对虾组织蛋白质和同工酶表型及其在病虾中的变化

利用ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶龟泳对中国对虾四和中组织的蛋白质、酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶等同工酶进行了分析研究，并将健康虾与流行病病虾进行了比较。结果表明，肝胰脏和肌肉组织的蛋白质表型、肝胰脏酯酶和超氧化物歧化酶的表型在健康虾和病虾之间存在着较明显的差异。说明肝胰脏内蛋白质代谢有明显的紊乱现象。肝胰脏和肌肉的组织蛋白、肝酯酶和超氧化物歧化酶的特异性变化，可作为虾病早期     

中国对虾亲虾与幼体的营养需要

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)属于广盐、广温性虾类,主要分布于黄海、渤海海区,产于山东、河北、辽宁及天津近海。中国对虾具有体大、壳薄和生长快等特点,是中国目前养殖最广泛、产量较高的对虾品种,同时在国际市场上也深受欢迎。作者旨在总结中国对虾亲虾在培育过程中的营养需求以及幼体的营养需求,为中国对虾的人工繁殖提供科学的依据。     

虾头几丁质酶的研究

用中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ虾头经处理制得几丁质酶酶液，再经抽提、沉淀和精制几丁质亲和层析，纯化倍数达１０８倍，比活３４４ＩｍＵ·ｍｇ＾－１蛋白质。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定其纯度，测得分子量为４４７００，等电点为４．５，最适ｐＨ为５，最适温度５５℃。本法简单易行，可应用于大规模生产中。     

塞拉利昂近海经济虾类数量与分布初步研究

根据塞拉利昂近海１６条生产船１年（ａ）生产日志资料（１９９５－０７～１９９６－０６）,分析了２种经济虾类［红对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｎｏｔｉａｌｉｓ）、大西洋仿对虾（Ｐａｒａｐｅｎａｅｏｐｓｉｓａｔｌａｎｔｉｃａ）］的产量分布,指出红对虾主要分布于以２区,４４区,８５区为中心的３个渔场,主要虾汛时间为６～８月,大西洋仿对虾主要分布于８４区,９６区,９７区,主要虾汛时间为１１月。同时,还对２种虾类的月平均单船产量进行了比较分析。     

6个虾种基因组DNA多态性分析

采用RAPD方法检测了罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergii)、绿须虾（Aristeus virilis)、长毛对虾（Penaeus penicillatus)、日本对虾（P.japonicus)、斑节对虾（P.monodon)和周氏新对虾（Metapenaeus joyneri)等6个虾种的基因组DNA的多态性。用20个随机引物扩增得到492个DNA片段，根据这些片段的共享度计算出遗传距离并构建系统树。所得结果从DNA水平上反映出虾类在科属种不同分类阶元亲缘关系的远近，并为虾类现行的分类系统提供了分子生物学依据。     

去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾耗氧率昼夜节律的影响

采用流水装置测定去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾 (Litopenaeusvannamei)耗氧率昼夜节律的影响。实验水温为 2 5℃± 0 .5℃ ,实验虾规格为 (2 .2 6 6± 0 .0 13) g。实验结果表明 :1、去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾耗氧率的高峰和低峰发生的时间产生影响。正常组对虾耗氧率的高峰多发生在夜间 ,低峰多发生在日间 ;去眼柄后 ,对虾耗氧率的高峰和低峰则大都发生在日间 ;2、去眼柄对虾的日间和夜间的平均耗氧率差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而正常对虾夜间平均耗氧率显著高于日间 34.79% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;3、去眼柄对对虾的平均耗氧率未产生显著的影响(P >0 .0 5 )。     

中国对虾气泡病的初步研究

气泡病一般发生在幼鱼和仔虾消化道及鳃丝中，导致鱼虾部分死亡。自Ｍａｒｓｈ和Ｇｏｒｉｈａｍ于１９０５年报道了鱼的气泡病后已有许多报道，但对于虾的气泡病报道较少。Ｌｉｇｈｔｎｅｒ，Ｄ．Ｖ．等报道过褐对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ａｚｔｅｃｕｓ）蚤ＩＩ期幼体及稚虾的气泡病［６～９］。１９７９年著者进行中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）摄饵量实验［４］过程中曾遇到仔虾消化道气泡病，致使仔虾漂浮在水面，死亡率较高（＞３０％）导致实验不能进行。为此笔者对中国对虾气泡病的成因及防治方法进行了初步研究并于１…     

斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)蛋白质的氨基酸分析

１９９３年分析了不同大小斑节对虾肌肉中游离氨基酸含量和肌肉蛋白质中的氨基酸组成。虾体肌肉中有各种游离氨基酸存在，但数量很少，而且比例与肌肉中结合氨基酸不一致。不同大小斑节对虾，其肌肉中氨基酸组成基本一样，不同的是小虾的半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸含量比中虾、成虾的低；成虾的缬氨酸、异亮氨酸含量比小虾、中虾的低，而酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸较高。随着虾体的长大，甘氨酸、丙氨酸的含量逐渐下降，而脯氨酸的含量升高     

虾体内氨基酸含量变化及其影响因素的研究进展

近年实验研究结果表明 ,随着虾幼体的长大 ,其体内蛋白质中各种氨基酸及游离氨基酸的比例也相应变化。另一方面 ,许多环境因子也对虾体内氨基酸的种类和组成有重要影响。因此 ,分析探讨虾类不同发育阶段体内氨基酸的组成及环境中某些因素对虾体内氨基酸含量的影响 ,可以更好地了解虾类生长的促进和限制因子 ,从而在提高其生长发育速度、免疫力和营养价值等方面发挥积极作用。１虾的不同发育阶段不同组织内氨基酸含量虾类在不同发育阶段其体内氨基酸的组成不同。１９９０年 ,Ｍａｒａｎｇｏｓ等研究表明日本对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉ…     

对虾红肢病发病机制的研究

１９９０－１９９３年试验使用副溶血弧菌及溶藻弧菌感染获得成功。在试验过程中发现，环境及对虾体质对驿虾感染死亡率影响甚大，恶劣环境中的死亡率比优良环境中的死亡率出８３．３％；体质差的对虾感染的后的２４ｈ死亡率是正常对虾的２．５－３倍。为此，在对虾虾养殖生产中除应注意消灭病原菌外，还应注意优化养殖环境与增强对虾体质的问题。     

一株水产益生菌的鉴定

鉴定1株分离自中国对虾养殖水体的益生菌XE-7。进行了常规生理生化和细菌鉴定系统测试,结果表明,菌株XE-7与烟草节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)细菌的表型特征非常相似。为了进一步确定XE-7的分类学地位,测定了其16SrRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了系统发生树。结果表明,菌株XE-7与烟草节杆菌(Arthrobacternicotianae)的亲缘关系最近。综合上述结果,菌株XE-7可鉴定为烟草节杆菌(A.nicotianae)。     

东海几种鳗鲡目鱼类DNA条形码研究

本研究采集了分布于中国东海的前肛鳗(Dysomma anguillaris)、短尾蛇鳗(Ophichthus brevicaudatus)、艾氏蛇鳗(Ophichthus evermanni)、海鳗(Muraenesox cinereus)、黑尾吻鳗(Rhynchoconger ectenurus)、微鳍新鳗(Neenchelys parvipectoralis)、大头蚓鳗(Moringua macrocephalus)、梅氏美体鳗(Ariosoma meeki)和星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)9种鳗鲡目(Anguilliformes)鱼类,采用PCR技术扩增了线粒体COI基因片段序列, 结合GenBank数据库中下载的5种鳗鲡目鱼类同源序列, 分析比较了序列组成和差异, 并以光海鳝(Muraena argus)和细点海鳝(Muraena augusti)为外群, 基于最大似然法构建了鳗鲡目中6科11属14种鱼类的系统发育树, 探讨了该类群鱼类的系统进化关系。结果显示:72条序列共检测到43种单倍型, 4种碱基含量分别为27.4%(T)、28.2%(C)、25.8%(A)、18.6%(G), 平均A+T含量(53.2%)高于G+C含量(46.8%), 表现出明显的碱基组成偏好性。基于K2P(Kimura 2-parameter)模型计算得出不同种间的平均遗传距离为0.218 8, 不同属间的平均遗传距离为0.225 0, 不同科间的平均遗传距离为0.232 7, 分类阶元越高, 遗传距离越大。系统进化树显示蛇鳗科物种都能够形成独立的分支, 并得到有效的区分, 而其他类群存在混杂现象。以上结果表明, 由于鳗鲡目鱼类种类多且分布广,线粒体COI基因只适用于较低分类阶元(如科内属间、属内种间)间的物种鉴定, 该类群鱼类系统发育关系还有待于结合多种DNA条形码进行深入探讨。     

