The application of microwave remote sensing technology in rock mechanics

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卫星遥感技术在火山监测中的应用

作为一门新兴技术，卫星遥感已被有效地应用于火山活动监测、通过SAR(合成孔径雷达)和InSAR(合成孔径雷达干涉成像)资料可以监测火山地表形变、使用热辐射数据以及将遥感与其它技术相结合能够研究火山区的热活动和火山喷发物。在我国的火山监测中，广泛地应用卫星遥感技术是非常必要的。     

Genetic inverse algorithm for retrieval of component temperature of mixed pixel by multi-angle thermal infrared remote sensing data

After carefully studying the results of retrieval of land surface temperature(LST) by multi-channel thermal infrared remote sensing data, the authors of this paper point out that its accuracy and significance for applications are seriously damaged by the high correlation coefficient among multi-channel information and its disablement of direct retrieval of component temperature. Based on the model of directional radiation of non-isothermal mixed pixel, the authors point out that multi-angle thermal infrared remote sensing can offer the possibility to directly retrieve component temperature, but it is also a multi-parameter synchronous inverse problem. The results of digital simulation and field experiments show that the genetic inverse algorithm (GIA) is an effective method to fulfill multi-parameter synchronous retrieval. So it is possible to realize retrieval of component temperature with error less than 1K by multi-angle thermal infrared remote sensing data and GIA.     

卫星遥感解译湖泊蓝藻水华的几个关键问题探讨

蓝藻水华是全球性的水环境健康问题,对水华暴发过程信息的快速准确获取是制定有效防治措施的关键.卫星遥感因具有大范围、周期性观测的特点,被广泛地用于湖泊蓝藻水华的时空动态监测.本文指出在利用遥感对湖泊蓝藻水华进行研究时,需要注意的4个问题:(1)湖泊水体中泥沙等信号对藻华存在干扰;(2)大气程辐射及水陆边界影响藻华特征提取结果;(3)卫星数据的有效观测频次影响获取的藻华时空变化趋势;(4)卫星遥感难以实现藻华暴发区的叶绿素浓度准确反演.本文分析了形成上述问题的主要原因,并建议相关的研究工作者在选用合适的遥感数据及方法时,对它们的潜在影响进行评估.     

热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究

对完整岩石破裂前和既存断层粘滑失稳前的红外辐射温度场进行了遥感观测研究,发现岩石破裂前出未来断层处出现条带状的红外热像,粘滑失稳前断层闭锁点出现升温现象,声发射测量表明,岩石破裂前已有大量微破裂产生,地壳中的既存断层和大震前的微小破裂均可能为震前地壳中的热能转移提供通道,从而导致地面热外震兆的出现。     

Progress and development on multi-parameters remote sensing application in earthquake monitoring in China

In this paper, the progress and development on remote sensing technology applied in earthquake monitoring research are summarized, such as differential interference synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR), infrared remote sensing, and seismo-ionospheric detecting. Many new monitoring data in this domain have been used, and new data processing methods have been developed to obtain high-precision images about crustal deformation, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface latent heat flux (SLHF), and ionospheric parameters. The development in monitoring technology and data processing technique largely enriches earthquake research information and provides new tools for earthquake stereoscope monitoring system, especially on the space part. Finally, new developing trend in this area was introduced, and some key problems in future work were pointed out.     

Principle and mathematical method for inverting stress State of a medium from the remote sensing data

It has been proved through experiments that the electromagnetic radiation energy of a substance will vary when stress acts on the substance. This moment, the electromagnetic radiation energy (observation value) received by the remote sensor is triggered not only by the substance temperature and also by the stress. Separating quantitatively these two kinds of electromagnetic radiation energy and then inversing the actual temperature state and stress state of a medium is a matter with practical significance in earthquake prediction and stability monitoring for the large-scale geotechnical engineering. In this paper the principle and the mathematical method for inversing stress by using multiband remote sensing data are discussed in detail. A calculation example is listed.     

