波流边界层水沙运动数值模拟——I:水动力模拟

波流边界层水动力模拟对研究波流相互作用和泥沙运动具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。开发了波流边界层1DV垂向一维水动力数值模型,可用于模拟漩涡沙波床面和平底床面水动力特征。模型的构建基于边界层控制方程,平底床面采用k-ε模型,沙波床面采用双层模型,提出了漩涡层和紊动扩散层交界面紊动动能和紊动耗散率表达式。试验资料验证表明,模型较好地模拟了波浪-水流-床面共同作用下的边界层水动力特征,包括波周期内不同相位流速分布、紊动动能、剪切应力等以及波致时均流速分布和波流相互作用下的时均流速分布等。根据所建模型,讨论了不同床面和波流组合条件下的水动力特征。该模型可为研究波流边界层内水动力特征提供工具。     

A continuum‐discrete hydromechanical analysis of granular deposit liquefaction

A coupled continuum‐discrete hydromechanical model was employed to analyse the liquefaction of a saturated loose deposit of cohesionless particles when subjected to a dynamic base excitation. The pore fluid flow was idealized using averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the discrete element method was employed to model the solid phase particles. A well established semi‐empirical relationship was utilized to quantify the fluid–particle interactions. The conducted simulations revealed a number of salient micro‐mechanical mechanisms and response patterns associated with the deposit liquefaction. Space and time variation of porosity was a major factor which affected the coupled response of the solid and fluid phases. Pore fluid flow was within Darcy's regime. The predicted response exhibited macroscopic patterns consistent with experimental results and case histories of the liquefaction of granular soil deposits. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含沙量对过饱和总溶解气体释放过程影响分析

高坝泄水常为高含沙水流,对含沙水体过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)释放规律的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。为探讨泥沙含量以及紊动强度等特性对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,设计了静置水柱、搅拌诱发紊动以及明渠水流3种实验条件,通过对不同含沙量工况下过饱和TDG释放过程的观测研究,分别计算各工况下的释放系数。结果表明,泥沙含量和紊动强度均对过饱和TDG的释放起着促进作用,而且随着含沙量和紊动强度的增大,释放系数逐渐增大。本研究对于过饱和TDG数值模拟研究中释放系数的取值具有指导意义,同时也可为过饱和TDG影响的减缓措施研究提供基础数据和参考依据。     

环形生态水槽流动的特性研究

实测了环形生态水槽内的流速分布。采用柱坐标系下的κ-ε湍流模型及SIMPLE算法,对该流场进行了数值模拟。从计算结果和实验资料的分析比较看出,计算结果可靠。在此流场内进行了钉螺的运动特点的实验研究,结果表明钉螺具有流速敏感性,对研究钉螺的随流扩散具有重要意义。     

采样频率及样本容量对明渠紊流统计值的影响

为了研究采样频率和样本容量对明渠紊流统计特征值的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术,对明渠恒定均匀水流的二维流速分布进行测量,获得了包含340535个样本的流场时间序列.对该大容量时间序列进行抽样,得到不同采样频率和容量条件下的一系列子序列.对比分析各子序列的时均流速、紊动强度及雷诺应力的变化特点,发现存在临界的采样频率和样本容量,紊动统计特征参数在临界值以下波动较大,而在临界值以上基本趋于稳定;要满足同一测量精度,时均流速对采样频率和样本容量的要求最低,紊动强度次之,雷诺应力最高.     

Pore‐scale modeling of surface erosion in a particle bed

A fully coupled transient two‐dimensional model was employed to study fundamentals of flood‐induced surface erosion in a particle bed. The interaction of the liquid and solid phases is the key mechanism related to surface erosion. The solid phase was idealized at a particle scale by using the discrete element method. The fluid phase was modeled at a mesoscale level and solved using the lattice Boltzmann method. The fluid forces applied on the particles were calculated on the basis of the momentum the fluid exchanges with the particle. The proposed approach was used to model both single particles and particle beds subjected to Couette flow conditions. The behavior of both the single particle and the particle bed depended on particle diameter and surface shear fluid velocity. The conducted simulations show that the fluid flow profile penetrates the bed for a small distance. This penetration initiates sheet‐flow and surface erosion as the fluid interacts with particles. The effect of suppressing particle rotation on the fluid‐induced forces on the particle was also examined. Suppressing particle spinning may lead to underestimated erosion rate. Results of fluid and particle velocities were compared against experimental results and appeared to agree with the observed trends.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of magnetite segregation in dense medium cyclone using computational fluid dynamics technique

