海水营养盐现场自动分析技术

介绍了目前国内外对海水营养盐浓度测量仪器的研究现状，论述了吸光光度法测量营养盐浓度的基本原理，以及硅酸盐和氨氮现场测量分析工艺流程。     

不同海水营养盐现场连续观测系统的比较研究*

海水营养盐自动观测技术是海洋观测技术的核心之一, 也是世界各国海洋观测技术发展的重点。本文概述了海水营养盐自动观测技术在海洋环境监测中的研究进展, 并基于航次的现场实践, 比较了海水营养盐自动观测设备的应用情况, 归纳了不同设备的优缺点。基于紫外光谱法的硝酸盐传感器(in-situ ultraviolet spectroscopy, ISUS)具有不需化学试剂、响应速度快、适合连续长期观测、耐压深度深的优点, 可广泛应用于海水和淡水环境的走航观测、现场剖面观测和浮标定点观测; 其缺点是测定参数少、灵敏度低。基于湿化学法的营养盐剖面自动分析仪(Autonomous Profiling Nutreint Analyzer, APNA)与连续流动在线分析仪(型号为QuAAtro)具有测定精度和准确度高、多营养盐参数同步测定的优点, 可用于浅水剖面和短时间连续观测, 但存在操作复杂、工作时间短、试剂用量大的缺点, 不适合长期时间序列或深水观测; APNA能进行原位观测, QuAAtro基于船载, 需要加载样品采集过滤系统。本研究基于以上实践与经验, 进一步探讨了现有海水营养盐自动观测技术目前所面临的技术瓶颈及未来发展趋势, 旨在为海洋现场自动监测仪器的选用提供参考。     

基于分光光度法的多量程海水营养盐原位传感器检测系统设计

针对传统海水营养盐检测方法不能满足海水营养盐长期原位监测需求的问题,研制了一种基于分光光度法的多量程海水营养盐原位传感器检测系统,通过对系统的高度集成及对多量程检测、低功耗技术、漏液保护技术的应用,实现了对海水5项营养盐参数快速、宽范围、高精度的原位测量。经过实验室和青岛中苑码头现场测试,表明本营养盐传感器检测系统具有低功耗、高可靠性能,可满足对5项营养盐参数的快速精确测量要求,实现了对海水营养盐参数的原位监测,为相关部门及时了解海洋生态环境和水体富营养化程度提供了数据支持,具有重大现实意义。     

流动注射营养盐分析仪校准方法探讨

针对流动注射营养盐分析仪的应用日渐普及而暂无检定规程的情况,对流动注射营养盐分析仪的校准方法进行了探讨。表述了仪器进行校准的必要性,提出了以准确度、精密度、检出限、测量范围、校准曲线的校核以及与国标法进行比测作为营养盐分析仪的校准指标,对校准指标的测定方法进行了探讨,并对方法的溯源性进行了分析。提出的方法已经用于国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)"赤潮现场快速监测与检测技术"(2007AA092001)课题中研究成果"营养盐自动分析仪"的第三方独立检验。     

莱州湾围隔浮游生态系统氮、磷营养盐迁移-转化模型研究

通过对目前生态动力学模型的总结和综合，以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线，建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移-转化动力学模型。该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5个模块，涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7个状态变量。利用2002年8月末莱州湾围隔生态实验数据进行了模型的验证工作，成功地模拟了富加营养盐条件下围隔浮游生态系统中氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移-转化过程，并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模型主要状态变量对参数改变的灵敏程度。     

渤海春季营养盐限制的现场实验

1999年4－5月，在现场条件下对天然水体中浮游植物以外加营养盐受控培养的方式，研究和探讨春季渤海中部、莱州湾和渤海海峡3个海区的浮游植物生长的营养盐限制问题。结果表明，在莱州湾附近浮游植物生长受到显著的磷限制；尽管水体中硅酸盐浓度较历史水平大大降低，并且实验进行时硅藻为优势种，但是硅酸盐尚不成为限制因子；渤海中部不存在营养盐的限制问题，营养盐浓度和结构相对适宜；渤海海峡也不存在营养盐的限制问题，但是溶解无机氮的相对含量略低。     

