天然河湾几何形态统计分析

天然河湾是弯曲河流重要的地貌组成单元,研究河湾的几何形态和演变规律具有较高的理论价值。运用Google Earth卫星图像和AutoCAD软件相结合的方法,选取不同区域的8条河流的136个山区河湾和325个冲积河湾作为统计样本,定义和测量河湾几何形态参数。统计分析表明,山区河湾弯曲度变化区间为[1.7,14.8],冲积河湾弯曲度变化区间为[1.6,38.5]。冲积河湾的弯曲度均值和标准方差都大于山区河湾。山区河湾的弯顶偏向角无明显的趋向性,弯顶向上游发育和向下游发育的机率基本是相同的。冲积河湾的弯顶偏向角大于85°的河湾占65.5%,表明大多数冲积河湾的弯顶是偏向上游发育的。冲积河湾平均河宽与弯顶河宽成较好的线性关系,平均河宽与颈口宽度具有一定程度的正相关关系。天然河湾的横向相对偏移度与弯曲度成较好的线性关系,两者表征河湾平面弯曲形态具有一致性。     

长江中游曲流河段河道的近代演化过程研究

曲流河是冲积平原河流中的重要河型之一,曲流河的河道演变对冲积平原的建设与演化起着非常重要的作用。地处江汉平原的长江中游藕池口至城陵矶段河道是最典型的曲流河段,其曲流河道的几何形态和变化过程较为复杂,对该段河道演化过程的研究在河流的开发利用及水利工程建设中具有很好的理论指导意义。本研究通过对历史资料和多期卫星遥感影像的解译与分析,表明长江中游藕池口至城陵矶河段的曲流河道演化在受自然和人类活动双重影响的情况下,该河段河道的演化仍然维持曲流河特征。受大洪水的切滩作用及松滋口、太平口和藕池口3个分流口对洞庭湖的分水分沙的影响,该段河道的演化过程较为复杂。自然裁弯取直和人工裁弯取直在一定程度上改变着河道演化的进程,但由裁弯取直及上游水利工程引起的纵坡降增加产生的冲淤变化将会维持河道的稳定,同时在该河段实施的护岸工程也会抑制河流的横向侵蚀,曲流河段河道演化进入自调整和自组织过程。     

基于Google Earth软件建立曲流河地质知识库

在对密井网解剖、露头解剖、现代沉积解剖、沉积模拟实验等建立地质知识库方法优缺点分析基础上,利用Google Earth软件测量了一系列曲流河道的基础数据,结合“将今论古”思想,提出了基于Google Earth软件建立曲流河地质知识库的方法。首先,分析了已有方法的优缺点。其次,介绍了Google Earth软件测量曲流河道的方法步骤,并测量了不同地区不同曲率的河道宽度、点坝长度及弧长,得到了一系列测量数据,建立了测量数据表,并结合已有经验公式与测量数据拟合得到的公式综合分析。结果表明,不同环境中曲流河的河道宽度和点坝长度具不同的相关关系,曲流河的地质知识库不能按统一标准考虑。在不同曲率情况下,河道宽度和点坝长度之间的相关关系亦不同,且随着曲率的减少,其相关关系减弱,反映出点坝的发育程度受河流弯曲程度控制。最后,建议采用建立地质模式库的思想建立定量化曲流河地质知识库,用于对储层建模进行有效约束。     

Integrated seismic hazard evaluation and disaster management approach for Turkey

A significant proportion of the urban areas in Turkey is subject to high seismic risk. An important step for seismic risk mitigation is to define the hazard and damage after an earthquake. This paper proposes an integrated seismic hazard assessment and disaster management processes for Turkey. The proposed methodology utilizes information technologies in its seismic assessment component that provides fast results for assessment. First, image process methodology by using satellite images was implemented in the seismic assessment process for fast evaluation right after an earthquake. Second, the seismic assessment process was integrated with disaster management process. As a result, through integrated seismic hazard evaluation and disaster management procedure, an effective, fast and dependable estimation of loss for Turkey was planned.     