Multi-phase simulations of turbulent driven flow in a dense medium cyclone with magnetite medium have been conducted in Fluent, using the Algebraic Slip Mixture model to model the dispersed phases and the air-core, and both the Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model (LES) and Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) for turbulence closure. The predicted air-core shape and diameter were found to be close to the experimental results measured by gamma ray tomography. It is possible to use the LES turbulence model with ASM multi-phase model to predict the air/slurry interface accurately. Multi-phase simulations (air/water/medium) show appropriate medium segregation effects but over-predict the level of segregation compared to that measured by gamma ray tomography near the wall. This is believed to be because of unaccounted back-mixing of the dispersed phase due to turbulence in the basic Algebraic Slip Mixture model. The predictions of accurate axial segregation of magnetite medium are investigated using the LES turbulence model in conjunction with the multi-phase mixture model and viscosity corrections according to the feed particle loading factor. At higher feed densities the agreement between the Dunglison [Dunglison, M.E., 1999, A general model of the dense medium cylone, PhD thesis, JKMRC, University of Queensland] correlations and experimental measurements and the CFD is reasonably good, but the overflow density is lower than the model predictions. It is believed that the excessive underflow volumetric flow rates are responsible for under prediction of the overflow density. The effect of size distribution of the magnetite has been fully studied. As expected, the ultra-fine magnetite sizes (i.e. 2 and 7 microns) are distributed uniformly throughout the cyclone. As the size of magnetite increases, more segregation of magnetite occurs close to the wall.     

A Lattice Spring Model for Coupled Fluid Flow and Deformation Problems in Geomechanics

A lattice spring model is developed for coupled fluid flow and deformation problems. The model has an underlying structure consisting of particles connected by springs for the solid and fluid bubbles, connected by fluid pipelines for fluid flow. Formulations of the model to describe the coupled fluid flow and deformation behavior of a solid are derived. A few examples of consolidation problems are presented and compared with analytical solutions with good agreement being obtained, which means that the lattice model developed in this study can correctly simulate the coupled fluid flow and deformation response of a solid.     

Numerical investigation of hydraulic characteristics and prediction of cavitation number in Shahid Madani Dam's Spillway

The prediction of the probability of cavitation occurrence to prevent serious damages in the spillways is the major concern for hydraulic engineers. In this research,the three-dimensional model of Shahid Madani Dam's spillway was simulated with the Flow 3 D software and by the comparison of numerical model results with the experimental data, the probability of occurrence of the cavitation phenomenon has been investigated. The flow parameters including pressure, velocity, and water depth were calculated for three different flow rates of 495 m~3/s, 705 m~3/s and 2 205 m~3/s respectively.The Renormalization Group(RNG) turbulence model was used to simulate current turbulence. Comparison of simulation results for pressure, velocity and water depth with the results of the experimental model with two statistical indices Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination(R~2) showed that the numerical simulation results are in good consistency with experimental model. However, simulation results indicated that at any flow rates with a return period of 1 000 years, probable maximum flood and designed flow rates, the cavitation number is not lower than the critical cavitation number. Therefore, it is predicted that the cavitation phenomenon in Shahid Madani Dam's spillway will not happen.     

CFD simulation and experimental analysis of flow dynamics and grinding performance of opposed fluidized bed air jet mill

This paper presents a three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the flow dynamics of solid–gas phases during fine grinding in an air jet mill. Alpine 100AFG fluidized bed air jet mill is considered for the study and the jet milling model is simulated using FLUENT 6.3.2 using a standard k-ε model. The model is developed in GAMBIT 2.3.16 and meshed by tet/hybrid (T-Grid) and Triangular (Pave) meshes. The effects of operating parameters such as solid feed rate, grinding air pressure and internal classifier speed on the performance of the jet mill are analyzed. The CFD simulation results are presented in the forms of dual phase vector plot, volume fraction of phases and particle trajectories during fine grinding process. The mass of ground feed entering and leaving the cyclone (underflow) is also computed by simulation. The proposed model gives realistic predictions of the flow dynamics within the jet mill. Experiments are conducted on the Alpine 100AFG jet mill to study the particle size, morphology and mass of the ground product. The numerical results are found in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Two-dimensional Dynamics Simulation of Two-phase Debris Flow

To investigate the movement mechanism of debris flow, a two‐dimensional, two‐phase, depth‐integrated model is introduced. The model uses Mohr‐Coulomb plasticity for the solid rheology, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian fluid. The interaction between solid and liquid phases, which plays a major role in debris flow movement, is assumed to consist of drag and buoyancy forces. The applicability of drag force formulas is discussed. Considering the complex interaction between debris flow and the bed surface, a combined friction boundary condition is imposed on the bottom, and this is also discussed. To solve the complex model equations, a numerical method with second‐order accuracy based on the finite volume method is proposed. Several numerical experiments are performed to verify the feasibilities of model and numerical schemes. Numerical results demonstrate that different solid volume fractions substantially affect debris flow movement.     

