平面P波入射下浅埋平行双洞隧道注浆加固减震机制

地震动作用下小净距隧道双洞之间存在动力放大效应,依托某强震区小净距盾构隧道工程,基于傅里叶贝塞尔级数展开法,给出了平面P波垂直入射下地下半空间弹性介质中圆形双洞复合式衬砌洞室动应力解析解,深入研究了洞室间距、隧道全环注浆加固参数对衬砌动应力集中的影响。研究表明：洞室间距对衬砌的动应力有显著影响,随着洞室之间距离减小,左右洞室衬砌动应力明显放大;2.5倍洞径可以作为双洞洞室动力临界净距,当洞室间距小于2.5倍洞径时,应进行抗减震设计;注浆全环加固隧道周边土体,可以明显降低衬砌动应力,随着注浆加固区土体刚度增加,衬砌动应力幅值减小;结合工程实际,建议注浆加固区厚度取0.5倍的洞室半径值,加固区岩体和围岩剪切波速度之比取1.2。     

交错既有隧道次生力学效应三维模型试验

为分析交错新建隧道施工对既有隧道的影响,采用公路隧道结构与围岩综合试验系统对交错隧道进行三维物理模型试验。测试的内容包括新建隧道开挖引起既有隧道围岩内部压应力、围岩内部位移及支护结构内力的变化规律。试验结果表明,既有隧道拱顶径向压应力和拱腰切向压应力具有增加趋势,拱顶切向压应力和拱腰径向压应力具有减小趋势;拱顶围岩内部位移表现为压缩变形,拱腰围岩内部位移为拉伸变形;既有隧道支护结构的轴力和弯矩全为增加,右拱腰的弯矩受到的影响最大;新建隧道施工对既有隧道L8截面的影响较小,对L1和L4截面的影响非常明显,当间距小于L8截面情况时应采取加固措施。     

双圆形洞室群开挖过程围岩应力场变化分析

洞室群稳定性是水利水电、铁路公路、国防工事、能源开发与储备工程等领域的研究热点问题。结合新疆某水电站洞室群工程,利用3D-Sigma软件建立了5个洞室群模型(每个模型均含有两个圆形洞室),模拟了洞室开挖过程中围岩应力场变化状况,通过在拱顶、拱底、左右拱脚等区域设立应力监测点,详细分析了前期洞室开挖过程中围岩应力场的变化、后期洞室开挖对前期洞室围岩应力场影响以及随两洞室间距增大应力场的变化规律,得出了洞室群开挖过程中的应力集中分布特征。研究成果对深部洞室群稳定性控制具有一定的参考价值。     

葡萄山公路隧道通风机房洞室群施工力学分析

在长大隧道施工过程中,通风机房洞室群的施工是整个隧道施工过程的关键。本文借助ANSYS通用软件,结合葡萄山特长公路隧道通风机房洞室群开挖施工过程,建立了基于D-P准则的非线性三维有限元分析模型,对通风机房洞室群在施工过程中围岩的稳定性进行了研究。以应力和位移变化最为明显的送风通道轴线剖切模型所得到的断面为例,分析了施工步的变化及各支洞的开挖对主隧道位移、应力和塑形区的影响,并与隧道监控量测资料进行了对比分析,得到了计算位移与监测资料比较一致的结论,为隧道通风机房洞室群优化设计和安全施工提供了依据。     

考虑岩体本构及结构尺度效应的地下洞室模型有限元分析

对于地下洞室围岩稳定而言,存在两种尺度效应：一是本构尺度效应,二是结构尺度效应。在地下洞室模型的有限元分析中考察了两种尺度效应的作用。拟定了两种工况：①围岩中任一点的力学性质是该点到洞室中心距离的负幂函数,洞室由小到大,即同时考虑本构尺度效应和结构尺度效应;②围岩的力学性质一定,洞室由小到大,即只考虑结构尺度效应。对两种工况进行了平面应变弹塑性计算,分析了围岩中的应力、位移、及塑性区。从研究结果可知：当考虑岩体力学性质的尺度效应时,洞室围岩中的位移及塑性区均较小;而应力值较高,而不考虑岩体力学性质的尺度效应时的情况与之相反。     