中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)Akt/PKB 基因在病原刺激下的表达和功能分析

本文在对中国明对虾转录组数据进行生物信息学分析的基础上,克隆获得了其Akt/PKB基因(FcAkt)的开放阅读框(ORF)的cDNA序列,分析了对虾FcAkt基因的结构特征,并利用实时定量RT-PCR技术分析了FcAkt基因在鳗弧菌、溶壁微球菌和白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)注射后的转录表达变化。结果表明,中国明对虾FcAkt基因的ORF全长为1536bp,编码511个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为58.9kDa,理论等电点pI为5.60。同源比对显示该基因的氨基酸序列在不同物种之间具有较高的保守性。进化分析发现FcAkt与地蟹、果蝇、埃及伊蚊、家蚕等节肢动物的蛋白激酶B(Akt/PKB)亲缘关系较近。FcAkt的转录表达在不同细菌或WSSV刺激后具有明显的变化,提示对虾FcAkt基因可能在对虾的免疫防御中发挥了重要作用。     

Taxonomic diversity of fish assemblages in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters

Taxonomic diversity of fish assemblages in the Changjiang Estuary(Yangtze River Estuary) and its adjacent waters was analyzed based on bottom trawl surveys carried out by R/V Beidou in June,August and October 2006.Four groups of fishes were identified for each survey by the twoway indicator species analysis(TWIA).Taxonomic distinctness,species richness and phylogenetic diversity were used to detect changes in taxonomic structure of fish assemblages.Most dominant fish species mainly belonged to Perciformes,Pleuronectiformes,Clupeiformes,Scorpaeniformes and Tetraodontiformes.Species richness in offshore waters of the survey area was higher than that in the other area.The average taxonomic distinctness value(AvTD,△+ ) of each fish assemblage was close to the average taxonomic distinctness of master list in the Changjiang Estuary(79.9),and had a positive correlation with species richness and Shannon diversity index(H ).A negative correlation was found between variations in taxonomic distinctness(VarTD,Λ + ) and traditional diversity indices,which were caused by fish species component that led to longer average path lengths among species.Taxonomic diversity index(△) had the similar results with species richness,H ,Simpson diversity index(D) and Pielou's evenness index(J ).VarTD also kept stable,which further certificated that fish assemblages and ecological environment were in equilibrium.Taxonomic distinctness index(△* ) was relatively stable in most of fish assemblages,and had higher values in some fish assemblages for a few absolutely dominant species.The present study showed that fish community formed new equilibrium stability in 2006 in the Changjiang Estuary when compared with those in the corresponding months of annual survey from 1985 to 1986.And AvTD in each sampling station was lower than AvTD of master list in the Changjiang Estuary,so some ecological niches were absent in each sampling stations from taxonomic or phylogenetic relationships,these would be helpful to stock natural resource and maintain ecological equilibruim of fish assemblages.     

几种鲑鳟鱼血清蛋白非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的研究

采用非变性聚丙烯凝胶电泳的方法分析了硬头鳟、金鳟、虹鳟、北极红点鲑和溪红点鲑血清蛋白的组成成分及其含量。结果显示, 硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者之间的遗传距离最小, 硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者与溪红点鲑的遗传距离最大; 硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者与北极红点鲑处于同一亚组, 而溪红点鲑独处于另一亚组。研究结果表明硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者与溪红点鲑的亲缘关系远于与北极红点鲑的关系; 同时还表明, 以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析鲑鳟鱼血清蛋白的方法简单易行、重复性好。本研究结果对鲑鳟鱼的种属鉴定、良种选育、品种改良和遗传结构分析提供了试验依据; 虹鳟的繁养殖需进一步规范化和标准化, 减少蛋白遗传基因的流失, 从根本上预防大规模疾病的暴发。     

