施氏獭蛤室内规模化人工育苗技术研究

为解决施氏獭蛤天然种苗匮乏和人工育苗技术尚不成熟的问题,促进其产业发展,于2013年开展了施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii Reeve)室内规模化人工育苗技术研究。采用池底铺沙,饵料以单胞藻为主,并辅以鸡蛋黄和淀粉,施氏獭蛤亲贝存活率89.7%,雄贝和雌贝性腺成熟率分别为89.1%和78.7%,亲贝产卵量126万粒/个,受精率达到93.4%。在水温25.5~26.5℃,盐度27.3~28.5条件下,施氏獭蛤受精后15 min和25 min分别释放第一极体和第二极体,受精后35 min达到2细胞期,约4 h 40 min形成原肠胚期,6 h 25 min形成担轮幼虫,受精后14 h进入面盘幼虫期。投喂不同的开口饵料,施氏獭蛤面盘幼虫生长速率不同。单独投喂湛江等边金藻、湛江等边金藻+小球藻和单独投喂小球藻,5日龄幼虫壳长分别为130、118和105μm,说明单独投喂湛江等边金藻培育效果最好。湛江等鞭金藻+小球藻、小球藻+牟氏角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻+湛江等鞭金藻、湛江等鞭金藻+亚心形扁藻等不同饵料组合对施氏獭蛤幼虫和稚贝生长影响均差异显著(P0.05),其中小球藻+牟氏角毛藻组合培育幼虫效果最佳,而湛江等鞭金藻+亚心形扁藻培育稚贝效果最好。不同附着基对施氏獭蛤幼虫的生长和存活产生显著影响(P0.05)。采用遮光网、聚乙烯网片、细砂、河口沉积泥和附着板5种附着基,考察幼虫生长和存活两个指标,结果表明,附着板效果最好。通过两批生产性育苗,亲贝的催产率达到90%,浮游幼虫平均存活率为84.3%,培育出壳长为2.5~3.0 mm的稚贝3 180万粒,平均稚贝育成率达到33.1%。     

施氏獭蛤人工育苗技术的研究

施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldiiReeve)俗称象鼻螺,隶属瓣鳃纲(Lamellibranchia)、异齿亚纲(Heterodon-ta)、帘蛤目(Veneroida)、蛤蜊总科(Mactracea)、蛤蜊科(Mactridae)、獭蛤属(Lutraria),自然分布于热带、亚热带的海区,在我国主要分布在浙江、广东、广西和海南的部分沙或沙泥底质的海区。施氏獭蛤足部和水管非常发达,肉质鲜美,经济价值较高。其生长速度较快,一龄贝平均壳长可以达到6 cm以上,养殖1.5 a即可达到理想的商品规格,适于人工养殖。李琼珍等对大獭蛤的胚胎、幼虫及稚贝发育及盐度对大獭蛤胚胎发育的影响进行了研究[3,4],蔡英亚…     

施氏獭蛤人工育苗技术的研究

施氏獭蛤（Lutraria sieboldii Reeve）俗称象鼻螺，隶属瓣鳃纲（Lamellibranchia）、异齿亚纲（Heterodonta）、帘蛤目（Veneroida）、蛤蜊总科（Mactracea）、蛤蜊科（Mactridae）、獭蛤属（Lutraria），自然分布于热带、亚热带的海区，在我国主要分布在浙江、广东、广西和海南的部分沙或沙泥底质的海区。施氏獭蛤足部和水管非常发达，肉质鲜美，经济价值较高。其生长速度较快，一龄贝平均壳长可以达到6cm以上，养殖1．5a即可达到理想的商品规格，适于人工养殖。李琼珍等对大獭蛤的胚胎、幼虫及稚贝发育及盐度对大獭蛤胚胎发育的影响进行了研究，蔡英亚等对施氏獭蛤的生态进行了研究，但至今还没有关于施氏獭蛤人工育苗取得成功的报道。由于施氏獭蛤的自然资源有限，目前只是在广西和广东的部分地区进行小规模养殖，养殖所用的种苗绝大部分为天然苗种，种苗成为制约施氏獭蛤规模化养殖的瓶颈。为此，笔者2004年4月进行了施氏獭蛤人工育苗实验。     

