Magnetoacoustic emission of magnetites

We consider the parameters of magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) in magnetites from the ores of the Urals and West Siberia. It has been shown that the differences in signals are related to various types of the domain structures of samples, whose fixity is determined by the formation conditions of magnetite and the effect of superimposed physicochemical processes. On the basis of field parameters, the magnetites have been divided into three types depending on the area of magnetic fields with MAE. These parameters can serve as the typomorphic features of magnetites of different genesis.     

我国一些铜镍硫化物矿床主要金属矿物的特征

镍、铜共生的铜镍硫化物矿床是镍矿也是铜矿的重要矿床类型。磁黄铁矿，镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿是这类矿床的主要金属矿物。它们的某些矿物学特征，特别是微量元素Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ比值，与其他铜矿类型明显不同，这三种矿物组成不同于任何其他铜矿类型的典型矿物共生组合， 形成特殊的海绵损铁状、球滴状构造。     

Chemical evidence for,and implications of,a primary FeS phase in the Ankarvattnet Zn-Cu-Pb massive sulphide deposit,central Swedish Caledonides

The origin of the pyrrhotite in the Ankarvattnet massive sulphide deposit is discussed, based on chemical relations between the different mineralization types. A metamorphic genesis is rejected and a premetamorphic origin is alternatively suggested, which is in agreement with similar ideas for the origin of the pyrrhotite in other deposits. The pyrrhotite is thought to have formed in the stringer zone to a massive pyritic layer with similar formation mechanisms as for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. The recognition of a stringer zone mineralogy provides better possibilities to understand the physico-chemical character of the ore forming environment.     

Long-period pulsations of the thermal microwave emission of the solar flare of June 2, 2007 from data with high spatial resolution

Data from the Nobeyama Radioheliograph at 17 GHz with high spatial and temporal resolution are used to detect quasi-periodic pulsations with periods from 55 to 250 s in the thermal component of the microwave emission of a solar flare loop observed on June 2, 2007. Observed pulsations with periods of about 110–120 s are co-phased along the entire loop axis. The observed periodicity is most likely due to modulation of the radio emission by slow magnetoacoustic waves trapped in the filamentary flare loop.     

攀西基性岩中共生的陨硫铁和磁黄铁矿的穆斯堡尔效应研究

使用穆斯堡尔效应研究攀西基性岩中共生的陨硫铁和磁黄铁矿。陨硫铁的分子式为Fe_(1.009)S,晶胞参数a_0=5.96,c_0=11.74,根据Wuensch表示法,可以把它归结为1B,1C型。与陨硫铁共生的磁黄铁矿的分子式为Fe_(0.892)S,属于六方磁黄铁矿。本文确定了共生的陨硫铁和磁黄铁矿的穆斯堡尔参数,它们的谱分别是由一组磁六线谱和三组磁六线谱组成。比较攀西陨硫铁和人工合成陨硫铁及陨石中陨硫铁,可以得出结论,它们之间没有明显差别。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床磁黄铁矿标型矿物学特征及其地质意义

甲玛矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,是西藏地区最大的铜多金属矿床之一。磁黄铁矿是甲玛矿床最常见的金属矿物之一,其标型特征不仅反映其自身形成环境,对其形成机制和矿床成因也具有指示意义。文章选取产于不同岩性中的磁黄铁矿矿石样品,利用矿相学、X射线衍射和电子探针分析等手段对磁黄铁矿的形态、成分和结构进行了分析研究。研究表明,甲玛矿床的磁黄铁矿主要分布在距离岩体中心较远的矿区远端矽卡岩和角岩中。磁黄铁矿的晶胞参数和粉晶X射线衍射曲线显示矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿主要为高温六方磁黄铁矿,角岩中的磁黄铁矿为高温六方磁黄铁矿和低温单斜磁黄铁矿的交生体,但主要以低温单斜磁黄铁矿为主。通过对矽卡岩和角岩中的磁黄铁矿进行电子探针测试,结果显示:矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿中w(Fe)为60.09%～60.71%,平均为60.38%,w(S)为38.18%～38.69%,平均38.35%,化学分子式为Fe_8S_9～Fe_(10)S_(11);角岩中的磁黄铁矿中w(Fe)为59.05%～59.57%,平均为59.10%,w(S)为39.28%～39.95%,平均39.59%,化学分子式为Fe_5S_6～Fe_7S_8。根据以上矿物学特征,笔者进一步探讨了该矿床磁黄铁矿的沉淀机制:炽热的岩浆热液上涌,与碳酸盐岩地层和碎屑岩地层接触发生相互作用,并有大气水的加入,使得成矿流体在角岩中先快速降温,形成高温六方磁黄铁矿和低温单斜磁黄铁矿的交生体。同时,大量的含矿热液形成,并充填于有利的成矿空间(主要为层间破碎带)沉淀成矿,形成矽卡岩矿体,然后流体在矽卡岩矿段中经历缓慢降温,形成高温六方磁黄铁矿。结合矿床地质特征和相关元素地球化学特征,认为甲玛矿床类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型。     