溶液pH对自然水体中多种固相介质吸附铅、镉、铜影响的比较

采用实验室内模拟吸附方法,研究不同溶液pH下沉积物、悬浮颗粒物和生物膜吸附重金属的热力学特征。结果表明：在不同pH下,Langmuir方程均可以很好地描述自然水体三种固相介质吸附重金属的热力学过程。在相同pH条件下,三种固相介质对重金属的吸附能力从大到小依次为悬浮颗粒物、生物膜、沉积物,它们对重金属的吸附能力为铅>铜>镉;这三种固相介质对重金属的吸附能力都随着pH值的升高而增大,其中悬浮颗粒物对重金属的吸附能力受溶液pH影响最大;另外,相对于铜和镉,三种固相介质对铅的吸附受溶液pH影响较大。     

Poroelastic behaviour of fine compacted soils in the unsaturated to saturated transition zone

The behaviour of quasi-saturated materials is important to consider when designing cuttings and embankments in which earthwork materials are compacted to the optimum proctor density. Under this condition, the in-pore gaseous phase takes the form of air pockets and bubbles embedded within the liquid phase, which significantly affects the overall behaviour of the soil. The assessment of highly saturated soils thus requires a precise understanding of hydro-chemo-mechanical couplings between the entrapped air, the in-pore liquid and the solid skeleton. This paper presents a fully coupled poromechanical model that separates the kinematics and the mechanical behaviours of the phases in their interactions with each other (e.g., liquid water, dissolved air, gaseous air and solid matrix). The assumptions about the entrapped air behaviour are defined from a bibliographic study, and linear elastic behaviour is used for both the liquid phase and the solid skeleton. The model is implemented in the FEM code COMSOL and is subsequently used to simulate oedometric tests under different loading paths: undrained compression or imposed liquid pressure variation at constant stress. The behaviour, which shows a continuous transition from unsaturated to saturated, is logical and consistent with available experimental data.     

初始裂隙对岩溶水紊流形成的影响

岩溶地区地下发育着大量的溶洞和地下河管道,地下水流状态既有层流也有紊流,而紊流是溶洞管道形成的重要条件。紊流的形成受到岩石初始裂隙的影响,初始裂隙的张开度、分布、走向、迹长、密度等因素都影响着裂隙发育过程中水流状态的变化。通过对不同统计特征的初始裂隙网络进行水流和溶蚀的数值模拟发现,以张开度标准差反映的裂隙网络非均匀性越强,模拟紊流出现的时间就越早;主要裂隙的存在使裂隙网络的非均性增强,主要裂隙与水力梯度总方向的角度越小,紊流出现的时间就越早;当裂隙平均迹长过小时会导致裂隙连通性较差,影响裂隙水流和溶蚀作用;裂隙密度,尤其是主要裂隙密度,对岩溶发育的影响较大。相对于次要裂隙,如果主要裂隙密度偏小,紊流形成时间会大大增加,甚至很难形成紊流。当初始裂隙张开度小于0.001 cm,增大水力梯度仍没有紊流发生,岩溶几乎不发育。      

Simulation of flow slides in municipal solid waste dumps using a modified MPS method

Flow slides in municipal solid waste (MSW) dumps have caused serious damage to structures and casualties all over the world. Therefore, much attention should be paid to this type of disaster to elucidate the flow mechanisms and fluidization characteristics of MSW, which are essential for the assessment and prevention of flowlike hazards. To bypass the deficiencies of the traditional analysis methods that use the mesh method and are based on a framework of solid mechanics, the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, which is a purely Lagrangian meshless method and proposed for incompressible flow, is introduced to study flow slides in MSW landfills. Considering the no-physical pressure fluctuation that affects the simulation accuracy in the original MPS, the original MPS is revised in three ways: the kernel function, the source term of the Poisson equation and the search for free surface particles. Two benchmark problems, the dam break problem and the static pressure problem, are computed to illustrate the improvement of the pressure stability of the modified MPS. The Bingham constitutive model combined with the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is adopted to depict the dynamic features of MSW flow slides, and the equivalent viscosity is employed to bridge the gap between Bingham fluid models and Newtonian fluid models. This method, ultimately, is applied to simulate real flow slides in the Umraniye–Hekimbashi landfill and the Payatas waste dump. The numerical results show good consistency with the field data, indicating that the modified MPS method is capable of capturing the essential dynamic behavior and reproducing the entire process of complicated flow slides in MSW dumps.     

