基于微震监测的深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育特征

导水裂隙带发育高度是矿井水害预测的重要技术参数之一。以彬长矿区文家坡煤矿4103工作面为研究对象,利用井-地联合微震监测技术对顶板导水裂隙带发育特征进行研究。研究结果表明:深埋煤层开采时,微震事件超前工作面回采位置发育,超前影响角最大为35°,最小为28°;断层的存在降低了覆岩稳定性,相较于正常基岩,更易在回采影响下发生应力集中和破坏;断层加大了微震事件发生的超前距,而采空区则使微震事件的高密度区向其所在部位发生偏移,加剧覆岩破坏程度,增大导水裂隙带发育高度;垂向上,4103工作面监测区内的微震事件高密度区域主要集中在高程+400~+520 m,结合微震事件数量和能量分布特征,判定4103工作面垮落带发育高度为50 m,垮采比13.16,导水裂隙带发育高度为117 m,裂采比为30.79。该成果可为彬长矿区类似煤矿深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度研究及顶板水防治提供重要依据。移动阅读      

Influence of flow velocity on conservative solute transport in sets of parallel fractures with fracture skin

Analysis of contaminant transport through fractured crystalline rocks has received considerable attention, particularly with regard to subsurface nuclear waste repositories. Most of the studies have employed the dual continuum approach, with the fractures and the rock matrix as the two continuums, assuming that fractures control the overall conductivity of the rock and the porous matrix just provides storage. However, field observations of rock fractures have shown that the real situation can be very complex. Based on some recent investigations, it has been reported that the portion of the rock matrix adjacent to many open fractures is physically and chemically altered. These alterations, referred to as the fracture skin, can have different sorption and diffusion properties compared to those of the undisturbed rock matrix and this may influence the transport of solutes through such formations. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to simulate conservative solute transport in a fractured crystalline rock formation using the triple continuum approach ?? with the fracture, fracture skin and the rock matrix as the three continuums. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Contaminant migration in the fractured formation with and without skin has been simulated. It is observed that contaminant penetration along the fracture is enhanced at large flow velocities. The effect of flow velocity on conservative solute transport is investigated for different fracture apertures and fracture skin thicknesses. The influence of flow velocity on contaminant transport is demonstrated to be more with change in fracture aperture than with change in skin thickness.     

Closure of Fracture Due to Cover Stress Re-establishment After Coal Mining

In situ measurements of deformations, stresses, and closure of fractures, affecting water inflow following coal mining, are challenging due to the inaccessibility of fractured rock. In this paper, the authors studied the closure process of the fractured rock mass with the cover stress re-establishment based on a theoretical analysis and a scale model testing. A quantitative analysis is used to study the fracture distribution in the fractured zone. A function to describe a fracture aperture distribution in the fractured zone is proposed, which takes into account the curvature and thickness of the fractured rock. The theoretical analysis and a scale model testing both indicate that the cover stress re-establishment with mining distance increasing and the relationship between the fracture closure and cover stress re-establishment both satisfy a logarithmic function. The scale model test also shows the following features: (1) the fracture ratio (which is the fracture area divided by the total area of fracture and intact rock with a unit width in the vertical or horizontal direction) in the lower part of the fractured rock mass is greater than that in the upper part; (2) the initially fast decreased of fracture ratios is then followed by a slower decrease during the cover stress re-establishment process; (3) in the upper part of the rock mass, the vertical directional fractures with small apertures are being closed with cover stress re-establishment, which indicates an increase in the water resistance reducing the seepage from these parts of the fractured zone. This study improves the general understanding of the fracture closure process and cover stress re-establishment in the fractured rock mass after coal mining ceased, and provides a theoretical basis for water resource protection in case of underground coal mining.     

废弃采空区裂隙带高度预测模型及应用

煤炭开采引起覆岩破断及地表下沉,覆岩及地表运移规律可反映裂隙带高度的动态演化过程。因地表下沉滞后于煤炭开采,对于废弃采空区,长期压实作用导致裂隙带高度较采动期间有所降低。基于地表点下沉速度的阶段特征将裂隙带高度的演化过程分为2个阶段,第1阶段裂隙带发育对应岩层破断逐步向上传递的过程,第2阶段裂隙带高度降低对应离层及裂隙闭合、断裂岩层受压后变形回弹及破碎岩体自然压实的过程。着眼于压实作用对裂隙带高度的影响,根据煤层采厚、垮落带和裂隙带岩层变形量及地表下沉值之间的定量关系,建立了第2阶段裂隙带高度预测模型,并结合太平煤矿实测结果进行验证,采用控制变量法分析了单一因素影响下废弃采空区裂隙带高度的演化特征。结果表明：废弃采空区裂隙带高度受控于垮落带块体强度、垮落带初始碎胀系数、采动期间裂隙带高度最大值及对应的垮落带高度、煤层埋深、地表最终下沉量等因素,太平煤矿采后15 a的裂隙带高度实测值11.36～13.00 m与理论预测值12.75 m吻合度较高,模型的可靠性得到验证。最后,应用此预测模型对武安煤矿（关停矿井）2002－2003年采空区裂隙带高度开展理论计算,结合地空瞬变电磁探测确定了地面瓦斯抽采钻孔理想的终孔位置并成功开展了地面钻孔瓦斯抽采试验。     

