基于近震P波走时的南加州地区速度结构层析成像

采用2015—2018年南加州地区密集分布的宽频带地震台站记录的505个近震事件,利用AIC准则拾取了35 600个初至P波到时,应用FMTOMO软件进行走时层析成像,获得了该地区0～40 km深度的三维P波地壳速度结构,其分辨率达0.5°×0.5°×5 km。不同深度的速度结构表明:南加州地区P波速度不仅随深度的变化而变化,且该地区地壳具有明显的横向不均匀性。反演结果显示:中地壳以上的速度结构与地壳岩层和断层系统密切相关,下地壳以下的速度结构存在大范围低速区,呈现横向不均匀性。     

由背景地震活动性估算南加州的地震危险性

我们分析了南加州的历史地震活动性，提出了一种合理的方法来计算由６．５级或稍小一些的背景地震产生的地震危险性。该方法的基本假设是未来的地震在空间上将丛集在震级等于或大于４级的地震主震的附近。我们分析了离散的南加州地震目录按网络计算地震发生率，然后进行平滑，以此计算未来地震地空间分布，为了得到合适的空间平滑函数，我们研究了南加州地震的距离相关性，并发现它们遵多指数关系１／ｒμ。     

地震层析成像方法综述

对各种地震层析成像方法进行了分类比较。以层析成像技术各个部分的各种方法为重点,分别阐述了地震层析成像技术的4个主要方面（模型的参数化、正演计算、反演及图像重建、反演结果的评价）具体方法的发展现状和进展,并对地震层析成像技术未来的发展方向做了展望。     

南加州的地震危险性：1994—2024年可能发生的地震

我们综合分析了大地测量、地质以及地震资料来评估南加州３类地震构造带破坏性地震的发生概率。Ａ类地震构造带的断层有充分的古地震数据用于评估发震条件概率。Ｂ类地震构造带的断层缺乏条件概率分析的数据。Ｃ类地震构造带则是转换或隐伏断层。假设在各类地震构造带的具体断层上地震加上特征地震呈随机分布，那末我们的“阶式排列”模型就能适合多种断层地震。在每一地震构造带中，假如用古登堡－里克特震级分布平滑曲线上分配地震     

南加州的地震危险性：1994至2024年可能发生的地震（三）

(续二)附录 A 复发模型和概率表该概率模型假定地震复发时间 T 服从一对数正态概率密度函数,其均值为μ,中值为,固有(或随机)偏差为(是随机复发间隔 T 严格的自然对数的标准差),概率密度函数为 f_T(t):     

南加州的地震危险性：1994至2024年可能发生的地震（一）

我们综合大地测量、地质和地震的信息估算三类地震构造区中破坏性地震的频率。Ａ类区包含的断层有足够的古地震资料来估算条件概率。Ｂ类区内有断层，但没有足够的数据进行条件概率分析。Ｃ类区包含各种或隐伏断层。     

远震层析成像中的地壳校正研究及应用

远震层析成像是研究一个地区上地幔三维速度结构的有力手段.但由于远震射线在地壳内的交叉较差,因此无法准确约束地壳内的三维速度结构.为了消除地壳内横向不均匀性对深部速度成像产生的影响,必须进行地壳校正.本文详细描述了地壳校正的基本原理和步骤,主要包括三维地壳模型的选取、地壳内走时差的计算以及校正后的相对走时差的计算.以勘察加地区为例,通过计算各台站的平均相对走时差和远震层析成像结果分析了地壳校正的实际效果,同时验证了该方法的实用性.     

天山中部地壳及上地幔三维速度层析成像

应用新疆区域台网记录的地震资料,结合前人对新疆速度结构研究的结果作为初始模型,利用地震层析成像的方法反演了天山中部地壳及上地幔三维速度结构。三维图像结果显示：天山中部地区波速呈现出不均匀性,45km深度以上各层波速表现出高速性质,45km以下的区域波速却表现出低速性质;纬向剖面显示出0～40km深度范围内波速起伏较大,而40km深度以下速度相对稳定。     

Evolution of continental crust in southern Africa

Nd isotopic data from the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons and the Limpopo, Kalahari, Namaqualand and Damara mobile belts imply that over 50% of present-day continental crust in this region had separated from the mantle by the end of the Archaean and that< 10% of continental crust of southern Africa has formed in the last 1.0 Ga. Such a growth rate implies that average erosion rates through geological time were high and that evolution of continental crust has been dominated by crustal growth prior to 1.4 Ga, and crustal reworking since that time. The evolution of average crust is not represented directly by clastic sediment samples but may be determined from sediment analyses if both the time of orogeneses and the average erosion rate are known. Both trace element data from southern Africa granitoids and the high erosion rates implied by the isotopic study suggest that growth of continental crust in the Archaean was by underplating rather than lateral accretion, but arc accretion was the dominant mechanism after 2.0 Ga.     