Numerical investigation of hydraulic characteristics and prediction of cavitation number in Shahid Madani Dam's Spillway

The prediction of the probability of cavitation occurrence to prevent serious damages in the spillways is the major concern for hydraulic engineers. In this research, the three-dimensional model of Shahid Madani Dam’s spillway was simulated with the Flow 3D software and by the comparison of numerical model results with the experi-mental data, the probability of occurrence of the cavitation phenomenon has been investigated. The flow parameters including pressure, velocity, and water depth were calculated for three different flow rates of 495 m3/s, 705 m3/s and 2 205 m3/s respectively. The Renormalization Group (RNG) turbulence model was used to simulate current turbulence. Comparison of simulation results for pressure, velocity and water depth with the results of the experimental model with two statistical indices Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2) showed that the numerical simulation results are in good consistency with experimental model. However, simulation results indicated that at any flow rates with a return period of 1 000 years, probable maximum flood and designed flow rates, the cavitation number is not lower than the critical cavitation number; Therefore, it is predicted that the cavitation phenomenon in Shahid Madani Dam’s spillway will not happen.     

Finite element simulation of impulse wave generated by landslides using a three-phase model and the conservative level set method

A numerical model has been developed using the finite element method for the simulation of impulse waves generated by landslides. The fluid-like landslide is modeled as a generalized non-Newtonian visco-plastic fluid. A three-phase flow model based on the incompressible viscous Navier–Stokes equations is solved using the finite element method to describe the motion of the three types of fluid in landslide. The conservative level set method is expanded to n-phase flow cases and employed to capture the interface of the three phases: air, water, and the landslide. The overall performance of the approach is checked by a number of validation cases: a Rayleigh–Taylor instability problem to illustrate the capability of the proposed method to deal with interface capturing, a benchmark test of a subaerial landslide generated by an impulse wave is carried out and compared with the published experimental data and numerical results, and finally, the 1958 Lituya Bay landslide generated impulse wave, and its results are compared against a scaled-down experiment and other published numerical results. It can be noted that the current model has an excellent ability to capture the complex phenomena that occurs during the whole process of the landslide-generated impulse wave, and considering the simplified treatment of the landslide and the numerical model, fairly good agreement between computed and experimental results has been observed for all simulation cases.     

溢流堰与竖缝组合式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

利用声学多普勒测速仪（ADV）实测了凹口溢流堰与同侧布置竖缝组合式鱼道的三维瞬时流速,应用射流力学和紊流统计理论剖析了鱼道水池内的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力、相关函数、紊动尺度等紊流结构。试验研究结果表明:溢流堰与竖缝组合式鱼道池内水流流态呈现出复杂的三维紊流结构;同竖缝相比,溢流堰对紊动强度和雷诺应力的变化有着更为显著的影响,尤其是鱼道池内表层区域;堰流区涡旋的相关性比竖缝壁面射流区好,并且堰流区存在较大尺度的涡旋结构,而竖缝壁面射流区的涡旋尺度则较小。相比单一式鱼道,组合式鱼道紊流结构更加复杂,研究结果可为优化鱼道设计、修复鱼类生境提供参考。     

Flow dynamics at the origin of thin clayey sand lacustrine turbidites: Examples from Lake Hazar,Turkey

Turbidity currents and their deposits can be investigated using several methods, i.e. direct monitoring, physical and numerical modelling, sediment cores and outcrops. The present study focused on thin clayey sand turbidites found in Lake Hazar (Turkey) occurring in eleven clusters of closely spaced thin beds. Depositional processes and sources for three of those eleven clusters are studied at three coring sites. Bathymetrical data and seismic reflection profiles are used to understand the specific geomorphology of each site. X‐ray, thin sections and CT scan imagery combined with grain‐size, geochemical and mineralogical measurements on the cores allow characterization of the turbidites. Turbidites included in each cluster were produced by remobilization of surficial slope sediment, a process identified in very few studies worldwide. Three types of turbidites are distinguished and compared with deposits obtained in flume studies published in the literature. Type 1 is made of an ungraded clayey silt layer issued from a cohesive flow. Type 2 is composed of a partially graded clayey sand layer overlain by a mud cap, attributed to a transitional flow. Type 3 corresponds to a graded clayey sand layer overlain by a mud cap issued from a turbulence‐dominated flow. While the published experimental studies show that turbulence is damped by cohesion for low clay content, type 3 deposits of this study show evidence for a turbulence‐dominated mechanism despite their high clay content. This divergence may in part relate to input variables, such as water chemistry and clay mineralogy, that are not routinely considered in experimental studies. Furthermore, the large sedimentological variety observed in the turbidites from one coring site to another is related to the evolution of a sediment flow within a field‐scale basin made of a complex physiography that cannot be tackled by flume experiments.