山丹地应力监测站体应变仪的地震效应

本文简要介绍了山丹地应力监测台站的概况, 用多种方法对该台站安装的TYB-2000A体应变仪在2007年8月至2008年7月记录的174次肘M_s4.0~M_s8.6地震数据进行了处理与分析, 其中汶川地震及余震共85次, 并与其他台站记录的地震资料进行比对, 对记录的应变地震波、同震应变阶跃、地震前后地球自由振荡的变化及其所包含的物理意义等信息深入分析, 揭示出地震前后应变波的变化规律, 为今后的地震预测和灾害防治提供了科学依据.      

Morphostructural provinces and neotectonics in the Amazonian lowlands of Peru

The Amazonian lowlands of Peru are composed of the Subandean Zone (foreland), the Marañón Basin (foredeep) and the Iquitos Geanticline (Brazilian Craton). The Subandean Zone includes the Subandean Thrust and Fold Belt (STFB) to the west, which crops out mostly in the foothills, and the Subandean Tilted Block Zone (STBZ) to the east, which is principally exposed in the Amazonian lowlands of central Peru. The main trends of river belts are related to structural style. Main rivers in the STFB are antecedent, and secondary drainage is subsequent. In the STBZ, river basins are channelized, parallel to structural grain. The special asymmetric pattern of the Subandean drainage network depends on these two juxtaposed structural regions. As a result, fluvial migration in Peruvian lowlands is more controlled and limited by neotectonics than previously supposed.     

SEDIMENTS FORMING THE BED AND BANKS OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND THEIR EFFECT ON RIVER MIGRATION

Physiographic features and depositional history of the sediments forming the bed and banks of the lower 200 miles of the Mississippi River are summarized. From mile 200- 160 the river is scouring into coarse substratum sands, between miles 160 and 80 into Pleistocene clays, and between mile 80 and 0 chiefly into prodelta and interdistributary clays. Point-bar accretion averages 500 acres per river mile in the uppermost segment, 200 acres per river mile in the middle segment, and 30 acres per river mile in the lower- most segment. The occurrence of bends caused by faulting or formed during seaward growth of the delta, and the occasional existence of coarse materials in the path of the stream are significant factors in the initiation of meanders. The composition of the bed and banks, and the length of channel occupation are important in the rate and extent of migration. Migration of the river between miles 0 and.160 has been and should continue to be very slow.     

起伏地表条件下的弹性波叠前逆时偏移

目前,地震勘探条件复杂、地下地质构造多样的“双复杂”地区的地震勘探面临着诸多挑战,特别是地表起伏条件给地下复杂构造精确成像带来了困难。通过研究起伏地表条件下的弹性波叠前逆时偏移方法,采用简洁有效的处理方法解决起伏地表的自由边界条件;利用有效边界的边界存储策略解决弹性波叠前逆时偏移中存储量大的问题。数值实验结果证明该方法能够准确地重建震源波场,SEG加拿大起伏地表逆掩断层模型进一步验证了提出方法的有效性。      

Channel morphology and river flow in the northern Russian Plain in the Late Glacial and Holocene

The relicts of large meandering palaeochannels are found throughout the territory of the periglacial zone of the Last (Valdai=Weichselian) Glaciation on the Russian Plain. Channel widths of macromeanders can be 15 times larger than the recent meanders of the same rivers. Palaeolandscape and palaeohydrological reconstructions show that these periglacial river channels were formed under conditions of high spring water flow, up to eight times greater than the modern discharges, when the flow coefficient was close to 0.9-1.0 due to presence of permafrost, summers were dry and streams lacked ground water supply. Permafrost degradation increased soil permeability in spring and increased ground water flow in summer, causing a decrease of annual flow (due mainly to the flood flow decrease in spring). As a result, large periglacial channels were abandoned and transformed into lakes and bogs. Late Holocene channels have much smaller channel widths and meander lengths. These were formed under conditions of lower annual flows and much steadier flow regime.     