胶州湾营养盐限制的上行效应研究

在许多水体生态系统中，浮游植物的生长受到营养盐可利用性的调控(Howarth，1988)。在一定的浓度范围内，营养盐对浮游植物的生长有促进作用，但如果营养盐浓度过低，则会对浮游植物的生长产生限制作用，过高则有毒理作用。 由于人类活动的影响，导致大量富含N、P的工业与生活污水排放入海水中，造成沿岸海水的富营养化。营养盐本底含量的增加对沿岸海水中浮游植物群落的组成影响巨大(Durate，1995)。Pedersen等(1996)指出，在沿岸海洋生态系统中，富营养化的结果会促进生长快速、生活周期短的藻类的丰度与生产力迅速增加，而生长缓慢的藻类由于在竞争中处于劣势，其丰度则可能下降。 在海洋生态系统中，用瓶子培养实验和化学计量法所得出的营养盐限制结论经常出现差异。溶解营养盐的浓度被最早用来指示营养盐的限制性，这些主要基于一些负的实验证据，例如，当磷酸盐仍然可测时，溶解硝酸盐已经检测不到 (Nixon et al.，1983)，暗示N可能比P更限制浮游植物的生长。但是在营养盐浓度无法检测得到的情况下，仍然有许多浮游植物种类对N、P有很高的亲和能力，因此藻的生长并未受到营养盐的限制。本实验应用是瓶子培养实验，该方法的优点是现场操作，光照和温度条件与现场基本一致，通过生物方法来反应营养盐的限制作用，结果可信度较高。本论文研究的目的是观察胶州湾浮游植物对营养盐添加的响应效果，以期对胶州湾营养盐限制研究提供有价值的科学信息。     

利用特征色素研究长江口海域浮游植物对营养盐加富的响应

于2009年5月和11月,在长江口邻近海域通过现场营养盐加富实验,研究了浮游植物对营养盐添加的响应。应用高效液相色谱技术分析培养样品中的特征色素组成,通过CHEMTAX软件估算了硅藻、甲藻、隐藻、定鞭藻、金藻、绿藻、青绿藻和蓝藻8个浮游植物类群对叶绿素a生物量的贡献(μg/L)。加富实验结果显示:不同海区或同一海区不同季节的浮游植物生长对营养盐响应不尽相同,这与培养实验水样采集时浮游植物所处的N、P限制状态有着密切的关系。营养盐的加富不仅能够促进浮游植物生物量的增加,也可能引起浮游植物的群落结构的变化。不同浮游植物类群对营养盐添加的敏感性不同,培养实验开始后营养盐的输入使得硅藻在竞争中取得了优势,硅藻所占比重明显上升;但随着培养的进行,营养盐逐渐消耗,一些在低营养条件下竞争能力强的浮游植物类群比如甲藻、蓝藻、隐藻等对生物量的贡献逐渐上升;同时,培养海水中初始浮游植物群落组成对营养盐加富后群落结构的变化有着重要的影响。     

台湾海峡海域表观耗氧量之研究

台湾海峡海域1983－1988年多次调查资料表明，该海域夏季表现耗氧量（AOU）变化幅度较大，其分布特征呈近岸、底层高，向上层、外海递减，诸上升流是其主要控制因素。各上升流区AOU与温度、盐度、诸营养盐呈显著相关关系。PO4／AOU与NO3／AOU比值平均分别为0.0058和0.076。上升流海域夏季初始营养盐[PO4,pre和[NO3,pre较低，而再生营养盐高，是现场营养盐的主要部分。有机物质分解耗氧对AOU的贡献比浮游动物等呼吸耗氧更重要。     

虾池生态系的氮平衡及氨水平的生物调控虾池中三氮的动态趋势(Ⅰ)

根据对胶州湾两个半封闭海水对虾养殖池塘现场调查和实验测试,寻找一种适合该虾池的用于分析氮营养盐的方法,讨论和分析该水环境中氮营养盐的存在特征与行为,得到在不同理化指标下各价态氮营养盐的含量和变化趋势,通过分析其含量和变化特征,对于合理施肥和投饵,有效调节放养量具有一定的指导意义。     

海脉冲营养素营养成分的分析

对利用扇贝边研制成的新的海洋保健品—海脉冲营养素的营养成分进行分析。结果表明,海脉冲营养素富含氨基酸,无机元素,微量元素和维生素等;糖元,VB12等含量丰富。本实验的分析结果可为海脉冲营养素的临床应用提供科学依据。     

Effects of pulsed nutrient inputs on phytoplankton assemblage structure and blooms in an enclosed coastal area

The response of phytoplankton assemblage structure to terrestrial nutrient inputs was examined for the Gulf of Kalloni in the Northern Aegean Sea, a productive semi-enclosed coastal marine ecosystem. The study was focused on a typical annual cycle, and emphasis was placed on the comparative analysis between blooms developing after significant nutrient inputs from the watershed, and naturally occurring blooms. Baseline information was collected on a monthly basis from a network of stations located in the oligotrophic open sea and the interior and more productive part of the embayment. Intensive sampling was also carried out along a gradient in the vicinity of a river which was the most important source of freshwater and nutrient input for the Gulf. Phytoplankton assemblage structure was analyzed from 188 samples using diversity indices (Shannon and Average Taxonomic Distinctness), multivariate plotting methods (NMDS), multivariate statistics (PERMANOVA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Three characteristic assemblages were recognized: (1) an autumn assemblage developed under nutrient depleted conditions, having low diversity due to the dominance of two small diatoms, (2) a winter bloom of the potentially toxic species Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha occurring immediately after a nutrient peak and characterized by very low diversity, and (3) a naturally occurring early summer bloom of centric diatoms with relatively high diversity. The results of the study support the view that moderate nutrient inputs may have a beneficial effect on the functioning of coastal ecosystems, stimulating the taxonomic diversity through the growth of different taxonomic groups and taxa. On the other hand, a sudden pulse of high nutrient concentrations may greatly affect the natural succession of organisms, have a negative effect on the diversity through the dominance of a single species, and can increase the possibility of a harmful algal bloom development.     

