一种快速的光栅相衬层析成像方法（英文）

数字X光层析成像由于其低辐射剂量和增强的图像对比度,广泛应用于医学诊断中。结合X光相衬成像的优异的软组织成像能力,X光相衬层析成像方法可以获得更好的软组织成像能力。本文的目的是提出一种快速的、低辐射剂量的X光相衬层析成像方法及算法。本方法在数据采集过程中光栅的位移和样品的旋转同时进行,它区别于传统的相位步进方法,采集到的数据是不完全的。我们提出了一种新型的重建方法,即内聚焦式重建。实验验证了提出的快速光栅相衬层析成像方法,结果表明在同等辐射剂量情况下,快速光栅相衬层析成像优于传统的基于相位步进的方法。由于快速光栅相衬层析成像采用连续的物体转动和光栅移动,其成像速度更快,避免了潜在的运动伪影。      

一阶相衬CT重建算法的最新进展

本文简要地解释了衍射增强成像方法和光栅相衬成像方法的物理原理,详细地介绍了以这两种成像方法为基础的一阶相衬CT的物理模型及其重建算法的最新进展,着重分析这些重建算法的思路、特点和性能。这些重建算法基于相衬成像的物理原理,能够从一阶投影数据出发,直接重建样品内部的折射率分布,从而得到了弱吸收物质的高衬度CT图像。     

X射线相位衬度显微成像的原理与进展

当前医学影像学的发展趋势是提高人体软组织成像的衬度分辨率及空问分辨率,由宏观影像学向微观影像学的方向发展。微观影像学能看见微米级的组织和细胞结构,能在活体上无损和动态地观察人体内部器官的微细病理变化,从而能早期做出准确的细胞病理学的定性和定位诊断,以及早期进行精确的定点清除治疗。在提高软组织成像的衬度分辨率方面,相位衬度成像技术是国内外关注的热点。据报道,软组织的X射线相位衬度的分辨率约为常规X射线CT吸收衬度分辨率的1000倍。本文以北京同步辐射装置产生的同步X射线束为光源,应用衍射增强成像（DEI）技术,对人和动物脏器的软组织进行相位衬度成像。结果表明：相位衬度显微成像可清晰显示肺泡、。肾小管、肝小叶等微细的组织结构,其空间分辨率可达20微米,这些在常规X射线CT吸收衬度成像是看不见的。医学相位衬度（简称“相衬”）显微CT成像将是医学显微影像学的未来发展方向。     

关于同轴法X射线相衬CT的重建算法研究

本文详细介绍同轴法X射线相衬CT的基本定理,及其三维重建算法.该算法可直接恢复相位并且重建物体内部的相位(折射率)分布.在北京同步辐射装置上进行同轴法实验,直接重建出样品内部的折射率分布,并与传统FBP重建算法进行对比分析,讨论了影响重建算法的若干因素.     

基于全局低分辨率CT扫描的合成层析成像技术

合成层析成像可由有限几个投影数据重建三维物体,与传统CT相比,该方法所需的射线剂量少得多.由于投影数据不完备,导致的重建图像伪影是合成层析成像的一个主要问题.本文提出一种对感兴趣区域进行合成层析成像方法,和其他方法相比可以得到更好的重建图像质量.该方法首先对目标进行低分辨率全局扫描,然后对感兴趣区域进行高分辨率局部扫描,最后,利用两次扫描的投影数据集合重建感兴趣区域的图像.数值仿真结果表明,用本方法重建感兴趣区域图像,要明显好于没有使用全局扫描信息的方法.     

双频电磁波电导率层析成像反演

介绍一个新的跨井电磁波层析成像方法,该方法利用两个频率的透射电磁波的电场强度之比值重建研究区域的电导率分布图像,无需计算发射天线的初始辐射场强与辐射方向因子.详细讨论了双频电磁波电导率层析成像的方法与其适用条件,并给出了应用实例.双频电磁波电导率层析成像适用于良导介质(＞0.01 S/m)和1-100MHz工作频率情况.该方法应用于实际数据,获得了较传统吸收成像更精细的层析图.     