Tectonic control of pyrrhotite phase distribution studied on a fold structure

A fold structure within a pyrite ore specimen has been analysed with respect to the amount and distribution of pyrrhotite modifications present. The relative distribution of the two types of pyrrhotite, hexagonal 5C and monoclinic 4C, was found to be strongly dependent upon the stress distribution. Within very short distances the hexagonal fraction of the total amount of pyrrhotite varied from nearly zero up to 0.65 giving steep and structurally well defined gradients. The monoclinic phase was preferably located to regions deformed by intense shearing. It is suggested that the influence of anisotropic stresses accelerated the conversion of hexagonal to monoclinic pyrrhotite. Variations in the distribution of the total amount of pyrrhotite were also observed and partly ascribed to migration of pyrrhotite.     

对马山-大宝山变质成因磁黄铁矿不同组成结构的认识

马山和大宝山矿床均为块状硫化物矿床。显微镜研究表明，两矿床中磁黄铁矿主要均由胶黄铁矿变质形成，但组成结构上却有较大区别。马山矿床主矿体中单斜磁黄铁矿（Ｍｐｏ）一般少于六万磁黄铁矿（Ｈｐｏ），而大宝山矿床主矿体中单斜磁黄铁矿和六万磁黄铁矿一般近相等。通过对导致矿床发生热变质的中生代燕山期岩体的研究，认为岩体成因类型的不同及所含热量的差异是导致两矿床变质成因磁黄铁矿组成结构不同的主要原因     

辽宁红透山铜锌块状硫化物矿床的变质变形和成矿组分再活化

辽宁红透山铜-锌块状硫化物产在太古宙绿岩带中，矿床形成后经历了强烈的变形和变质，变质程度达高级角闪岩相。野外和显微镜研究表明，矿石在进变质过程中发生过强烈的机械再活化和重结晶，但各种进变质结构大部分已被变质峰期的全面重结晶所清除，目前保存着的结构主要是变质峰期和退变质过程的产物。退变质过程以黄铁矿变斑晶生长、矿石糜棱岩的形成、二次退火和化学再活化为特征。矿床中高度富集铜和金的矿石是韧性剪切形成的矿石糜棱岩受退变质流体叠加而成。磁黄铁矿主要是同生沉积后重结晶的产物，另有一部分由退变质热液形成，而黄铁矿变斑晶则有沉积一重结晶、磁黄铁矿退变质脱硫和热液叠加多种成因。世界各地块状硫化物矿床中的磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿各有三种成因类型。磁黄铁矿的类型有：同生沉积．变质重结晶、同生沉积黄铁矿变质和退变质热液充填或交代；黄铁矿的类型有：同生沉积-变质重结晶、磁黄铁矿退变质脱硫和退变质热液充填或交代。红透山矿区的退变质流体具有从早到晚氧逸度升高的趋势。     

东海陆架平北地区残留沉积磁性特征及其油气指示意义

本文利用1994－1995年在东海陆架平北地区获取的370个柱状样,对该区残留沉积物作磁性测试和磁性矿物鉴定,以进行陆架残留沉积物磁性特征与深部油气渗漏关系的研究。磁性测试显示本区存在磁化率异常和饱和等温剩磁异常两种磁性异常现象。根据磁性参数特征和多种矿物物理学鉴定结果,确定导致本区磁化率异常的矿物为陆源碎屑磁铁矿,导致剩磁异常的矿物为自生或次生铁硫化物胶黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿。证据显示本区剩磁异常是油气渗漏的产物;而磁化率异常则主要指示古滨海砂的分布。作者提出在本区的油气化探中,剩磁参数是有效的化探磁性指标。     

Propagation of a fast magnetoacoustic shock wave in the magnetosphere of an active region

The propagation of a fast magnetoacoustic shock wave the magnetosphere of a solar active region is considered the nonlinear geometrical acoustics approximation. The magnetic field is modeled as a subphotospheric magnetic dipole embedded in the radial field of the quiet corona. The initial parameters of the wave are specified at a spherical surface in the depths of the active region. The wave propagates asymmetrically and is reflected from regions of the strong magnetic field, which results in the radiation of the wave energy predominantly upwards. Substantial gradients in the Alfvén speed facilitate appreciable growth in the wave intensity. Non-linear damping of the wave and divergence of the wave front lead to the opposite effect. Analysis of the joint action of these factors shows that a fast magnetoacoustic perturbation outgoing from an active region can correspond to a shock wave of moderate intensity. This supports the scenario in which the primary source of the coronal wave is an eruptive filament that impulsively expands in the magnetosphere of an active region.     

