滨里海盆地东部盐下成藏主控因素及勘探思路

滨里海盆地普遍发育一套下二叠统空谷阶盐岩层,是良好的区域性盖层,它把盆地分为盐上和盐下两大复合成藏组合.海西运动晚期,盆地东部地区断续、强烈的构造运动决定了地层空间展布、组合特点,控制了三个成藏带的形成,共发育三套成藏组合.盆地东部地区盐下油气藏规模、储量较大,大中型油气藏主要与石炭系两套海相碳酸盐岩层(KT-Ⅰ和KT-Ⅱ)有关.在盆地东部发现的10个盐下油气藏中,KT-Ⅰ、KT-Ⅱ产层的盖层均为其顶部泥岩层.下石炭统生物碎屑灰岩和下二叠统页岩是有效生油岩,分散有机质属混合类型.储层类型以孔隙型为主,溶洞型、孔洞型储层较发育,裂缝型储层偶尔发育;储层的次生改造作用非常重要.石炭系碳酸盐岩储层普遍分布,油气成藏主要受圈闭位置及其特点所控制.90%以上的失利探井是因为构造不落实,精确落实构造圈闭的具体位置,成为勘探的重中之重.     

滨里海盆地东部盐下成藏主控因素及勘探思路

滨里海盆地普遍发育一套下二叠统空谷阶盐岩层 ,是良好的区域性盖层 ,它把盆地分为盐上和盐下两大复合成藏组合。海西运动晚期 ,盆地东部地区断续、强烈的构造运动决定了地层空间展布、组合特点 ,控制了三个成藏带的形成 ,共发育三套成藏组合。盆地东部地区盐下油气藏规模、储量较大 ,大中型油气藏主要与石炭系两套海相碳酸盐岩层 (KT Ⅰ和KT Ⅱ )有关。在盆地东部发现的 10个盐下油气藏中 ,KT Ⅰ、KT Ⅱ产层的盖层均为其顶部泥岩层。下石炭统生物碎屑灰岩和下二叠统页岩是有效生油岩 ,分散有机质属混合类型。储层类型以孔隙型为主 ,溶洞型、孔洞型储层较发育 ,裂缝型储层偶尔发育 ;储层的次生改造作用非常重要。石炭系碳酸盐岩储层普遍分布 ,油气成藏主要受圈闭位置及其特点所控制。 90 %以上的失利探井是因为构造不落实 ,精确落实构造圈闭的具体位置 ,成为勘探的重中之重。     

塔西南前陆冲断带油气成藏地质条件的分段性

塔西南前陆冲断带成藏的地质条件具有分段性,即不同构造段成藏条件明显不同。成藏最有利部位是甫沙—克里阳、苏盖特—齐姆根两个构造带,发育了断层传播褶皱及三角带构造,集中了中—下寒武统碳酸盐岩、下石炭统—下二叠统及侏罗系暗色泥岩三套优质烃源岩,拥有下白垩统砂岩储层与古近系膏盐盖层、古近系碳酸盐岩储层与其上覆泥岩盖层、中新统砂岩储层与其中泥岩盖层以及上古生界等一系列优质储盖组合;其次为和田逆冲推覆构造带,准原地系统(原地系统)构造圈闭良好,但烃源条件和储盖条件相对较差,下二叠统克孜里奇曼(P1k)碳酸盐岩烃源岩达到气源岩的标准,下二叠统碳酸盐岩及砂岩储层、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层基本上都属低孔低渗型,下二叠统普司格组泥岩属优质区域性盖层;帕米尔前缘冲断带对成藏不太有利,虽有较好的生储盖组合,但发育大型推覆构造及强显露型冲断层,缺乏良好的构造圈闭。     

塔里木盆地古生界不同成因斜坡带特征与油气成藏组合

塔里木盆地古隆起和古斜坡控制油气富集已为勘探实践所证实。古生界广泛分布的斜坡带按其成因特点可分为3类:即地层形成期的沉积建造斜坡、构造变革改造期的侵蚀地貌斜坡和构造抬升翘倾作用形成的构造斜坡。不同类型的斜坡带发育了不同的油气成藏组合:沉积建造斜坡带发育了以礁滩体为主要储层、致密碳酸盐岩或上奥陶统泥岩为主要盖层的成藏组合;岩溶斜坡带发育了不同层系岩溶储层(中、下奥陶统岩溶储层、上奥陶统岩溶储层和寒武系白云岩储层)与不同层系泥岩盖层(上奥陶统泥岩盖层、志留系泥岩盖层和石炭系下泥岩段盖层)构成的成藏组合;地层超覆斜坡带在志留系和上泥盆统—石炭系形成了以地层超覆圈闭为主、构造-地层(或岩性)圈闭为辅、泥岩段为盖层的成藏组合。     

中非Doseo盆地油气地质条件及成藏控制因素分析

中非裂谷系Doseo盆地是白垩纪以来叠加了走滑和挤压反转等作用的复杂陆相裂谷盆地,具有优越的油气地质条件,且勘探程度较低,是当前油气勘探热点区域,但油气分布不均,不同构造带油气规模差异大。本文基于钻井和典型油气藏对比分析,系统阐述了盆地油气地质条件,并探讨了不同构造带油气成藏控制因素。研究表明,盆地经历了三个主要的构造-沉积演化阶段,形成“东西分区,南北分带,北陡南缓”的构造格局,构成了“下细上粗”的湖盆-三角洲-河流沉积充填序列。下白垩统强裂陷期两套优质成熟湖相烃源岩、多套储-盖组合以及一系列构造圈闭为油气聚集成藏提供了有利的石油地质条件。已发现油气藏以构造圈闭为主,但油气发现规模与烃源岩潜力严重不符。通过分析,油气成藏主要受储层、盖层和圈闭保存条件三个因素及匹配关系控制,而圈闭保存条件是全区共有最重要控制因素,且不同构造带油气成藏控制因素具有差异性。南部缓坡带成藏控制因素为盖层和圈闭保存条件,东部凸起构造带成藏控制因素为圈闭保存条件,北部陡坡带成藏控制因素为储层和圈闭保存条件。     