A remote sensing model of CO2 flux for wheat and studying of regional distribution

A model for calculating CO₂ flux in the wheat field and an algorithm for estimating CO₂ flux in the mejonal scale were presented using the remote sensing data and supplementary micpo-met~orological data. First of all a-longertenn measurement wae carried out during winter wheat growing period in Yucheng Experimental Station udng the spectmradiometer system, the thermal infrared radiometer system, the Bowen-ratio device as well as the eddy-correlation device. Two kinds of issues concerning remote sensing and CO₂ flux can be obtained. Based on the obeervations a remote sensing model was estabilished. Then when the NOAA-AVHRR passed over the experimental area simultaneous measurements were carried out with the satellites. A regional distribution image for CO₂ flux over wheat canopy in North China (500×500 km²) was made using the supplementary ground data and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data which was calibrated by the synchronous observation. The sources and sinks for CO₂ fluxes in the region can be seen obviously. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49671058, 49890330)     

卫星热红外遥感在火山活动性监测中的应用

介绍了卫星热红外遥感在国内外火山监测研究中的应用现状,结合热红外遥感在地震中的应用成果,对利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动的可行性及方法进行了探讨,提出通过火山区热红外亮温旬变、月变和年变模型扣除地形地貌、岩性、植被等地表环境因素的影响,通过火山区和邻近参照区红外亮温差值运算扣除气象因素影响的火山活动性热红外异常提取方法。并以长白山火山为例,利用1999、2003和2004年的NOAA卫星影像资料,对长白山火山及周围地区的热红外影像特征进行了分析解译,对长白山火山区与外围参照区的红外亮温年变差异进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)长白山火山区的红外亮温分布特征在空间上主要受地形控制,总体表现为以天池为中心,向外围逐渐升高的漏斗状,天池则是低温背景上的明显高温标记。在时间上,长白山火山区红外亮温的演变过程主要受季节变化的影响,具有明显的夏高冬低年变特征。2)相对于1999年,2003和2004年长白山火山区均显示出明显的升温趋势,升温幅度可达2K左右。我们认为这可能是近年来天池火山活动性逐年增强的反映。这也意味着利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动性将是行之有效的新途径,也是值得深入研究的课题     

无源微波遥感用于地震预测及物理机理研究

对不同岩性的岩石进行了无源微波遥感用于地震预测的实验研究,实验在等温过程加载条件下进行．实验得出岩石的微波辐射能量随岩石的应力状态变化而显著变化,这个变化完全由应力引起,与温度无关．将介质所处的应力状态同介质的微波辐射能量变化与物理机理直接地联系了起来,为无源微波遥感观测地球表层应力场分布和预测地震奠定了物理基础,并提供了实验依据．本文提出了无源微波遥感预测地震的两种物理机理,即热能激发机理和机械能激发机理;提出了由无源微波遥感探测结果,反演介质应力状态和温度状态的方法．     

基于尺度分析的断层热信息遥感图像增强方法——以江山—绍兴断裂金衢段为例

根据热红外遥感影像上断层热信息具有特征几何尺寸的特点,以断层系统热信息分析为目标,提出了一种基于尺度分析的断层热信息遥感图像增强方法.在江山—绍兴断裂金衢段的实际工作中,通过断层两侧地表高温区域尺度分析、特征尺度网格抽样和样本插值成图等步骤,有效地降低了背景干扰,客观地描述了研究区与断层相关的热信息的空间分布形态及特征.多种尺度分析结果表明,在9 km2特征尺度上,断层热信息特征规律明显：地表高温区域沿北东走向的江山—绍兴断裂带和常山—漓渚断裂带两侧分布,呈线性特征;在淳安—温州断裂带与衢州—天台断裂带交叉位置地表温度较高.研究结果经实测资料验证,基本特征与实测资料相符.     