光合细菌在马氏珠母贝育苗中的应用

研究了光合细菌（下简称PSB）作为饵料添加剂在马氏珠母贝育苗中的饵料效果。结果表明：（1）单独投喂PSB,幼虫能生长发育并附着变态形成稚贝,但其长速、稚贝总育成率均低于单独投喂单胞藻的对照组;（2）用PSB与单胞藻混合投喂,幼虫的长速、稚贝总育成率均高于对照组;（3）添加PSB后,在眼点幼虫附着前不换水,幼虫的长速和眼点形成率均高于换水;但在眼点幼虫进入附着期仍不换水,则稚贝生长速度,总育成率均低于换水;（4）当PSB菌液密度为10×10-6个／cm3时,PSB投喂量以每天25×10-6为最佳,稚贝总育成率达到26．6％,而对照组仅为4．6％。     

光合细菌在马氏珠母贝育苗中的应用

研究了光合细菌（下简称ＰＳＢ）作为饵料添加剂在马氏珠母贝育苗中的饵料效果。结果表明：（１）单独投喂ＰＳＢ,幼虫能生长发育并附着变态形成稚贝,但其长速,稚贝总育成率均低于单独投喂单胞藻的对照组;（２）用ＰＳＢ与单胞藻混合投喂,幼虫的长速,稚贝总育成率均高于对照组;（３）添加ＰＳＢ后,在眼点幼虫附着前不换水,幼虫的长速和眼点形成率均高于换水;但在眼点幼虫进入附着期仍不换水,则稚贝生长速度,总有成率均低     

影响马氏珠母贝人工育苗效果的原因浅析

粤西沿海与广西沿海一带有马氏珠母贝人工育苗场达数百家之多，但由于种种原因，多数育苗效果欠佳。本文就育苗期间经常出现的面盘幼虫发育参差不齐，壳顶初期前后幼虫大量下沉，附着初期幼虫难变态及附着后脱落等三个主要问题进行分析，并提出相应的对策。     

西施舌人工育苗及幼虫、稚贝生长研究

对西施舌 (Coelomactraantiquata)室内人工育苗进行了研究。结果表明 ,西施舌在广东的繁殖高峰期为 5～ 6月 ,用阴干加流水刺激的方法诱导亲贝排放精卵 ,其受精率和孵化率可达 98%左右。 1997年和 1999年两次育苗试验结果 :在盐度为 2 6 .0 0～ 32 .0 0、水温为 2 3～ 2 6℃条件下 ,幼虫在培育密度为 1～ 2mL- 1时生长较好 ,经 9～ 10d培育 ,可进入附着变态期 ,其壳长生长速度为14 .1μm·d- 1。稚贝阶段在日流水量为育苗水体的 1.5～ 2 .0倍时取得较好效果 ,其壳长生长速度为 112 .4 μm·d- 1。     

盐度对珠母贝幼虫和稚贝存活和生长的影响

为了解珠母贝早期发育阶段最适存活和生长条件,于2013年5—6月在珍珠贝养殖场进行不同海水盐度对珠母贝直线铰合期幼虫、壳顶期幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响实验。结果表明：珠母贝直线铰合期幼虫存活适宜盐度为2285—3886,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为2043—4123,最适盐度为3110;壳顶期幼虫存活适宜盐度为2310-3914,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为2029—4009,最适盐度为3110·3502;稚贝存活适宜盐度为2064—3910,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为1938—4130,最适盐度为2719—3110。     

糙海参(Holothuria scabra)胚胎发育观察

对糙海参的胚胎发育至幼体发生进行显微观察。结果表明:受精45 min开始出现第一次卵裂,随后经过4、8、16等裂细胞,4 h后进入不等裂多细胞期,6 h后出现可游动囊胚期,10 h后进入原肠期,24～26 h成为耳状幼体。经历10～11 d的生长与发育,变态为樽形幼体,幼体经历由小变大再由大变小的过程。樽形幼体2～6 d后再次变态为较大体形的五触手幼体,开始转入底栖,五触手期2～8 d后,幼体最终以稚参形态附着下来。整个发育过程时间为16～25 d。     

氯化钾对西施舌眼点幼虫变态的诱导效果

施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)是一种重要的经济贝类,对其生物学方面的研究(生态分布、形态构造、生活习性、食性、繁殖习性等)[1]已经比较全面,其苗种的生产在福建省、广东省已有一定的规模[2,3],但对诱导其附着变态方面的研究还是一片空白. 国内外研究表明,KCl对多种海产无脊椎动物如诗博加蓑海牛(Phestilla sibogae)、红鲍(Haliotis rufesens)、凤螺(Strombus gigas)、悉尼岩牡蛎(Saccostrea commerialis)、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)等幼虫的变态有诱导作用[4～7],且因其价格便宜、毒性小,在贝类苗种生产中逐渐受到重视.笔者探索KCl对其幼虫变态的作用,不仅可为其附着变态方面的研究提供数据,而且可为生产上提高其附着变态率、降低死亡率提供参考.     