不同倾角多层节理深部岩体开挖变形破坏规律模型试验研究

深部资源开发中地下洞室围岩稳定控制必须面对峰后碎裂岩体的变形和破坏问题,目前深部多裂隙岩体开挖强卸荷引起的围岩变形破坏规律尚不清楚,常导致大体积塌方、大变形等重大工程事故。采用大尺度三维模型相似试验系统,分析具有不同倾角的多层节理的岩体在高地应力下开挖变形破坏规律。试验结果表明：裂隙倾角较小时,隧道上、下侧围岩主要发生大变形,左、右侧围岩呈现分层破裂现象,随着裂隙倾角增大,破裂区从洞室左、右两侧逐渐扩展到洞室全周,顶部岩体越容易发生大体积滑塌;隧道围岩由内向外应力和位移值呈波动状分布;洞周塑性区范围随裂隙倾角增大而增大,裂隙倾角越大,洞周塑性区越容易与洞室上、下侧裂隙面连通。该研究为保障深部工程的安全修建与运营提供了试验基础。     

锚杆长度和间距对洞室抗爆性能影响研究

根据Froude相似理论,通过模型试验,对普通锚杆、中密锚杆、长密锚杆、短密锚杆、长短相间密锚杆加固洞室的抗爆性能进行了研究,分析了不同长度、间距的全长粘结式锚杆加固洞室在围岩应力、洞壁加速度、洞室拱顶底板相对位移、洞壁环向应变、洞室破坏形态等方面的不同特点。采用FLAC3D对模型试验进行了模拟,并利用参数化建模方法分析了洞顶位移随锚杆长度、间距的变化规律。研究结果表明：减小锚杆间距比增加锚杆长度更能有效地提高洞室抗爆能力,且锚杆间距必须达到一定密度时才可以阻止围岩裂缝进入锚固区;在锚杆长度相同的情况下,密锚杆能明显减小洞室拱顶加速度峰值、拱顶底板相对位移峰值、残余值和拱脚部位压应变峰值、残余值;当锚杆长度增加到一定程度后,加固的效果并不明显,而且带来了底板加速度峰值、拱顶拉应变峰值的增加;锚杆的最佳长度可取为1/3洞室跨度,锚杆的最佳间距可取为1/15洞室跨度。     

双圆盾构施工引起邻近桩基附加荷载的分析

应用“源汇法”理论,推导了双圆盾构隧道土体损失产生的三维附加应力计算公式。研究了双圆盾构机正面附加推力、盾壳与土体之间的摩擦力以及土体损失在邻近桩基上引起的总的附加荷载的分布规律。研究结果表明：在双圆盾构开挖面前方地下桩基受到挤压力作用,在开挖面后方负值附加荷载逐渐增大产生拉力,同时双圆盾构机轴线深度附近的桩基部位处产生较大的拉应力和压应力;双圆盾构机与土体之间的摩擦力在附加荷载中特别是y方向的附加荷载起主导作用;垂直于管片方向的附加荷载值较推进方向大,但影响范围小;竖直方向的附加荷载较小,靠近隧道轴线附近的桩基部位受到的附加荷载方向与两端相反,曲线呈“弓”形分布。经与数值模拟、离心试验、现场实测结果对比分析,验证了应用解析解研究双圆盾构隧道开挖对邻近桩基影响是可靠的。     

列车激震荷载下地铁双圆隧道的动力响应研究

以上海地铁杨浦线(M8)黄兴绿地站到翔殷路站区间隧道双圆盾构工程为背景,研究了列车激震荷载作用下软土地铁双圆隧道的动力响应规律。通过对地铁盾构隧道-地层体系进行模态分析,得到地铁双圆隧道-围岩体系的振型和频率,以确定合理的阻尼系数和时间积分步长。采用车辆-轮轨模型,计算列车振动荷载,然后确定软土双圆隧道初始地应力,最后运用时程分析方法分别研究在单、双列列车动载两种情况下,软土地铁双圆隧道的随机动力响应及其薄弱部位和相应的位移场和应力场,从而为软土地铁双圆隧道的抗震设计提供借鉴。     

岩石地下洞室围岩稳定性分析应注意的几个问题

有压或无压输水隧洞、道路隧道、人工开挖洞室等地下洞室的围岩稳定性分析是基岩区隧道、隧洞等地下洞室工程设计技术的关键问题,正确而又全面地对地下洞室围岩进行稳定性分析计算也是基础问题,本文主要阐述地下洞室勘察设计中围岩稳定性分析计算应注意的几个问题。     

Approximate time-dependent analysis of tunnel support structure considering progress of tunnel face

