﹟<60)两个系列。高镁安山质岩石的MgO、Cr、Ni及不相容元素的含量明显高于低镁安山质岩石,且具有相对高的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)和较低的ε_Nd(t)值,Sr-Nd同位素组成趋向于EMⅡ型富集地幔端元。低镁安山质岩石地球化学特征类似于埃达克岩,其同位素组成介于EMⅠ型富集地幔端元与华北麻粒岩相下地壳之间。流纹岩具有较低的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和明显的负Eu、Sr异常,同位素组成类似于扬子中、上地壳。研究表明,蒙阴盆地高镁安山质岩石由曾遭受俯冲扬子陆壳熔体改造的华北岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成,且岩浆在上升 过程中经历了华北下地壳物质一定程度的混染或混合作用;低镁安山质岩石主要由华北下地壳部分熔融形成;流纹岩为岩石圈伸展减薄背景下仰冲至华北克拉通之上的扬子中、上地壳部分熔融的产物。地质现象显示,郯庐断裂带的伸展活动控制着蒙阴断陷盆地的发育,与蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩的成因有着密切的联系,在华北克拉通破坏中可能起到了重要的作用。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of late proterozoic volcanic rocks from north-western Africa

The Upper Proterozoic volcanism of northwestern Africa is characterized by the predominance of calc-alkaline rocks. Volcanics with tholeiitic affinities and alkali basalts are rare. The geochemistry and the relative proportions of calc-alkaline rocktypes in the Silet zone (Algeria) and the Ouarzazate formation (Morocco) are similar to those of recent island arc suites where basalts are most abundant while in the Tassendjanet and Gara Akofo zones (Algeria) they resemble contintal margin volcanic suites with a predominance of andesites. The volcanic rocks have undergone low-grade metamorphism which strongly affected alkali and alkali-earth elements and also to a smaller degree, the less mobile elements such as REE, Zr, Hf, Nb, and P. The geochemistry of the calc-alkaline rocks point to a complex origin involving low-pressure fractional crystallization, crustal contamination and derivation from a source already enriched in LILE.     

西乡群三郎铺组和大石沟组火山岩U-Pb定年及岩石成因研究

三郎铺组不整合上覆于孙家河组之上,与大石沟组呈连续过渡关系,两者均为一套火山沉积岩系。三郎铺组火山岩主要为玄武岩和流纹岩,大石沟组火山岩包括玄武岩、安山岩、流纹岩。大石沟组流纹岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示流纹岩形成时代为803.0±5.3Ma,属新元古代岩浆作用产物。元素地球化学和三郎铺组特有的陆相火山岩结构表明火山岩形成大陆板内伸展环境,属亚碱性火山岩系。三郎铺组玄武岩和流纹岩组成双峰式火山岩套,微量元素比值对模拟结果表明玄武岩浆来源于岩石圈地幔中原始石榴石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融,部分熔融程度约为7%; 三郎铺组流纹岩浆源岩可能为白勉峡组下部的玄武质岩石,岩浆起源于斜长石稳定的下地壳源区或部分熔融形成的原生岩浆在上升过程中,经历了较为显著的斜长石结晶分异作用过程。大石沟组玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩具有相同的微量元素比值、ε(t)值和t_DM,为同一母岩浆分离结晶的产物。玄武岩浆起源于原始石榴石二辉橄榄岩约10%的部分熔融,玄武岩浆分离结晶后残余岩浆比例约70%时形成安山岩浆,残余岩浆比例约20%~30%时产生流纹岩浆; 分离结晶的主要矿物包括斜长石和铁钛氧化物。三郎铺组和大石沟组均是新元古代晚期大陆裂谷作用的岩浆响应。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Cretaceous oceanic plateau lavas in eastern Jamaica