粤北大宝山铜多金属矿区黄铁矿与磁黄铁矿EPMA和LA-ICP-MS原位微区组分特征及其对矿床成因机制约束

粤北大宝山铜多金属矿床一直存在燕山期岩浆热液成因和海西期火山喷流成因之争,争议的焦点在于块状、似层状硫化物矿体的成因。本文在全面开展矿区地质调查和钻探查证的基础上,对块状、似层状和脉状硫化物矿石中的黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿开展EPMA和LA-ICP-MS原位分析。测试结果表明,不同产状黄铁矿的平均分子式相似,分别为FeS_(1.98)、FeS_(1.99)和FeS_(1.98),似层状和脉状硫化物中磁黄铁矿的平均化学式为Fe_(0.886)S和Fe_(0.874)S,属形成温度相对较低单斜磁黄铁矿。与花岗岩岩浆热液标型黄铁矿相比,不同产状的黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿中Co、Ni、Mn、Se和Ge等元素以类质同象形式赋存,它们含量较低但稳定,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Bi和Tl及Ga主要以微细矿物子晶形式存在,其含量丰富,但变化明显。从块状、似层状到脉状硫化物矿体,黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿中Co、Zn和Se的含量及Co/Ni值降低,而Cu、Pb、Ag、Bi等元素的含量明显升高。结合矿区次英安斑岩的产状和含矿性特征表明,大宝山矿床块状、似层状和脉状硫化物矿体都是次英安斑岩深部岩浆房产出的含矿流体在不同赋矿环境中的产物。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山层控矽卡岩铜矿床形成过程——来自磁黄铁矿的证据

冬瓜山铜矿床是安徽铜陵地区代表性的层控矽卡岩型铜矿床之一,磁黄铁矿是冬瓜山铜矿床中广泛分布的矿石矿物。野外调研与矿相学观察显示,该矿床中的磁黄铁矿矿石具有沉积、热变质和热液交代结构构造。矿物学研究表明,不同矿石中的磁黄铁矿成分差异较大,其Fe含量变化于57.78%～60.67%之间,分属高温六方相和低温单斜相,主要由黄铁矿变质脱硫而成。冬瓜山铜矿的形成可能经历了早期沉积作用、中期热变质作用和晚期岩浆热液交代作用等复杂成矿过程。     

The thermodynamic properties of pyrrhotite and pyrite: A re-evaluation

On a plot of log sulfur activity versus inverse absolute temperature, the variation in published pyrite/pyrrhotite curves below 500°C is larger than expected from the precision of the measurements. The precise data by Rau (1976) fall between interpretations by Scott and Barnes (1971) and by Toulmin and Barton (1964) and are recommended.Scott and Barnes calibrated sulfur fugacities in the system Fe-Zn-S, against the data of Toulmin and Barton, but this involved a double extrapolation of empirical relationships, to and from a region where fugacities in pyrrhotite are unmeasured. Regular-solution models offer no improvement. An apparent interruption in the properties of the high-temperature pyrrhotite solid solution, at the composition Fe₇S₈ (Powell, 1983) is probably due to the inclusion of metastable microdomains of monoclinic pyrrhotite in some of Rau's experimental runs, rather than to an equilibrium change of structure. Hence, the uncertainties of extrapolation are unlikely to account for the displacement of the pyrite/pyrrhotite curve of Scott and Barnes. There may be a systematic error in the composition of pyrrhotite inferred by Scott and Barnes from X-ray lattice spacings, due to the effects of preparation-dependent ordering.Other influences on pyrrhotite thermodynamics are discussed. There is a maximum in the pyrrhotite fundamental unit-cell parameter, “a,” as composition is changed. This maximum shifts towards the Fe-rich boundary of pyrrhotite as temperature is increased, so it suggests a contribution from intrinsic defects, even at low temperatures. The thermodynamic effects of pressure need recalculating to suit these unit-cell data.     

安徽朝山金矿床矿石含金性和硫同位素研究

朝山金矿床位于铜陵市东郊狮子山矿田内。除了自然金之外,矿床中金主要以晶格金方式赋存于磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿和毒砂等矿石矿物之中;各种类型矿石成矿元素研究表明,含金磁黄铁矿石中金含量最高,其他依次为含金磁黄铁矿—黄铁矿矿石、含金黄铁矿化大理岩、含金矽卡岩、含金黄铁矿矿石等;硫同位素分析显示矿石硫主要来自深源或幔源硫,但在上升过程中遭受到地壳物质混染。在上述研究基础上,综合前人研究成果及朝山金矿地质特征,表明朝山金矿床属于热液交代型金矿床,形成时代为燕山中晚期。     