基于分频融合地震属性的曲流带预测与点坝识别:以渤海湾盆地埕岛油田馆陶组为例*

埕岛油田馆陶组发育典型的高弯度曲流河沉积。通过分频融合地震属性提取与优选、储层构型模式指导、动态响应特征约束等手段,对研究区海上稀井网条件下曲流带和点坝进行精细刻画。研究表明: (1)分频融合地震属性的储层预测方法提高了曲流带的预测精度,振幅类属性与砂体厚度相关性最好,以最大峰值振幅为最佳,相比原始地震属性,分频融合得到的最大峰值振幅属性更好地刻画了曲流带砂体边界与砂体厚度分布;(2)复合正韵律、砂体厚度大、紧邻废弃河道分布为点坝三大重要识别标志,与此相对应,点坝表现为高最大峰值振幅、高反演属性的地震响应特征,而废弃河道呈弯月状低振幅属性、“顶平底凸”的低反演属性特征;(3)在应用地震属性确定点坝位置的基础上,通过经验公式推算点坝跨度,可认知研究区点坝的规模,有效指导地下点坝识别,动态信息的约束也为点坝识别提供了依据。井震结合的曲流带及点坝识别方法可为相似油田构型分析提供借鉴。     

河西内陆河地区径流模型概述

径流模拟是河西内陆河地区水文研究中最基本、最重要的一个环节,也是研究其它水文问题的基础.目前广泛应用在河西地区的径流模拟模型大致分为系统理论模型、概念模型和分布式模型三类.但是这些模型各自有哪些特点,应用中应注意哪些问题,却缺少宏观的认识.总结了这三类模型在河西内流河区应用的代表性研究成果,并结合当前所应用模型存在的问题,探讨了研究区未来水文模型可能的发展方向.     

Seasonal and Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Coastal Cities of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

The sea surface temperature (SST) variations play a veryimportant role in the genesis and maintenance of meteorological and oceanographic processessuch as monsoon depressions and subsequent floods, large-scale sea level fluctuationsand genesis of tropical cyclones. Many low lying coastal regions of South Asia are adjacentto river deltas and have large population. The dense population, poor economy and severalother socio-economic factors make these areas most vulnerable to the impact of climate change.Variability of sea surface temperature (SST) is importantas the duration and intensity of SST provide the basis for studies related to climatic changescenario. In this study an attempt has been made to estimate the recent SST trends in the coastalwaters of some cities, which lie on the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The annual andinterannual variability has also been studied. The SST variations have then been linkedwith the El Nino and La Nina events.The NOAA-NASA Pathfinder Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) SST fields from 1985-1998, created in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory(JPL), USA are used in this study. Here the quality of data is an important factor toobtain reliable estimates of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) trends and other related parameters.However, this is not possible with the conventional type data, due to low quality as wellas sparse data in the region. Though the satellite based SST climatologies have shorterobservation lengths, they can provide reliable estimates of recent SST variability overa large oceanic areas with sparse or no data.Increasing trend of SST is observed throughout all theseasons in the northern Arabian Sea extending from Oman to Karachi and Mumbai and furthersouth to Salalah and Colombo. However, in coastal islands stations further south ofIndia such as at Colombo the increment is not significant. Though the increasing trend in SSTduring winter is not significant, nevertheless it shows the increasing influence of coldspells on this Island. An interesting situation has been observed in the Bay of Bengal. On anaverage, increasing trends in the annual SST were observed in Visakhaputnam. But at thestations located in the northeastern part of Bay of Bengal, namely Hiron Point and Cox'sBazar reverse conditions are observed. In the Southern Bay of Bengal variations in SST isnot significant which reflects in the SST analysis of Chennai and Port Blair stations. Locationof these stations at lower latitudes (near by equator) probably is the reason for this insignificantchange. It has been found that the interannual mode of SST variations dominate the linear SSTtrends which is characterized by the El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) scale cycle.     