滨里海盆地东缘构造演化及油气成藏模式分析

滨里海盆地是中亚地区油气资源最为丰富的沉积盆地之一。本文以油气地质理论为指导,对盆地东缘的构造演化以及其油气成藏组合进行分析,认为乌拉尔造山运动对盆地东缘的构造演化造成了深刻影响。盆地东缘盐上层系的生烃条件较差,主要油气来源应为盐下层系。石炭系碳酸盐岩KT-I层和KT-II层是盆地东缘发育的良好储层。下二叠统盐层为区域性盖层,特别是对盐下油气藏起到了良好的区域封盖效果,盐相关构造圈闭类型发育。不整合面、断层和孔、洞、缝等组成复合的油气输导体系。盆地东缘的油气成藏模式主要为盐下层系的"自生自储型"和"下生上储型"以及盐上层系的"下生上储型"。     

巴西深水盆地对比及油气成藏规律分析

对巴西东部被动大陆边缘深水盆地群的构造演化和石油地质特征进行了系统性的对比分析,研究表明,盆地群经历了4个演化阶段:前裂谷阶段、同裂谷阶段、局限海过渡阶段和被动大陆边缘漂移阶段。受区域构造应力场、膏盐层、火山岩等方面的影响,各盆地表现出不同的盆地结构和构造样式,而膏盐层的发育对于油气成藏起着关键作用。这些盆地中,主要发育了三套烃源岩、三套储层和三套区域盖层,并形成了三种油气成藏类型:盐下裂谷地堑内的构造油气藏,膏盐层上下的碳酸盐岩油气藏,以及盐上的浊积岩构造—地层复合油气藏。根据成藏规律分析,并考虑各盆地的勘探现状,按勘探潜力由好到差的顺序将盆地划分为三类,指出Ⅰ、Ⅱ类潜力区应是主要勘探方向,具有广阔的油气资源前景。     

阿富汗—塔吉克盆地油气地质特征及勘探方向

阿富汗—塔吉克盆地整体为南北走向、隆坳相间的构造格局,划分为7大构造单元。以上侏罗统膏盐岩为滑脱层,盆地沉积盖层分为盐上、盐下两大构造层。盐上层系挤压变形强烈,盐下层系构造相对宽缓。盆地经历了裂谷、坳陷和碰撞挤压三个阶段。纵向上发育多套生储盖组合:中下侏罗统含煤碎屑岩、白垩系泥岩和碳酸盐岩、始新统海相泥岩是盆地的三套主力烃源岩;中上侏罗统碳酸盐岩、古新统生物灰岩以及白垩系、古近系砂岩是良好的储集层;上侏罗统膏盐岩是盐下层系的区域性盖层,白垩系和第三系发育泥岩、泥灰岩盖层。盐上层系勘探程度较高,圈闭以逆冲挤压背斜和断背斜为主,幅度大、规模小;盐下层系生储盖组合发育,圈闭以构造和构造-岩性圈闭为主,规模较大,具有形成大型油气藏的地质条件。西南吉萨尔隆起、卡菲尔尼甘隆起、奥比加尔姆隆起是盐下油气勘探的有利区带。     

滨里海盆地东南部D区块盐下成藏条件及勘探潜力

对D区块盐下层系油气成藏条件进行了系统分析。盐下发育的滨岸—海相页岩和碳酸盐岩为盐下层系的烃源岩,盐下发育2套储集岩体系,下二叠统孔谷阶厚层盐岩为盐下层系油气的区域性盖层,发育自生自储和下生上储2套生储盖组合。圈闭类型以低幅度的背斜构造为主。对盐下有利目标进行构造解释,落实局部构造8个,总圈闭面积450 km2,资源量8.6×108t,显示了D区块盐下具有较大的资源潜力。     

以成藏组合为核心的油气资源评价方法及应用:以巴西坎波斯(Campos)盆地为例

系统论述了以含油气储集层为核心划分盆地成藏组合,并以成藏组合为基本评价单元的资源评价方法。在综合分析盆地构造、沉积、地层演化特征,储集层岩性和岩相特征,区域盖层发育,油气富集程度等因素的基础上,在纵向上和平面上对盆地的成藏组合进行了划分。通过统计不同的成藏组合内已发现油气藏的数量及规模,确定资源评价的计算方法和计算参数,最终获得符合目前盆地勘探现状及石油地质认识的资源量计算结果。以巴西坎波斯盆地为例,将该盆地划分出4个成藏组合,分别是:上部上白垩统-中新统Carapebus浊积砂岩储层成藏组合、中部下白垩统Macae碳酸盐岩储层成藏组合、下部下白垩统Lagoa Feia鲕粒灰岩储层成藏组合和底部下白垩统Cabiunas裂缝火山岩储层成藏组合,并分别计算了每一个成藏组合的预测待发现可采资源量,综合分析认为上部上白垩统-中新统Carapebus浊积砂岩储层成藏组合最为有利。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。