Basaltic lavas of Turonian to Coniacian age belonging to the Bath–Dunrobin Formation occur with intercalated island arc tuffs in the south of the Blue Mountain inlier, have been interpreted as being derived from the Caribbean oceanic plateau. This study presents new major and trace element and Sr–Pb–Nd–Hf isotopic data for these igneous rocks. The Jamaican rocks are altered by tropical weathering, hydrothermal and metamorphic processes, which have mobilised many of their elements (e.g. K and Ba). Consequently, the basalts and dacitic tuffs have been classified by using immobile trace elements. The trace element and _Hf(i)–_Nd(i) geochemistry suggests that the basaltic lavas are derived from a chemically similar source region by variable degrees of partial melting. The Caribbean plateau basalts lie on a mixing line between a depleted plume component and HIMU in Nd–Hf isotopic space. The Pb isotope data also demonstrate that the Jamaican plateau lavas are composed of a larger HIMU component than the other plateau lavas within the Caribbean region. The intercalated island arc tuffs are the first to be found in any oceanic plateau succession in the Caribbean and imply that the Caribbean oceanic plateau at  90 Ma was relatively close to the subduction zone along South America and the Great Arc of the Antilles.     

Petrogenesis of the island-arc complexes of the Chara zone,East Kazakhstan

The study of clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions provided direct (independent on secondary alteration) information on the petrogenesis of the island arc complexes of the Chara zone, East Kazakhstan. It was shown that magmatism of this zone evolved from primitive island-arc systems with boninites to mature island arc with calc-alkaline melts. In terms of trace and rare-earth element distribution, the melt inclusions in the clinopyroxenes of the Chara zone differ from mid-ocean ridge basalts, being closer to the island-arc calcalkaline series. Based on inclusion composition, the parental melts of the considered complexes crystallized within 1150–1190°C with decreasing iron, magnesium, calcium, and sodium contents. Simulation based on melt inclusion data in clinopyroxenes indicates that the melts contained up to 1 wt % water, which was confirmed by direct ion-microprobe determination of 0.84 wt % H₂O in the inclusions. Calculated liquidus temperatures are consistent with homogenization temperatures of the inclusions. Our calculations on the basis of inclusion data testify that the primary melts of the studied basaltic series of the Chara zone were generated from the mantle protolith within temperatures of 1350–1530°C at depths of 50–95 km. Similar parameters are typical of the generation of the tholeiitic and boninitic island-arc magmas in the modern ocean-continent transition zones of the Pacific type. In general, the study of clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions suggests that the considered complexes of the Chara zone were formed with the participation of tholeiitic and calcalkaline volcanogenic systems of basaltic, basaltic andesite, and, possibly, boninitic composition in the paleogeodynamic setting of evolving ancient island arc.     

特提斯喜马拉雅带中段东部三叠纪火山岩的地球化学和岩石成因

三叠纪火山岩分布于特提斯喜马拉雅带中段东部,古地理上位于大印度北东部.分别采用原子吸收分光度法、ICP-MS和全岩同位素稀释法对三叠纪火山岩的主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素进行了分析,并用来研究其成分特征和成因.岩相学和地球化学指标显示三叠纪火山岩为玄武岩,MgO含量均很低（范围在4.27%～7.72%）,属于演化岩浆.早三叠世热马组和中三叠世桑康组具有较高的TiO2、TFeO和P2O5含量,稀土元素总量和轻重稀土元素的分馏程度均较高,Ti/V、Ti/Y、Zr/Y比值较高,富集高场强元素（如Nb、Zr等）,地球化学特征与峨眉山高Ti玄武岩相似,以更富集La、Ce、Zr、Hf等元素而有别于夏威夷碱性玄武岩,它们属大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有OIB型地球化学特征的碱性玄武岩;晚三叠世涅如组玄武岩以较低TiO2、TFeO和P2O5含量为特征,稀土元素总量和轻重稀土分馏程度均较低,高场强元素（如Nb、Zr等）丰度很低,为大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有E-MORB地球化学特征的拉斑玄武岩.三叠纪玄武岩Nd同位素组成随时间从轻度富集到亏损（εNd（t）=-1.2→-0.5→4.4）,指示岩浆源区具有从轻度富集到亏损的演化趋势.不相容元素（如La/Sm、La/Ta以及（Th/Ta）PM、（La/Nb）PM等）指示热马组和桑康组玄武岩遭受了一定程度下地壳混染,而涅如组没有遭受地壳混染.热马组和桑康组玄武岩还显示岩石圈地幔物质的印记,并与石榴石相二辉橄榄岩的低度部分熔融有关,而涅如组玄武岩除了具有E-MORB特征外,还与尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩的较高程度部分熔融有关.它们被解释为上涌的软流圈地幔物质与岩石圈地幔物质混合后在不同程度的拉张背景下发生减压熔融的产物.特提斯喜马拉雅带的三叠纪裂谷作用很可能具有主动裂谷作用的性质,较小规模的火山岩浆作用可用裂谷带之下上涌的地幔物质由于传导作用而变冷或正在孕育的地幔柱成因模式来解释.     