Levels and patterns of genetic variation in Pampus minor:Assessment of a mitochondrial DNA control region sequence

Pampus minor is an important commercial fish. Due to the similarity of external morphological characteristics among the genus Pampus species, P. minor has often been identified as the juvenile group of both P. cinereus and P. argenteus. While little genetic background on this species is known, this study was based on control region sequences and provided the first evaluation of the genetic signature of 264 individuals of P. minor from 11 populations along the coasts of China and Malaysia. The results indicate high genetic haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity in this species. Additionally, two differentiated haplotype lineages were identified in the P.minor populations. However, phylogenetic structures corresponding to the geographical locations were unable to be established. Analysis of molecular variance identified a vast majority of the genetic variation occurring within populations. F-statistic test value(FST) of pairwise indicated that great differences existed between the Chinese and Malaysian P. minor populations. For the Chinese populations, the genetic differences were insignificant with the exception of the Xiamen population, which is a marginal population. During the late Pleistocene, a population expansion of P. minor occurred. These expanded populations originated from the glacial refugium in the South China Sea and then rapidly occupied and adapted to their new habitat. The results of this study provide genetic information for ensuring the protection and management of P. minor resources.     

16S rRNA is a better choice than COI for DNA barcoding hydrozoans in the coastal waters of China

Identification of hydrozoan species is challenging, even for taxonomic experts, due to the scarcity of distinct morphological characters and phenotypic plasticity. DNA barcoding provides an efficient method for species identification, however, the choice between mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I（COI） and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene（16S） as a standard barcode for hydrozoans is subject to debate. Herein, we directly compared the barcode potential of COI and 16S in hydrozoans using 339 sequences from 47 pelagic hydrozoan species. Analysis of Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances（K2P） documented the mean intraspecific/interspecific variation for COI and 16S to be 0.004/0.204 and 0.003/0.223, respectively. An obvious ＂barcoding gap＂ was detected for all species in both markers and all individuals of a species clustered together in both the COI and 16S trees. These results suggested that the species within the studied taxa can be efficiently and accurately identified by COI and 16S. Furthermore, our results confirmed that 16S was a better phylogenetic marker for hydrozoans at the genus level, and in some cases at the family level. Considering the resolution and effectiveness for barcoding and phylogenetic analyses of Hydrozoa, we strongly recommend 16S as the standard barcode for hydrozoans.     

基于线粒体12S rRNA序列探讨4种青蟹系统发育关系及中国沿海青蟹的分类地位

研究青蟹属4种青蟹的系统发育关系,阐明分布于中国沿海青蟹的分类地位,本研究采集了青蟹属4种青蟹以及中国沿海的青蟹样品,测定分析了其线粒体12S rRNA部分片段序列。结果表明4种青蟹的12S rRNA基因片段长度存在差异,每一种的个体都单独聚为1支,中国沿海的青蟹样品全部与Scylla paramamosain聚为1支,结果提示分布于中国沿海的青蟹主要是S.paramamosain。S.serrata,S.paramamosain和S.tranquebarica3个种间的亲缘关系较近,这3个种形成1个单系群并且具有很高的自展置信值。S.olivacea与其他3个种互为单系,与以上3种青蟹的亲缘关系较远。     

Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef III. Preliminary Electrophoretic Systematics

Abstract. Techniques of starch-gel electrophoresis were applied in a taxonomic assessment of a difficult group of dictyoceratid sponges. A phylogenetic tree derived from the resultant electrophoretic characters agreed well with a recent taxonomic revision of this group produced in a companion study. However, this must be seen as a preliminary result, as the electrophoretic character set was restricted to only three enzyme systems due to the extensive effects of a nonspecific enzyme which precluded the effective interpretation of most other enzymes assayed. This non-specific enzyme may be linked to a highly developed relationship between this group of sponges and symbiotic cyanobacteria.