镍铜硫化物矿石中磁黄铁矿固溶体的退火及其选矿意义

磁黄铁矿固治体从硫化物熔体结晶后，在缓慢冷却过程中经历了显著的退火。出治和出治体的租化是固治体退火的两种方式。叶片状的单斜磁黄铁矿和“火焰状”的镍黄铁矿原始出治相在降温过程中均可发生退火和租化。分布于磁黄铁矿等矿物粒间或包于磁黄铁矿粒内的粒状镍黄铁矿，不只是高温出治的直接产物，有一部分可能是由火焰状出治体租化而成的。磁黄铁矿中单斜变体的出治和租化可使矿石的磁性发生改变，镍黄铁矿出治体的租化使含镍矿物的粒度加大。因而，退火作用对矿石的选矿工艺性能有着显著影响。     

氮气气氛下黄铁矿热分解的矿物相变研究

通过差热-热重分析、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）及磁化率分析等手段,对天然黄铁矿样品在氮气中受热发生的矿物相 变过程进行了综合研究。不同温度下黄铁矿煅烧产物的XRD物相分析结果显示,低于500℃时,黄铁矿无显著变化;随着 温度的升高（500~600℃）,黄铁矿开始转变为单斜磁黄铁矿,进而生成六方磁黄铁矿,磁化率显著升高;700℃~800℃的 煅烧产物主要为六方磁黄铁矿,磁化率明显下降,直至900℃进一步形成更稳定的陨硫铁（FeS）,磁化率接近于零。在黄 铁矿物相开始转变的温度（500~600℃）区间,黄铁矿生成单斜磁黄铁矿的速率大于单斜磁黄铁矿转化为六方磁黄铁矿的速 率;高温（700~900℃）时,黄铁矿转化为单斜磁黄铁矿的速率低于单斜磁黄铁矿转化为六方磁黄铁矿的速率,表现为黄铁 矿直接生成六方磁黄铁矿。     

安徽省马山矿区硫化物矿石中黄铁矿与磁铁矿的后成合晶

在安徽省马山矿区的硫化物矿石中,黄铁矿与磁铁矿呈后成合晶交代磁黄铁矿的结构,是成矿系统物理化学条件向磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿-磁铁矿三相点演化的产物。系统经过三相点的几率甚小,因而这种结构在矿石中十分少见。     

Alpine metamorphism of calcareous metasediments in the Western Hohe Tauern,tyrol: mineral equilibria in COHS fluids

During Tertiary regional metamorphism in the Western Hohe Tauern, reaching maximum P, T conditions around 6 kb, 550° C in calcareous metasediments, reaction of pyrite to pyrrhotite is suggested by regional distribution and textural relations. In rocks without graphite pyrite is common at all metamorphic grades. In graphite bearing rocks, however, the dominant Fe-sulfide is pyrite at lower grade and pyrrhotite at higher grade. Furthermore, in graphite bearing high grade rocks, pyrite is restricted to assemblages with Mg-rich silicates. Several factors control pyrite-pyrrhotite relations. Increase of temperature is most effective by increase of pyrrhotite vs. pyrite stability field, shift of silicate-sulfide reactions toward the stability field of pyrrhotite, creation of sulfur free fluids from devolatilization reactions, and increase in the proportions of sulfur bearing fluid species. Presence of graphite also favours progress of pyrite to pyrrhotite reaction, as shown by different -stabilities and changes in the amount of minerals and fluid during metamorphic heating of graphite bearing and graphite free assemblages. An opposite effect is shown by assemblages with low Fe-contents in Fe-Mg silicates, due to the enlarged stability field of such minerals with increasing Mg (and F) content. Another inhibition of pyrite to pyrrhotite reaction is suggested to be due to relatively high sulfur contents of H₂O rich infiltrating fluids.     

Chalcopyrite formation through the metathesis of pyrrhotite with aqueous copper

The heterogeneous chemical environment which develops in the heap leaching of some pyrrhotite-containing copper ores can promote covellite and chalcopyrite formation particularly in acid-depleted regions of a heap. In such circumstances, copper recovery will be delayed until the acid and oxidation fronts move through the bed of ore and these secondary copper sulfides are re-leached. The transition from pyrrhotite to chalcopyrite most probably follows the sequence, pyrrhotite to copper-pyrrhotite to unnamed mineral CuFe₃S₄ to isocubanite to chalcopyrite, with a major structural expansion occurring prior to CuFe₃S₄. The mechanism is one in which copper is incorporated into pyrrhotite, which maintains its NiAs-type structure up to a stability limit, above which the structure rearranges to a chalcopyrite-like structure followed by isomorphic substitution of copper for iron. The structural rearrangement proceeds with significant expansion in one of the hexagonal axis directions and contractions in the other directions. Depending on the orientation, this expansion induces different levels of strain in the product chalcopyrite. The level of strain subsequently impacts on the rate of chalcopyrite metathesis to covellite. The depth of chalcopyrite formation into the pyrrhotite varies with pyrrhotite orientation.