青藏高原北部可可西里地区新生代钾质火山岩地球化学特征及成因

青藏高原北部可可西里地区分布的中新世钾质火山岩(7.77～17.82Ma)主要为粗面安山岩、粗面岩和少量次火山相的流纹斑岩.主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,该套钾质火山岩强烈富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,明显亏损Nb-Ta-Ti元素,具有较高的87Sr/86Sr:0.707346～0.714915,较低的εNd值:-3.70～-6.97,和较高的放射性成因Pb同位素组成(207Pb/204Pb=15.65～15.76,208Pb/204Pb=38.98～39.35,206Pb/207Pb=18.67～18.78).上述特征指示岩浆源区可能是与古俯冲消减物质有关的EMⅡ型富集地幔.三大岩类的地球化学成分变异表明:该钾质火山岩系列是富集地幔(金云母-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和金云母-石榴石二辉橄榄岩)低度部分熔融产生的母岩浆经过较强结晶分异形成的,其中流纹斑岩在岩浆后期可能经历了更为复杂的地壳混染和结晶分异过程.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous continental rift-type volcanic rocks of the Mecsek Mountains, South Hungary

Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks (basanite to phonolite) from the Mecsek Mountains (South Hungary) represent the products of Late Mesozoic extension-related alkaline magmatism at the southern margin of the European plate. Two mafic groups have been distinguished: ankaramite-alkali basalt and Na-basanite-phonotephrite. Phonolites could have been formed from the Na-basanitic magma by low-pressure fractionation. The major and trace element characteristics of the Mecsek basalts are similar to those of alkaline basalts of other intraplate areas and have a St. Helena-type OIB affinity. The mantle source of the Mecsek volcanics could be similar to that proposed by Wilson and Downes (1991) as one of the mantle endmembers for extension-related Tertiary-Quaternary alkaline basalts in Europe. Geochemical modelling indicates that the primary magmas of the Na-basanite series were formed by about 4% partial melting, whereas ankaramites and alkali basalts originated by about 6% partial melting of a garnet-peridotite source.     