The potential of ocean acidification on suppressing larval development in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and blood cockle Area inflata Reeve

We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) and blood cockle(Arca inflata Reeve).The larvae were reared at pH 8.2(control),7.9,7.6,or 7.3beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization.Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species.Compared with the control,larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3.Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3.However,when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization,shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3.Thus,the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions.Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves.Although the effects appear subtle,they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development.     

The potential of ocean acidification on suppressing larval development in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and blood cockle Arca inflata Reeve

We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster （Crassostrea gigas） and blood cockle （Arca inflata Reeve）. The larvae were reared at pH 8.2 （control）, 7.9, 7.6, or 7.3 beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization. Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species. Compared with the control, larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3. Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3. However, when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization, shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3. Thus, the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions. Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves. Although the effects appear subtle, they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development.     

盐度对施獭蛤稚贝存活及生长的影响

在水温26.8~31.8℃、PH值7.8~8.1室内条件下,于12.8~37.1盐度范围设置10个梯度,观察不同海水盐度对施獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii)稚贝存活及生长的影响。结果表明:施獭蛤稚贝适宜生存盐度为19.8~33.8,最适宜生存盐度为26.3~31.7;适宜生长盐度为21.9~33.7,最适宜生长盐度为26.3~29.0。     

施氏獭蛤的生态观察

施氏獭蛤(LutrariasieboldiiReeve)属暖水性贝类,分布于热带—亚热带海区,在我国东海和南海都有。据在广西和海南沿海的调查,它生活在潮下带至水深78m的沙或沙泥底质中。营埋栖生活,深度达21cm。生活海区的水温为8~32℃,盐度11 .50~33 00,pH值8. 2~8 .4,透明度4~7m。食物以底栖硅藻和有机碎屑为主。繁殖期在5~9月。其肉供食用,是较珍贵的食品,可以发展人工增养殖。     

Developmental Dynamics of the Larval Muscle System of Bay Scallop (Argopecten irradians)

Though the larval development of bivalves has been extensively studied for commercial purposes,the dynamic development of larval muscle system remains largely unknown.In this study,we characterized the larval muscle system at different developmental stages(D-shaped veligers,umbo veligers and spats)in the bay scallop(Argopecten irradians)by phalloidin staining and under a confocal microscopy.The functional muscles are initially established at the early stage of veligers,which have four pairs of velar retractors and one anterior adductor.At the veliger stage,the velum and posterior retractor muscles are functionally important for velar contractility but undergo an irreversible shrink until they disappear at the end of the larval stage.During metamorphosis,three crucial modifications take place in the larval muscle system.The metamorphosis process involves the gradual degeneration of velum retractors,mantle margin development from an unfolded to a three-fold state,and remodeling of the adductor muscle system from dimyarian(two adductors)to monomyarian condition(one adductor)as in juveniles/adults.All retractor muscles are composed of striated muscle,but both anterior and posterior adductors have smooth and striated components.These findings highlight that the morphological changes at different stages are typical features of myogenesis in scallops.The present knowledge on the developmental dynamics of myogenesis in the bay scallop will not only improve our understanding of phenotypic diversity of larval myoanatomy in bivalves,but also provide useful information on the larval culture in hatcheries.     

Embryonic and larval development in barfin flounder Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert)