Continental crust under the southern Porcupine Seabight west of Ireland

Two new seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles demonstrate that the crust beneath the southern Porcupine Seabight, out to water depths in excess of 4000 m, is of continental type. They also reveal the rifted margin of the Porcupine basin on its eastern side. Crustal thickness under the Seabight, inclusive of sediments which are up to 6 km thick, decreases from 23 km in the east to about 10 km at a sharp continent-ocean transition in the west.     

日本上地壳S波衰减成像

地球介质的衰减特性可以从地震波中的频谱信息中获取,并且能够提供地球内部结构非均匀性的重要信息.与大量的速度结构研究相比,对衰减结构的研究却较少,且大多仅对日本群岛局部地区做研究.本文运用ML振幅层析成像技术反演获得了整个日本群岛上地壳的品质因子Q0值（1 Hz时的Q值）.计算中共利用了日本Hi-net台网971个台站记录到的5559个地震事件,超过60000 条Sg波最大振幅-频率数据,并且满足震中距小于2°、震源深度小于10 km.计算结果表明,低Q0值区域主要存在于日本群岛的中央火山带,与日本新生代以来的火山分布非常一致;同时,位于从神户到京都东北地区、以及四国岛东部等地的非火山区,断层密集,对应的Q0值也很低;另外,西太平洋俯冲海沟与日本群岛东海岸之间的区域也是低Q0值区,这说明高温、岩石强烈破碎、深厚的沉积物是造成地震波强烈衰减的主要原因.高Q0值主要分布在中央火山带前缘与日本东海岸之间.     

Electrical resistivity tomography to investigate geological structures of the earth's upper crust

It is important to have detailed knowledge of the electrical properties of the earth's crust in order to recognize geological structures and to understand tectonic processes. In the area surrounding the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB), we have used DC dipole–dipole soundings to investigate the electrical conductivity distribution down to a depth of several kilometres. We have adapted the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique, a well-established near-surface method, to large-scale experiments. Independent transmitting and receiving units were used to realize the concept of simultaneous multichannel registration of the scalar electrical potential at 44 dipoles. The measured data yielded apparent resistivities which were inverted to a 2D resistivity model ranging from the surface down to a depth of 4 km. Two highly conductive structures with steep inclination were detected. They are expected to be major fault zones embedded in a metamorphic body. The rather low resistivity ( ρ  < 10 Ωm) can be explained by the existence of graphitic minerals and/or electrolytic fluids.     

中国境内天山地壳上地幔结构的地震层析成像

根据横跨中国境内天山的库车—奎屯宽频带流动地震台阵和区域地震台网记录的近震和远震P波走时数据,利用地震层析成像方法重建了沿该地震台阵剖面下方400 km深度范围内地壳上地幔的P波速度结构.结果表明：沿新疆库车—奎屯剖面,天山地壳具有明显的横向分块结构,且南、北天山地壳显示了较为强烈的横向变形特征,表明塔里木地块对天山地壳具有强烈的侧向挤压作用;在塔里木和准噶尔地块上地幔顶部有厚度约60～90 km的高速异常体,塔里木—南天山下方的高速异常体产生了较为明显的弯曲变形,而准噶尔—北天山下方的高速异常体向南一直俯冲到中天山南侧边界下方300 km的深度,两者形成了不对称对冲构造;在塔里木和准噶尔地块下方150～400 km深度存在上地幔低速体,其中塔里木地块一侧的上地幔低速物质上涌到南天山地块的下方;在塔里木—南天山200～300 km深度范围的上地幔存在高速异常体,它可能是地幔热物质向上迁移过程融断的塔里木岩石圈的拆离体. 上述结果表明,塔里木地块的俯冲可能涉及整个岩石圈深度,但其前缘仅限于南天山的北缘;青藏高原隆升的远程效应可能不但驱动塔里木岩石圈向北俯冲,同时还造成天山造山带南侧上地幔物质的涌入;天山造山带上地幔广泛存在的低速异常有助于其上地幔的变形,而上地幔物质的强烈非均匀性应有助于推动天山造山带上地幔小尺度地幔对流的形成;根据研究区地壳上地幔速度结构特征推断,新近纪以来天山快速隆升的主要力源来自青藏高原快速隆升的远程效应,相对软弱的上地幔为加速天山造山带的变形和隆升创造了必要条件.     