裂隙岩体中非饱和渗流与运移的概念模型及数值模拟

探讨了裂隙岩体中非饱和地下水渗流与溶质运移的几种概念模型的构造及数值模拟问题 ,如裂隙网络模型、连续体模型、等效连续体模型、双孔隙度 (单渗透率 )模型、双渗透率模型、多组份连续体模型等。在裂隙岩体中 ,非饱和地下水的渗流可能只局限于岩体中的岩石组份、或裂隙网络 ,也可能在裂隙和岩石中同时发生 ;对前一种情形只需考虑单一连续体中的流动 ,而后一种情况则需要包括地下水在岩石和裂隙之间的交换。岩体中的裂隙网络往往是溶质运移的主要通道 ;但当溶质在裂隙与岩石之间的渗透和扩散是重要的运移机制时 ,就需要考虑岩石与裂隙界面处的溶质交换。为了模拟岩石与裂隙之间地下水和溶质的交换 ,就需要了解岩石与裂隙之间相互作用的模式和范围 ,使得这类问题的概念模型较单一连续体模型多了一层不确定性、其数值模拟也变得更为困难。因为在实际问题中不易、甚至根本不能判别非饱和渗流的实际形态 ,具体采用哪种模型主要取决于分析的目的和对现场数据的掌握程度。不论哪种模型都会受到模型及参数不确定性的影响 ,因此必须考虑与其他辅助模型的比较.     

壁面局部接触裂隙岩体水流-传热的一种理论模型及计算分析

核废物地质处置、地热开发、石油开采等工程领域都可能涉及稀疏裂隙岩体中的水流-传热过程。现有的裂隙岩体水流-传热理论模型和计算方法基本上都是以平行光滑壁面裂隙模型为基础的,没有考虑裂隙的壁面局部接触对水流、水-岩热交换以及岩体传热的影响。针对粗糙壁面裂隙水流过程,阐述了基于Stokes方程的Reynolds润滑方程及Hele-Shaw裂隙模型,采用MATLAB软件中的PDE工具求解,并与Walsh的等效水力开度公式进行对比;分析壁面局部接触裂隙水流-传热与填充裂隙水流-传热的相似性,提出了瞬时局部热平衡假设的适用条件,并在裂隙局部接触体传热满足Biot数条件的前提下,计算分析裂隙局部接触体与水流之间的局部热平衡时间及其影响因素;在裂隙局部接触体与水流之间满足瞬时热平衡假设的前提下,利用填充裂隙水流-传热的解析解,计算了壁面局部接触裂隙水及两侧岩石的温度分布,并分析了裂隙局部接触面积率、裂隙开度、裂隙水平均流速对岩石温度和裂隙水温度的影响特征,结果表明：（1）在设定条件下,由于裂隙局部接触体与裂隙水流之间的热交换,裂隙水流对其两侧岩石温度的影响范围随接触面积率的增大而减小,裂隙两侧岩石对裂隙水流温度的影响程度随接触面积率的增大而增大;（2）裂隙开度和裂隙水流速对岩石温度和裂隙水温度的影响方式的影响是一致的,即由于裂隙水流量随裂隙开度和裂隙水流速的增大而增大,裂隙水流对其两侧岩石温度的影响范围随裂隙开度和裂隙水流速的增大而增大,裂隙两侧岩石对裂隙水流温度的影响程度随裂隙开度和裂隙水流速的增大而减小。     

裂隙岩体水力特征数值模拟试验的初步结果

本文利用文献中的数据进行数值模拟试验,结果表明:流量等效和渗透作用力变形效果等效互不包容;不同级别结构面体系难以用连续介质方法处理,同级别结构面体系在工程作用力变化范围内,可由其静态水力特征推演动态特征;工程岩体结构面间充分连通的假设过于粗糙,常规试验手段获取的量值倾向于局部特征的反映。     