逆时偏移中的归一化加权互相关成像条件及应用

成像条件是决定声波方程叠前逆时深度偏移效果的重要因素。常规的归一化互相关成像条件能补偿深部地层的反射波能量,但无法压制地震波逆时偏移过程中产生的偏移噪声。针对归一化互相关成像条件的主要缺陷,从二维声波方程出发,在交错网格空间中推导了声波方程逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式和PML吸收边界条件,进而在对常规互相关成像条件分析的基础上对其进行改进,给出了一种加权互相关成像条件,即在成像过程中利用炮检波场的夹角进行加权校正,以实现只利用炮点下行波场与接收点上行波场进行成像的目标。模型数据和实测资料偏移结果表明,归一化加权互相关成像条件成像效果明显优于常规归一化互相关成像条件。     

Recent floods in Bangladesh: Possible causes and solutions

In recent years the frequency of abnormal floods in Bangladesh has increased substantially, causing serious damage to lives and property. The most crucial questions that need to be addressed are: what really causes the havoc-creating floods and is there any solution to the problem? The heavy monsoon downpour and synchronization of flood-peaks of the major rivers are generally considered to be the main causes of the floods. Some underlying factors also deserve serious consideration as possible contributors to the recent floods: change in the base level of the rivers due to local sea level rise and subsidence, inadequate sediment accumulation on flood plains, a possible increase in the watershed area due to seismic and neotectonic activities in the region, river bed aggradation due to siltation and damming of rivers, soil erosion due to unwise tilling practices, deforestation in the upstream region, and excessive development and population growth. Without regional cooperation among the co-riparian nations any major interbasin flood control activity is considered to be almost impossible. However, among other proposals in this paper, extensive annual dredging of the rivers, channels and creeks, and reoccupation of the abandoned channels in Bangladesh through re-excavations could still increase the water carrying capacity of the rivers. Land elevations could be increased if the dredged or excavated materials are dispersed on the flood plains, which would in turn reduce the severity of floods.     

Integrated use of GIS and remote sensing for monitoring landslides in transportation pavements: the case study of Paphos area in Cyprus

This study considers the impact of landslides on transportation pavements in rural road network of Cyprus using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Landslides are considered to be one of the most extreme natural hazards worldwide, causing both human losses and severe damages to the transportation network. Risk assessment for monitoring a road network is based on the combination of the probability of landslides occurrence and the extent and severity of the resultant consequences should the disasters (landslides) occur. Factors that can trigger landslide episodes include proximity to active faults, geological formations, fracture zones, degree and high curvature of slopes, water conditions, etc. In this study, the reliability and vulnerability of a rural network are examined. Initially, landslide locations were identified from the interpretation of satellite images. Different geomorphological factors such as aspect, slope, distance from the watershed, lithology, distance from lineaments, topographic curvature, land use and vegetation regime derived from satellite images were selected and incorporated in GIS environment in order to develop a decision support and continuous landslide monitoring system of the area. These parameters were then used in the final landslide hazard assessment model based on the analytic hierarchy process method. The results indicated good correlation between classified high-hazard areas and field-confirmed slope failures. The CA Markov model was also used to predict the landslide hazard zonation map for 2020 and the possible future hazards for transportation pavements. The proposed methodology can be used for areas with similar physiographic conditions all over the Eastern Mediterranean region.     