湖泊水质遥感的几个关键问题

我国目前约有面积大于1km2的湖泊有3000个,绝大部分属高叶绿素和高悬浮物浓度水体,属于典型的Ⅱ类水体,物质组成多样,水体的光学辐射传输复杂,且有大范围的光学浅水.我国的湖泊水质/水色遥感虽然取得了一定进展,但借鉴海洋水色遥感的相关理论和经验,还需要解决以下四个关键问题:1)兼顾海洋沿海水质遥感,发展专用的静止卫星湖泊水质遥感器;2)在当前多光谱遥感资料基础上研发高光谱湖泊水质因子提取的遥感定量化模型,提高反演精度;3)深化湖底底质对湖泊水质/水质遥感影响研究,发展湖底水质遥感反射率精确计算模型;4)发展适用于湖泊水体区域性Ⅱ类水体大气校正方法,并集成反演、遥感产品制作、分发等技术,构建湖泊水体水质/水色业务化运行体系.     

Removing sun glint from optical remote sensing images of shallow rivers

Sun glint is the specular reflection of light from the water surface, which often causes unusually bright pixel values that can dominate fluvial remote sensing imagery and obscure the water‐leaving radiance signal of interest for mapping bathymetry, bottom type, or water column optical characteristics. Although sun glint is ubiquitous in fluvial remote sensing imagery, river‐specific methods for removing sun glint are not yet available. We show that existing sun glint‐removal methods developed for multispectral images of marine shallow water environments over‐correct shallow portions of fluvial remote sensing imagery resulting in regions of unreliable data along channel margins. We build on existing marine glint‐removal methods to develop a river‐specific technique that removes sun glint from shallow areas of the channel without over‐correction by accounting for non‐negligible water‐leaving near‐infrared radiance. This new sun glint‐removal method can improve the accuracy of spectrally‐based depth retrieval in cases where sun glint dominates the at‐sensor radiance. For an example image of the gravel‐bed Snake River, Wyoming, USA, observed‐versus‐predicted R² values for depth retrieval improved from 0.66 to 0.76 following sun glint removal. The methodology presented here is straightforward to implement and could be incorporated into image processing workflows for multispectral images that include a near‐infrared band. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

向导式遥感震害评估系统研制

依托国家科技支撑计划重点项目子专题,在总结、归纳已有震害评估系统处理方式、流程及优缺点的前提下,研究了符合实际工作状况的遥感震害评估系统.该系统集成了基于ENVI/IDL、ERDAS开发的影像处理模块,可辅助提取高分辨率遥感影像中房屋倒塌、道路损毁、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等震害信息.尤其是面向对象分类模块,对遥感影像各种特征进行了综合处理.基于ArcEngine开发的空间数据管理与分析模块,可处理道路空间位置分布、地震烈度划分、行政区划及属性等信息.并实现了对各模块向导式的流程化调用,有效提高了震后灾害评估工作的效率.该系统已在地震应急工作中发挥了有力的作用.     

A method of searching for earthquake precursors based on remote sensing of local electric fields in the atmosphere

A method of remote sensing of local electrical fields with a mosaic spread in the atmosphere is described. The proposed method is based on searching for sources of infrared radiation by scanning the atmosphere and on analyzing the radiation spectrum.     

丽江地区遥感影像线环结构特征与场地稳定性分析

丽江地区活动性构造发育,地震发生频繁。以遥感影像线环结构理论论述了该区主要活动断裂和活动环块的遥感影像特征和地质地貌特征,并分析活动构造与场地稳定性的关系,进而划分出该区内易发震地区与相对稳定的地区。     