奥陶系石灰岩推覆体含水层下煤层开采覆岩破坏特征研究

采用相似模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方式,分析了奥陶系石灰岩推覆体含水层下煤层开采的覆岩破坏及地表沉陷 特征。经验公式计算,相似模型试验和数值模拟的对比分析表明：该特殊地质条件下,不考虑渗流场影响时,垮落带高度 为采厚的2.2~4.5倍,导水裂隙带高度为采厚的14.0~19.1倍;渗流场的存在使导水裂隙带及垮落带高度增加,此时垮采比为 4.8,裂采比为20.6。因此,从偏安全的角度考虑,煤层的实际开采过程应考虑渗流场的影响,以渗流场-应力场耦合作用 下的导水裂隙带高度作为安全煤（岩）柱合理留设的依据。     

缓倾斜煤层提高开采上限研究

研究开采上限对煤矿开采具有十分重要的意义,它可以最大程度地开采压滞的煤炭资源,缓解当前大部分煤矿采掘接替紧张的局面。以田庄矿N2601工作面为例,根据已有水文地质资料以及邻近矿井资料,分析了开采区充水条件及底部含水层的赋水特性;采用数值模拟方法,根据上覆岩层的塑性应变情况,分析了冒落带与导水裂隙带的高度范围,最后综合数值模拟结果与“三下”开采规程的要求确定了该矿的开采上限。     

基于覆岩破坏传递的导水裂缝带发育高度研究

采动影响下覆岩破坏及导水裂缝带高度对于水体下采煤、保水采煤等具有重要意义。分析了采动影响下覆岩破坏传递过程,并将其划分为传递发育阶段和终止阶段;通过理论分析建立了上覆岩层悬空完整和悬伸稳定力学模型,提出以极限悬空距和极限悬伸距为判据用于判断每层岩层破坏情况,得出了计算导水裂缝带高度理论新方法,并通过工程实例与实测值进行了对比分析。结果表明,基于覆岩破坏传递模型的导水裂缝带发育高度计算方法预计的导水裂缝带高度（158.8 m）与实测结果（150~170 m）吻合较好,验证了该理论方法的可行性。      

宁东煤炭基地煤炭开采对地下水的影响预测

宁东煤炭基地生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,煤炭开采过程中的水资源保护备受关注。采用公式法及现有3个工作面实测数据研究,确定了首采煤层开采导水裂缝带发育的最大高度,对比首采煤层至主要含水层之间的距离与导水裂缝带发育的高度差值,预测首采煤层开采对含水层结构的影响程度。研究结果表明,宁东煤炭基地首采煤层开采的导水裂缝带发育高度一般为20～80m,其中大于180m的区域面积约5.9km2,集中于西北部灵武矿区;石炭纪—二叠纪煤矿区横城矿区7个钻孔导水裂缝带突破石盒子组达主要含水层(新生界含水层)底部,侏罗纪煤矿区灵武矿区9个钻孔的导水裂缝带已经沟通地表。将首采煤层开采影响含水层的程度划分为影响大、影响较大、影响一般、影响微弱4种类型,各种类型所占比例分别为14.7%、40.31%、18.65%、26.34%。     

地下水位下降对采矿覆岩下沉影响探析

地下采煤会导致地表下沉盆地的形成。然而地下水尤其是承压水的流失即水位降低对地表下沉盆地的形成存在不可忽视的影响，而对两者之间的关系及其过程的力学机理是岩移领域亟待研究的课题之一。矿区地下水位降低的主要原因为承压水通过采动裂隙向下渗流、煤层开采前顶板岩溶含水岩层的疏干以及地面人为钻井取水。根据对一具体矿区地下水位下降对地表沉陷影响实测数据的分析得出，在以采煤为主导条件导致地表下沉的过程中，几乎全部的开采沉陷量中均包含有由于含水层释水而造成的沉陷量。通过对上覆岩层力学机理分析，指出水位降低对覆岩移动、地表下沉的影响是由于一定地质条件下可渗水性岩石的物理力学特性、渗水对其它岩石的软化、释水后原冲积层的压密固结以及水渗透过程中的水岩耦合作用等因素综合作用所致。同时，在以上理论的基础上还探讨性地建立了地下水位下降对地表下沉贡献模型，在此模型基础上可以建立2个或2个以上影响因素对地表下沉的贡献模型。最后以框图形式概括了地下水位下降及其对地表下沉影响的综合过程。     

Seepage problems on fractured rock accompanying with mass loss during excavation in coal mines with karst collapse columns