稀疏井区辫状河三角洲地层精细对比: 以惠州凹陷HZ-A油田文昌组为例

HZ-A油田产油层段主要为辫状河三角洲相的砂岩储层,现今埋深超过3500 m。目的层段地震资料主频低、钻井少、 井距稀疏及砂层厚度变化大的特点,给小层对比工作带来较大困难。针对以上难点,本文提出了一套实用的相控旋回等时 对比技术。具体步骤如下：首先分析其物源和汇水体系,明确辫状河三角洲沉积特征;其次,建立精确的井-震关系以及 地震相分析,提供地层对比趋势;在此基础上参考地球物理反演模型,选择合适的小层对比模式;最后,应用高分辨率层 序地层学理论,同时结合流体性质对比、沉积微相相序等,对测井旋回级次由大到小,完成目的层段的地层细分与砂体对 比。该方法可以有效降低小层划分和对比的多解性,较好的应用于HZ-A油田文昌组辫状河三角洲油层砂体对比。     

川藏铁路线V形深切河谷地形地震放大效应数值模拟

V形河谷场地能产生地震动放大效应,并加剧地震的破坏作用和灾害效应。基于高性能离散元软件MatDEM,对规则V形河谷以及真实河谷地形下的放大效应进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,对于规则V形河谷,在地震波水平入射的情况下,背波坡面产生明显的地震动加速度放大效应,并在临近谷底处最为强烈;随着河谷坡角的增大,放大效应增大。数值模拟结果和解析解具有一致的趋势和规律,并符合现场观测现象。将模型进一步应用于川藏铁路线日扎深切河谷的分析,发现地形微小的转折将会影响到波的传播,临近谷底处的加速度放大效应与规则地形较为一致。离散元法能有效地模拟河谷中地震波的传播、反射、散射等现象,可用于川藏铁路沿线复杂条件下的动力作用灾害效应分析。     

人类活动影响下的干旱区河流地貌演变——以塔里木河为例

全球范围内干旱区河流正日益受到高强度人类活动的扰动,但较少研究报道这种扰动对河流地貌过程的影响。采用历史文献、水文数据和遥感影像相结合的方式,详细分析了人类活动影响下中国最大内陆河塔里木河（简称塔河）的河流地貌变化过程。结果表明:塔河流域人类活动的规模和强度日趋上升,对河流水沙过程和地貌形态等影响显著。近50年来,塔河干流低流量过程发生频率呈显著上升趋势,而中、高流量过程则呈降低趋势,河道径流和输沙量减少显著。塔河干流上游现为游荡河道,冲淤变化剧烈且总体处于淤积抬升状态, 但河道平均河宽呈减小趋势,可能是因为塔河两岸冲积平原的开垦和河岸加固。塔河中游弯曲河道蜿蜒系数在近几十年呈缓慢上升趋势,但明显低于废弃古河道。     

The possible influence of curvature and rotation on ocean currents

Recent laboratory investigations have shown that rotation and (streamwise) curvature can have spectacular effects on momentum transport in turbulent shear flows. A simple model that takes account of these effects (based on an analogy with buoyant flows) utilises counterparts of the Richardson number Rg and the Monin-Oboukhov length. Estimates of Rg for meanders in ocean currents like the Gulf Stream show it to be of order 1 or more, while laboratory investigations reveal strong effects even at |Rg|～0·1. These considerations lead to the conclusion that at a cyclonic bend in the Gulf Stream, a highly unstable flow in the outer half of the jet rides over a highly stable flow in the inner half. It is conjectured that the discrepancies noticed between observation and the various theories of Gulf Stream meanders, and such phenomena as the observed detachment of eddies from the Gulf Stream, may be due to the effects of curvature and rotation on turbulent transport.     

斜井井间反射波逆时偏移成像技术及应用效果初探

为解决油田开发过程中地面地震资料无法解决的高分辨率精细储层和隔夹层描述等问题,同时满足实际油田开发过程中既有直井又有斜井的井间地震资料成像需要,探讨了井间地震交错网格有限差分逆时偏移算法以及吸收边界等问题,针对共面斜井井间地震的理论模型和实际地震资料进行了逆时偏移成像。结果表明,偏移算法实现正确,实际资料逆时偏移成像剖面的信噪比和分辨率远高于地面地震成像剖面,且层间细节变化更丰富,与实际地层变化特征吻合较好,结果可信,为解决油田开发过程中地面地震资料无法解决的高分辨率精细储层和隔夹层描述等问题奠定了基础。