The pressure acting on tunnel support structures generally increases with lapse in time. The pressure increase may be caused by not only the time-dependent mechanical properties of the underground medium, but also by the progression of the tunnel face. In order to clarify these two effects, three-dimensional analysis is required. In this study, however, a method which takes into account the three-dimensional effects of the tunnel face progression in two-dimensional plane strain analyses is proposedby introducing the ‘equivalent intial stress’. The proposed method can be easily applied to time-dependent analyses of the behaviour of tunnel support structures installed in a visco-elastic medium. The tunnels considered here are circular in shape, being driven in homogeneous isotropic linear visco-elastic media having hydrostatic initial stresses. In the first part of this paper, detailed discussions of the proposed equivalent initial stress are given. The second deals with the mathematical formulations for obtaining closed-form solutions for the pressure acting on tunnel support structures. In the third, numerical results and discussions are given, and special attetion is paid to the effects of both the time-dependent mechanical properties of the material and the tunnel face progression. Finally, the theoretical results obtained here are utilized for interpretation of field measurements.     

Stability of a circular tunnel in cohesive-frictional soil subjected to surcharge loading

The stability of circular tunnels in cohesive-frictional soils subjected to surcharge loading has been investigated theoretically and numerically assuming plane strain conditions. Despite the importance of this problem, previous research on the subject is very limited. At present, no generally accepted design or analysis method is available to evaluate the stability of tunnels/openings in cohesive-frictional soils. In this study, continuous loading is applied to the ground surface, and both smooth and rough interface conditions are modelled. For a series of tunnel diameter-to-depth ratios and material properties, rigorous lower- and upper-bound solutions for the ultimate surcharge loading are obtained by applying finite element limit analysis techniques. For practical use, the results are presented in the form of dimensionless stability charts with the actual tunnel stability numbers being closely bracketed from above and below. As an additional check on the solutions, upper-bound rigid-block mechanisms have been developed and the predicted collapse loads from these are compared with those from finite element limit analysis. Finally, an expression that approximates the ultimate surcharge load has been devised which is convenient for use by practising engineers.     

A hybridized numerical and regression method for estimating the minimum rock pillar width of twin circular tunnels

Twin tunnels can be used for many applications. Interaction between two tunnels is an important problem in tunnel engineering that should be studied specially. Numerical investigations are well adapted to field data and numerical methods can be used in design of rock pillar of twin circular tunnels. So far, no relationship has been provided to estimate the minimum stable rock pillar width. In this paper, the interaction between twin circular tunnels has been studied using 2D finite element analysis. To do this, a great number of twin tunnels were modeled in Phase2 software with different conditions of rock mass (RMR value) and depth of tunnel. Models were analyzed and minimum stable rock pillar width was determined. This process was repeated for three different ratios of K (ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress, 0.5, 1, and 1.5). Finally, according to the linear and nonlinear regression methods, the best merit function was fitted to result of numerical analysis. Then, new approximate formula was proposed to estimate the minimum rock pillar width according to RMR value and depth of twin circular tunnels with different K values. The formulae are very accurate (coefficient of correlation equals to minimum 0.96) that can be used for estimating the minimum rock pillar width of twin circular tunnels.     

隧道围岩断面轮廓分维数的小波分析算法及应用

隧道的超欠挖对衬砌结构稳定性影响较大,研究其规律,对于掌握围岩受力,确保施工安全,具有深远意义。隧道断面轮廓超欠挖序列具有统计自相似性,根据小波分析的多分辨率的特点,本文给出了利用小波理论估计分维数的方法。选定恰当的小波函数和分解层数,对隧道围岩断面的整体轮廓、拱顶和边墙的超欠挖序列分别进分形维数的小波分析估算,结果安全可靠。根据计算结果,分析了设计围岩类别与断面轮廓曲线分形维数估计值之间的关系,并结合现场实际情况,简明分析了断面轮廓分形维数与围岩稳定性之间的关系。     

隧道正交穿越深厚滑坡体的相互影响分析与应对措施

在我国西南山区修建公路隧道时,常常需穿越滑坡等不良地质灾害体,而其中最复杂的组合便是隧道正交穿越滑坡,这一复杂组合耦合了上覆厚度巨大的滑坡体和隧道开挖揭穿滑坡滑面两个不利条件,将会引发滑坡和隧道的强烈相互作用,从而诱发滑坡体和隧道的强烈开裂、变形。以西南山区某高速公路隧道正交穿越厚度超过60 m的老滑坡为背景,对这类隧道–滑坡体系的相互作用而引发的工程病害的机制进行了深入的分析和研究,并采用数值分析方法对坡体、隧道的应力、变形等进行了详细计算分析,同时与规范推荐的传递系数法的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,数值分析方法对这种复杂体系作用下的坡体与隧道的相互影响所进行的分析更为合理,基于应力变形控制理论所确定的最终处治方案具有明显技术合理性和经济优势。目前该隧道已成功穿越滑坡体并通车,这种复杂条件下的隧道-滑坡体系的成功处治在国内外亦是非常少见的,其设计分析思路和应对措施可供今后类似工程参考和借鉴。     