富营养化水体浮游植物遥感监测研究进展

随着湖泊流域经济的快速发展,蓝藻水华频繁暴发的现象越来越严重,水体富营养化已经成为国内外重大环境问题.浮游植物是水体的初级生产者,是衡量水体富营养化程度的主要指标之一,遥感技术则是探测水体浮游植物时空分布的重要手段.在收集整理近千篇国内外水体浮游植物遥感研究论文的基础上,从卫星数据源、研究内容及研究方法等角度,总结了遥感技术在富营养化湖泊浮游植物监测应用的历史进展、研究重点及发展趋势.研究表明,现有的富营养化水体浮游植物遥感研究,以湖泊蓝藻水华问题为切入点,研究视角由水体表层(藻华面积、色素浓度)转至水下三维(藻总量),研究方法从定性识别转向定量反演,研究内容从监测蓝藻水华推进到探测不同类群蓝藻,逐渐形成了以应用为导向,"MODIS/VIIRS大中型湖泊日常监测—GF/Sentinel2小型湖泊针对性监测—无人机应急监测"的浮游植物遥感综合监测体系.上述研究梳理了富营养化水体浮游植物遥感监测湖泊水环境学科的发展动向,以期为从事蓝藻水华生态灾害监测和预警人员提供重要的技术支撑和理论参考.     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震前热红外异常分析

应用中国静止气象卫星FY-2E红外遥感资料对2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震前的热红外异常信息进行研究,结果表明：由地震黑体辐射热异常时空演化图分析知,中强地震前,往往会有较大范围的热异常演变,热异常大面积沿断层分布,震中位置往往位于边界或热异常变化最大处.对比实时的长波辐射涡度场变化,能更好的对应未来地震的发震区域,涡度异常经常分布在震中边界.     

湖泊水情遥感研究进展

湖泊作为最直接的淡水资源之一,在人类的生产、生活各方面都占据至关重要的地位.受到全球气候变化与人类活动的影响,湖泊正在发生急剧变化,因而有必要对其进行快速、准确的时空变化监测,从而为水资源管理与保护、未来气候变化预警提供依据.遥感技术的产生与发展为大范围、实时动态的湖泊变化监测提供了难得的契机,它克服了人类对湖泊实地考察的局限性.本文对现有国内外湖泊水情遥感监测技术与方法进行了综合梳理,主要综述了国内外在湖泊水域范围提取、湖泊水位提取、湖泊水量估算、流域水文过程等方面的遥感研究进展情况,重点总结了该领域近年来提出的新方法和新技术.最后,结合当前遥感技术的发展,对未来遥感在湖泊动态变化监测中的应用潜力和趋势进行了简要论述,并对多源遥感数据融合与云计算平台的结合在地表水体连续变化监测中的应用进行了展望.     

Analysis of hot springs and associated deposits in Yellowstone National Park using ASTER and AVIRIS remote sensing

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Airborne Visible/IR Image Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data were used to characterize hot spring deposits in the Lower, Midway, and Upper Geyser Basins of Yellowstone National Park from the visible/near infrared (VNIR) to thermal infrared (TIR) wavelengths. Field observations of these basins provided the critical ground-truth for comparison with the remote sensing results. Fourteen study sites were selected based on diversity in size, deposit type, and thermal activity. Field work included detailed site surveys such as land cover analysis, photography, Global Positioning System (GPS) data collection, radiometric analysis, and VNIR spectroscopy. Samples of hot spring deposits, geyser deposits, and soil were also collected. Analysis of ASTER data provided broad scale characteristics of the hot springs and their deposits, including the identification of thermal anomalies. AVIRIS high spectral resolution short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy provided the ability to detect hydrothermally altered minerals as well as a calibration for the multispectral SWIR ASTER data. From the image analysis, differences in these basins were identified including the extent of thermal alteration, the location and abundance of alteration minerals, and a comparison of active, near-extinct, and extinct geysers. We determined the activity level of each region using a combination of the VNIR-SWIR-TIR spectral differences as well as the presence of elevated temperatures, detected by the TIR subsystem of ASTER. The results of this study are applicable to the exploration of extinct mineralized hydrothermal deposits on both Earth and Mars.