Under the background of China as a big coal-hungry country lasting till 2050, deep mining becomes more and more significant. However, deep coal seams usually have a very complex geological structure like Karst collapse columns, and excavation is often accompanied with water-inrush accidents, restricting the development of the coal industry. In order to study on seepage problems on fractured rock accompanying with mass loss during excavation in coal mines with karst collapse columns, researchers studied on water-inrush mechanism in karst collapse columns directly, researched on seepage behavior of fractured rock with pressure as the basis of studying on water-inrush mechanism indirectly, studied the fluid flow change in fractured rock regarding the change of liquid flow type in fractured rock as seepage instability, and observed and studied the phenomenon of mass loss during seepage in succession. In the following research, (1) the cementation, lithology, and match rate of testing samples, which are the foundation of the simulation study, need to be determined in more detail; (2) migrated particles in fractured rock should be distributed which are from migration, corrosion, erosion, and abrasion; (3) multi-permeate agents in the fractured geological structure, their diffusion and convection, and the related chemical reactions should be involved; (4) more and more contemporary mathematical methods will be introduced to help us to study the complex dynamic system; and (5) experimental equipment needs to be designed and improved. What we did before, do now, and will do later is to penetrate the mysteries of seepage problems on fractured rock accompanying with mass loss during excavation in coal mines with karst collapse columns.     

Simulations of hydro-fracking in rock mass at meso-scale using fully coupled DEM/CFD approach

The paper deals with two-dimensional (2D) numerical modelling of hydro-fracking (hydraulic fracturing) in rocks at the meso-scale. A numerical model was developed to characterize the properties of fluid-driven fractures in rocks by combining the discrete element method (DEM) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The mechanical behaviour of the rock matrix was simulated with DEM and the behaviour of the fracturing fluid flow in newly developed and pre-existing fractures with CFD. The changes in the void geometry in the rock matrix were taken into account. The initial 2D hydro-fracking simulation tests were carried out for a rock segment under biaxial compression with one injection slot in order to validate the numerical model. The qualitative effect of several parameters on the propagation of a hydraulic fracture was studied: initial porosity of the rock matrix, dynamic viscosity of the fracking fluid, rock strength and pre-existing fracture. The characteristic features of a fractured rock mass due to a high-pressure injection of fluid were realistically modelled by the proposed coupled approach.

     

浅埋近水平煤层采动岩移与塌陷机理研究

以神府矿区大柳塔煤矿1203综采工作面为例，建立了覆岩移动的有限元地质模型，探讨了浅埋近水平煤层采动条件下的岩移和塌陷的岩体应力位移变化，为合理设计开采方案、减少塌陷范围、保护生态环境提供科学依据。     

岩体裂隙系统渗流场与应力场耦合模型

岩体系统具有复杂的结构。一般认为，岩体系统是非均质各向异性不连续的多相介质体系。当岩体以裂隙为主，且其分布较密集时，可将岩体系统看作等效连续多相介质体系。本文运用等效连续介质理论，提出了两种岩体裂隙系统渗流场与应力场耦合模型：一是以渗透水压力与隙变形关系、应力与渗透系统数关系为基础，建立渗透系数张量计算公式，进而建立等效效连续介质渗流为数学模型。以裂隙岩体应变张量分析为基础，建立裂隙岩体效应力张量     

Simulation of groundwater flow in fractured rocks using a coupled model based on the method of domain decomposition

Groundwater flow in fractured rocks is modeled using a coupled model based on the domain decomposition method. In the model, the fractured porous medium is divided into two non-overlapping sub-domains. One is the rock matrix, in which the medium is described using a continuum model. The other consists of deep fractures and fissure zones, where the medium is described using a discrete fracture network (DFN) model. The two models are coupled through the continuity of the hydraulic heads and fluxes on the common boundaries. The coupled model is used to simulate groundwater flow in a hydropower station. The results show that the model simulates groundwater levels that are in agreement with the measured groundwater levels. Furthermore, the model’s parameters relating to deep fractures and fissure zones are verified by comparing three different models (the continuum model, coupled model, and DFN model). The results show that the coupled model can capture and duplicate the hydrogeological conditions in the study domain, whereas the continuum model overestimates and the DFN model underestimates the measured hydraulic heads. A sensitivity analysis shows that fracture aperture has a considerable effect on the groundwater level. So, when the fracture aperture is large, the coupled model or DFN model is more appropriate than the continuum model in the fracture domain.     

霍洛湾煤矿22101工作面顶板两带发育规律

在详细分析霍洛湾煤矿水文地质条件基础上,根据2-2煤层上覆不同岩层的岩石力学参数建立了工作面回采过程中覆岩变形与破坏特征的数值模拟模型,研究了工作面回采过程中顶板覆岩在不同来压阶段导水裂隙带和垮落带的发育高度;通过对钻孔冲洗液漏失量的现场观测,进行了“两带”发育高度的探测。将数值模拟结果及现场观测资料对比分析,确定22101工作面的导水裂隙带高度为33.6~37.8m,垮落带高度约9.6m。这为评价研究区水体下开采可行性和水体下开采防水煤柱的设计提供了科学依据。