山区滑坡诱发既有隧道受力变形影响分析

山区滑坡对既有隧道结构的受力变形有着重要影响。既有成果一般将滑坡体和隧道结构分开单独研究,而将两者结合起来进行研究还不多见,且多数停留在实际工程监测分析上,利用理论解析法对隧道-滑坡体相互作用的分析更是少见。首先,基于传递系数法和极限平衡法对滑坡下滑推力进行了计算;其次,将滑坡推力施加在既有隧道结构上,建立隧道-滑坡相互作用的弹性地基梁模型,采用传递矩阵法求解出隧道结构任意截面的内力和位移。在此基础上,建立三维数值模型对滑坡诱发隧道变形进行模拟,将数值分析结果与理论计算值进行对比验证,获得了较好的一致性。最后,针对滑坡推力大小、滑体内地基系数、滑床内地基系数、隧道衬砌刚度以及隧道长度等参数进行了影响分析。该研究成果可为滑坡区域既有隧道的维修加固提供一定的理论依据。     

Analytical and Numerical Study of the Mechanics of Rockbolt Reinforcement around Tunnels in Rock Masses

Summary  This paper addresses the problem of quantifying the mechanical contribution of rockbolts installed systematically around tunnels excavated in rock masses. The mechanical contribution referred to here is that of increased stress confinement and decreased tunnel convergences as compared with corresponding stresses and displacements obtained for non-reinforced tunnels. The problem is treated analytically first by presenting a closed-form solution for stress and displacement distributions around a circular tunnel excavated in elastic material and reinforced by grouted or anchored rockbolts. The analytical solution assumes that rockbolts are regularly spaced around the tunnel and that axi-symmetry conditions of geometry and loading apply. The results obtained with the closed-form solution are shown to be equivalent to the results of the same problem solved with traditional numerical methods. Based on the analytical and numerical results and by introducing dimensionless ratios that allow to quantify the increase of radial stresses and the decrease of radial displacements in the reinforced region of the tunnel, the paper shows that reinforcement can have a significant mechanical effect (i.e., increasing the confinement and decreasing the convergences) in tunnels excavated in rock masses of poor to very poor quality. The paper analyzes then the mechanical contribution of rockbolt reinforcement when the rock mass is assumed to behave elasto-plastically. For this case, it is shown that rockbolt reinforcement can also have a critical effect in controlling the extent of the plastic failure zone and the convergences of the tunnel. Correspondence: C. Carranza-Torres, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus, 1305 Ordean Court, Duluth, USA     

陕南特长公路隧道水压致裂法地应力测量结果及工程地质意义分析

中国西部地区地势复杂,区域构造应力场各向异性显著,了解地区地壳应力状态是判断隧道设计阶段线路布设合理性的基础,也是预测隧道施工过程可能出现岩爆、断层滑动等其他工程灾害的重要参数。为了研究陕南特长高速公路隧道现今地应力状态,基于古仙洞隧道钻孔(ZK10钻孔)与化龙山隧道钻孔(ZK11钻孔)水压致裂地应力测量,获得了两隧道现今地应力分布特征。古仙洞和化龙山特长深埋隧道最大埋深处SH值分别为13 MPa和22 MPa;古仙洞与化龙山隧道的应力关系分别为SH>Sh>Sv和SH>Sv>Sh,水平主应力起主导作用;SH方向为近北西—北西西向,与区域现今构造活动背景基本一致,主要受秦岭造山带活动断裂影响。基于地应力测量结果、相关理论及判断依据认为：最大水平主应力方向与洞轴线夹角,有利于隧道围岩稳定,研究区内古仙洞与化龙山隧道的总体布置是合理的;采用岩石强度应力比法、陶振宇判据、Russenes判据和岩石应力强度比法综合判定研究区内两隧道不具备发生中等强度以上等级岩爆的可能;利用莫尔-库伦准则及拜尔定律,摩擦系数μ取0.6~1.0,对研究区内两隧道的现今地应力状态分析后发现,两隧道附近断裂带的地应力大小未达到地壳浅部断层产生滑动失稳的临界条件,处于较稳定的应力状态。