Broodstock of Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) aged 3–4 years old were selected, and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization, and the development of embryos, larvae and juveniles was observed continuously. The results showed that the fertilized eggs of V. moseri were spherical, with transparent yolk and homogeneous bioplasm, and had no oil globule inside. The average diameter of the eggs was 1.77±0.02 mm. The eggs of V. moseri were buoyant in water with salinity above 35. The cleavage type was typical discoidal. Young pigment cells appeared when olfactory plates began to form. Hatching occurred at 187 h after fertilization at a water temperature of 8.5°C. The newly hatched larvae, floating on the water surface, were transparent with an average total length of 4.69±0.15 mm. During the cultivation period, when the water temperature was raised from 9 to 14.5°C, 4-day old larvae showed more melanophores on the body surface, making the larvae gray in color. The pectoral fins began to develop, which enabled the larvae to swim horizontally and in a lively manner. On days 7–8, the digestive duct formed. The yolk sac was small and black. The yolk sac was absorbed on day 11. Larvae took food actively, and body length and body height clearly increased. The rudiments of dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores were discernible and caudal fin ray elements formed on day 19. On day 24, the larval notochord flexed upwards, and the rays of unpaired fins began to differentiate. Pigment cells converged on the dorsal and anal fin rays, and the mastoid teeth on the mandible appeared. On day 29, the left eyes of juveniles began to move upwards. Depigmentation began in some juveniles and they became sandy brown in color on day 37. Most juveniles began to settle on the bottom of the tank. The left eyes of juveniles migrated completely to the right side on day 50, when the average body length attained 2.5±0.18 cm, and juveniles accomplished metamorphosis to young. The embryonic and larval characters of several flounder species are compared.     

锈斑蟳(Charybdis feriatus)室内人工育苗的研究

盐度30、温度27.5～29.5℃、pH7.8～8.6的条件下,投喂扁藻(10×104mL-1)、轮虫(20mL-1～50mL-1)、卤虫无节幼体(1mL-1～30mL-1)及卤虫成体(0.1mL-1),进行锈斑蟳室内人工育苗试验。结果表明:溞状幼体Z1期2～4d,存活率100%;Z2期2～3d,存活率74.0%～78.0%;Z3、Z4、Z5期各3d,存活率分别为37.5%～59.0%、26.5%～43.0%、22.0%～36.7%;Z6期3～5d,存活率19.0%～26.3%;大眼幼体5～6d,存活率11.0%～11.5%;Ⅰ期幼蟹(蟹苗)存活率4.5%～5.0%,整个育苗过程共计20～26d。     

黑脊倒刺鲃仔稚鱼摄食的习性与生长

研究了养殖条件下黑脊倒刺仔稚鱼摄食习性与生长,结果表明:仔鱼4日龄开口摄食,全长9.0~9.99mm;仔稚鱼的摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性;仔稚鱼个体间生长速度具有一定的差异性;其体重与摄食量的关系为y=0.064 4X+1.433 1,全长与日龄的关系为L=8.861 4×exp(0.042 9T),体重与日龄的关系为W=3.736×exp(0.151 3T),全长与体重的关系为W=1.7×10-3×L3.531 4。     

Phospholipid Compositions in Portunus trituberculatus Larvae at Different Developmental Stages

Phospholipids are used to improve the growth and survival of Portunus trituberculatus,a widely cultured crab species in China.However,only total phospholipids or several classes are applied in crab diets.In this study,we employed a targeted lipidomic method to investigate the comprehensive phospholipid composition in P.trituberculatus larvae and reveal the changing phospholipid profile over the larval development.Results showed that P.trituberculatus larvae contain 112 phospholipid species belonging to 10 phospholipid classes,in which phosphatidylcholine(PC)and phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)species are the most abundant,and PC,PE,phosphatidic acid,and phosphatidylserine(PS)are with high concentrations.The levels of all phospholipids significantly changed with larval development,which was highlighted by the downward parabolic changes in PE,phosphatidylglycerol,phosphatidylino-sitol,PS,lysophosphatidic acid,and sphingomyelin levels.In addition,nearly all phospholipid species were depleted at the M stage,which probably contributed to the mass mortality of crab larvae.These findings on the composition and alterations of phospholipids in P.trituberculatus larvae provide novel perspectives for the targeted supplementation of phospholipids in crab diets.Our work also highlights the use of targeted UHPLC-MS lipidomics in understanding the changes of phospholipids during crab development.     

大獭蛤软体部营养成分的分析与评价

对大獭蛤(Lutraria maxima)软体部进行营养成分分析,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。结果表明,大獭蛤软体部粗蛋白含量为81.20%,干物质中水解氨基酸总量为83.50%,其中必需氨基酸为30.22%,占氨基酸总量的36.19%;氨基酸中6种呈味氨基酸含量丰富,占氨基酸总量的53.81%;大獭蛤软体部第一限制氨基酸为亮氨酸;矿物质含量丰富。可见,大獭蛤软体部营养价值高,呈味特性良好。