基于迭代法的同轴法X射线相衬成像的相位复原

相位复原问题是指在只有强度可以测量的情况下,从强度数据中提取出物体的相位信息。相位复原是同轴法X射线相衬成像的关键问题之一。本文采用误差递减法,通过限制物体的空间大小,结合测量到的强度数据,在物体的空域和频域都进行约束。通过反复迭代,进行带宽外推,最终实现物面和像面的相位复原。仿真实验证明了此迭代算法的收敛性,并且以塑料管为样品,在上海光源采集到同轴法X射线相衬成像的实验数据,对上述算法进行了验证。     

多震相菲涅耳体射线走时同时反演成像

高频假设下的地震射线理论以及相应的地震成像理论表明,在射线稀疏条件下,不可能得到较高分辨率的构造成像;而有限频射线理论更符合实际地震的传播规律,即地震波的走时不仅与中心射线(传统的几何射线)上的速度分布有关,而且与中心射线附近一定范围(称其为第一菲涅耳体)内的速度异常分布有关.鉴于此,本文提出了计算多震相地震波菲涅耳体有限频射线的方法,并定义了走时敏感核函数,同时给出了利用多震相菲涅耳体有限频射线进行速度模型和反射界面同时反演成像的公式.利用多震相走时资料,使用传统射线层析成像方法与有限频射线层析成像方法进行了速度和界面的同时反演成像.结果表明,当射线密度较小时,无论是对速度模型的重建还是对反射界面几何形状的更新,有限频射线层析成像方法均优于传统射线层析成像方法, 而变频有限频射线层析成像则是实际地震层析成像的首选反演算法.      

地质多孔介质成像技术现状与进展

过去十年间,广泛应用的多孔介质成像技术给地质与油气勘探开发领域内流体渗流特性以及岩石物理属性的实验与数值模拟研究带来革命性的变革.多孔介质成像技术的应用使得研究介质微观世界成为可能并且取得的一定的进展.成像技术不仅可以直观显示多孔介质微观结构,而且还是建立孔隙介质微观模型的基础.然而,多孔介质成像技术仍然存在挑战,为了了解各种成像技术的挑战以及相应的解决措施,调研多孔介质成像方法:光学显微镜技术,扫描电子显微镜技术,聚焦离子束纳米层析成像技术,X射线计算机层析成像技术,相位对比层析成像技术,小规模层析成像技术.介绍每种成像技术的技术原理,技术局限性和改进措施,各种技术应用范围及其当前重要应用.光学显微镜技术与扫描电镜,聚焦离子束纳米层析成像以及X射线计算机层析成像技术实现光电联用,扫描电子显微镜技术实现矿物识别,泥页岩纳米-微米级孔隙成像以及通过图像拼接构建具有高分辨率大视域的高清图像,X射线计算机层析成像技术实现动态成像与不同分辨率图像的融合.然后总结了各种方法的优缺点,适用性以及未来发展方向.本文旨在使读者了解孔隙介质成像技术的原理、局限,以及每种成像技术在当前石油勘探热点领域中的应用,掌握多孔介质成像技术现状以及未来的发展方向和热点.这些不仅有利于展现多孔介质微观世界,而且有助于研究人员针对多孔介质的特点选取合适的成像技术或技术组合,以期推动多孔介质成像技术进一步的发展和应用.     

硬X射线衍射增强峰位成像CT的几何失真纠正方法

近年来X射线相位衬度成像技术作为一种新的成像方式凭借其空间分辨率高的优势已经成为生物、医学以及材料科学等领域一种新的独具本领的研究工具。本文针对平行束情况下应用相位衬度成像技术得到的放置在胶囊内的苍蝇及蜜蜂投影图片进行重建,对系统几何失真进行了分析和纠正,很好地提高了重建图像的质量,验证了利用目标自身的信息进行自动校正的可行性。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.