青藏高原新生代火车头山碱性及钙碱性两套火山岩的地球化学特征及其物源讨论

藏北羌塘火车头山新生代火山岩可区分为钙碱性及碱性两个不同的系列.钙碱性火山岩主要岩石组合为玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩,其SiO2介于49%～70%之间,Al2O3＞10%,Na2O/K2O＞1;其中玄武岩具平坦型稀土配分型式,LREE/HREE为1.3～1.8,（La/Yb）N为2.87～4.45,无明显铕异常,δEu为0.96～1.09;该套岩石的Mg#与SiO2相关关系以及La/Sm-La等亲岩浆元素与超亲岩浆元素协变关系表明,它们应为幔源岩浆经分离结晶演化的产物,其岩石组合类型以及低的Sm/Yb值（Sm/Yb=1.53～5.35）表明它们的原始岩浆应来源于岩石圈地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的局部熔融.本区碱性火山岩为一套典型的钾质岩石系列,主要岩石组合类型为碱玄岩-碱玄质响岩-响岩,其SiO2介于44%～59%之间,Al2O3＞14%,Na2O/K2O介于0.47～1.51之间;岩石轻稀土强烈富集,LREE/HREE为13.20～15.76,（La/Yb）N=50.44～91.99;其岩石组合类型以及Mg^#与SiO2相关关系以及La/Sm-La协变关系同样表明它们为共源岩浆分离结晶演化的产物;然而,其较高的Sm/Yb值（Sm/Yb=2.63～13.98）表明它们并非地幔橄榄岩直接局部熔融的产物,岩石弱的负Eu异常（δEu=0.77～0.85）以及Th、U的强烈富集和Nb、Ta的相对亏损,又反映了原始岩浆中有显著的地壳物质的贡献;该套钾质碱性系列岩石在La/Co-Th/Co同分母协变图上呈直线型分布,而在La/Co-Sc/Th异分母协变图上呈显著的双曲线分布,从而表明其源区为二源混合型,是青藏高原特殊的壳幔混合层局部熔融的产物,这些特征是新生代青藏高原壳幔层圈物质交换的重要岩石学证据.     

浙东地区晚中生代火山岩地球化学特征、岩石成因及构造环境

中国东部中生代发生的大规模岩浆活动是地学界长期以来关注的课题之一。本文通过对浙东地区晚中生代火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、主量、稀土及微量元素地球化学的研究,讨论其岩石成因及形成的构造环境。研究表明,大爽组底部火山岩年龄为155.2±1.4 Ma （MSWD = 0.83）,显示浙东地区晚中生代火山岩的形成时代并不限于白垩纪,火山喷发至少于晚侏罗世就已经开始;岩石总体属高钾钙碱性系列,少量属钾玄岩系列;基性岩石、中性岩石与中酸性（酸性）岩之间不具有同源演化关系,基性岩石来源于富集地幔,并受到了不同程度的地壳混染,中性岩石可能来源于先存于下地壳深部的新元古代岛弧岩石,中酸性（酸性）岩石来源于地壳,中酸性岩浆与酸性岩浆之间存在演化关系;岩石总体形成于地壳幕式减薄环境,而其弧岩浆岩特征主要反映源岩属性。     

Geochemistry of Archaean volcanic rocks from Iron Ore Supergroup, Singhbhum, eastern India

Mafic-ultramafic rocks of Archaean age constitute a significant component of the Eastern Indian Craton. These occur in two different modes. In the eastern belt these occur as a long, linear enclave within the Singhbhum granite and the primary banding in them is subvertical. In the more extensive western belt along the periphery of the Singhbhum granite, the disposition of the primary banding is subhorizontal. The major rock type in both the belts is meta-basalt with minor peridotitic komatiite and basaltic komatiite occurring in the eastern belt. Rare ultramafic rocks with cumulate textures are present in both the belts. The larger volume of the basaltic rocks preclude the possibility of their being derived by fractional crystallization of the high-MgO components. On the basis of trace element and REE characters the rocks may be classified into three groups. One of the groups shows a tholeiitic trend and include samples mostly from the eastern belt while the second consisting mostly of samples from the western belt shows a calc-alkaline trend. The third group includes samples having elemental ratios intermediate between these two groups. Zr/Nb ratios for the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline samples are different suggesting their sources to be different. The tholeiitic samples have been generated from a source having chondritic REE characters, while the calc-alkaline samples have been generated from a source with LREE enriched character. The high-MgO components in both the groups are suggested to represent high degrees of melting compared to the basalts in each group. It is further suggested that the tholeiitic basalts have been generated relatively early from a chondritic source. Down-buckling of this material has added LREE enriched melts to the source, thereby changing its character into a LREE enriched one. Melting of a source with such changed character has subsequently produced the calc-alkaline melts. Rocks with variable but intermediate characters between these two groups have been generated as a result of contamination between these two groups.