The structure of the oceanic crust off southern Peru determined from an ocean bottom seismometer

An oceanic crustal model has been produced for the Nazca plate south of the Nazca Ridge prior to subduction into the Peru-Chile Trench at 18°S latitude. Consistent delays of theP_n arrivals and a discontinuity in the tau-p curve indicate a low-velocity zone at the base of the crust. Observed upper mantle velocities are low; however, the mantle velocity increases with depth, at least to 20 km, to a value of 8.5 km/s. A possible petrological cause for the low-velocity zone is partially serpentinized peridotite; however, no clear refracted shear waves were observed to constrain this interpretation.     

朝鲜半岛南部三维地壳速度结构成像

对多震相走时层析成像方法进行改进和优化, 使用朝鲜半岛陆地和近海的地震记录, 对朝鲜半岛南部(34.5°N～39°N,125°E～130°E)进行地震波走时反演, 获得了本研究区的三维速度结构成像结果.分析了沉积层、基底、上地壳、康腊面、下地壳和莫霍面的特征.研究了不同地质区的深部结构的主要差别、主要断裂特征、 海陆交界的地壳特征等.可以发现京畿山地与沃川褶皱带、太白山褶皱带、临津江褶皱带深部结构的差异尤为明显.     

Imaging heterogeneity of the crust adjacent to the Dead Sea fault using ambient seismic noise tomography

For the purpose of studying the Earth’s crust by means of tomography, we investigated cross-correlation functions emerging from long-term observations of propagating ambient seismic noise at pairs of broadband stations in Israel and Jordan. The data was provided by the eight permanent broadband stations of the Israel Seismic Network evenly distributed over Israel and the 30 stations of the DESERT2000 experiment distributed across the Arava Fault (South of the Dead Sea basin). To eliminate the influence of earthquakes and explosions, we have applied the methodology of Bensen et al. (Geophys J Int 169:1239–1260, 2007), including bandpass filtering and amplitude normalization in time and frequency domain. The cross-correlation functions estimated from continuous recordings of a few months were used to extract Rayleigh waves group velocity dispersion curves using automatic version of the frequency–time analysis procedure. Subsequently, these curves have been converted into the Rayleigh wave group velocity maps in the period range 5–20 s and S waves velocity maps in the depth range 5–15 km. In these maps, four velocity anomalies are prominent. Two of them are outlined by the previous reflection-refraction profiles and body wave tomography studies, i.e. a low velocity anomaly corresponds to the area of the extremely deep (down to 14 km) sedimentary infill in the Southern Dead Sea Basin and a high velocity anomaly in the Southern Jordan corresponds to the area of the Precambrian crystalline rocks of the Nubian Shield on the flanks of the Red Sea. The two other anomalies have not been reported before - the high velocity zone close to the Beersheba city and the low velocity anomaly in the region of Samaria-Carmel mountains - Southern Galilee. They have relatively low resolution and hence need further investigations for approving and contouring. The highest contrast between the average Rayleigh wave group velocity (2.7 km/s) and the anomalies is 10–13 %, comparable, however, to the level of noise in the data. The results have been verified by modeling the revealed anomalies which showed that all the four zones mentioned above could be detected by the tomography study.     

Travel time tomography inversion and the deep structure of the southern Tibet

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Three-dimensional seismic velocity tomography of the upper crust in Tengchong volcanic area, Yunnan Province

Introduction Tengchong is one of youngest volcanic areas in Chinese mainland. Since Pliocene, the volcanoes have erupted several times. Nowadays, the thermal activity is very intensive there. The possibility of re-eruption and the reserve of geothermal energy in the area are the questions to which the publics pay much attention, and the volcanists and seismologists dedicated. HAN, et al (1996) reviewed all of the studies carried out in Tengchong area. In the late 1990s, an integrative volca…