Degree of nutrient consumption as an aging index of upwelling or vertically mixed water in the northern Taiwan Strait

In order to determine the relative aging slams of upwelled or vertically mixed water in the northern Taiwan Strait, a recently developed method of calculating the degree of nutrient consumption (DNC) was employed. Upwelling was detected at a water depth of about 75m in summer. Bottom waters in the aphotic zone and newly-upwelled waters in the euphotic zone were found to be low in terms of their DNC. In general, a low DNC was noted alongside the other traditional upwelling indicators, such as lower temperature and degree of oxygen saturation, but higher salinity, apparent oxygen utilization, nutrient contents and chlorophytt-a. Enhanced vertical mixing, but without an apparent upwelling signal, was detected near the same location in winter.     

中国九龙江河口营养盐基准值研究

One of the key concerns in estuarine and coastal environments is eutrophication, which is known to be closely connected to nutrient enrichment. To control and improve surface water quality, nutrient criteria are recommended in order to provide reference conditions for the environment. However, the current datasets of nutrient criteria in China are either designed for surface water or sea water, and as such these are not suitable for assessing estuarine water quality, especially given the unique ecosystem and dynamic properties of estuaries. To address this issue in current estuarine water management, nutrient criteria have been developed for a local estuary in the southeast of China. Segmentation of the Jiulong River Estuary, China was firstly analysed through field investigations carried out during 2013–2014, which resulted in the delineation of three segments characterized by their distinct properties in relation to salinity, hydrology, ecosystems, etc. Historical records from 1997 to 2014 were then analysed using statistical modelling to develop candidate nutrient criteria for the estuary.This stage of the analysis was undertaken in combination with the study of nutrient status records from the 1980s,which were used to establish a baseline reference condition. The recommended criteria values of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) in Segments Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ of the Jiulong River Estuary are 64, 21 and 14 μmol/L,respectively, and the corresponding values for soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) are 0.89, 0.76 and 0.89 μmol/L,respectively. It should be emphasised that these values are site-dependent, and that different results may be achieved at other locations depending on the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of an estuary, or even a single site within a catchment. It is hoped that by demonstrating a possible methodological approach and methods of nutrient criteria derivation in the Jiulong River Estuary, the current study will offer researchers some fundamental basis from which to begin to develop more complete nutrient criteria indices for the study of nutrient conditions in other estuaries throughout China.     

Historic changes in flux of matter and nutrient budgets in the Bohai Sea

Over the past four periods （ 1959--1960, 1982--1983, 1992--1993, and 1998--1999）, the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea changed due to both a significant decrease of river water discharge from the Huanghe River and a reduction of precipitation. The shifts in nutrient chemistry could result in changes in the phytoplankton composition with an increased potential for non-diatom algal blooms. Simple box model was used to estimate the water - mass balance and nutrient budgets for the Bohai Sea. Water budgets indicate that the residual flow changed from out of the Bohai Sea before 1993, but became inflow to the Bohai Sea after then. The nutrient budgets developed indicate that the Bohai Sea was a sink for nutrients except for phosphate in 1959--1960 and 1982-- 1983 and for silicate in 1982--1983. Net water flow transports nutrients out of the Bohai Sea in 1959--1960, 1982--1983 and 1992--1993, but into the sea in 1998--1999 due to climate changes, such as precipitation and subsequent freshwater discharge. The residual fluxes of nutrients are minor relative to atmospheric deposition and riverine inputs. Conversions of phosphate values to carbon by stoichiometric ratios were used to predict that the system was net heterotrophic before 1982--1983 and net autotrophic after then. Nutrient budgets can explain the change of nutrient concentrations in the Bohai Sea except nitrates, which should include the surface runoff.     

太湖ZS孔沉积记录的近50年来营养盐沉积通量变化

通过对太湖北部竺山湾沉积物(ZS孔)钻探,测试ZS孔沉积物~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和粒度,研究近代太湖湖泊沉积物营养盐沉积通量变化。结果表明,ZS孔中~(137)Cs比活度较低(<15 Bq/kg),利用ZS孔~(137)Cs 1963年时标得到平均沉积速率为0.32 cm/a,与应用~(210)Pb的CRS模式获得的近50年来平均沉积速率一致,利用~(210)Pb的CRS模式计算出近50年来沉积通量为0.13～0.75 g·cm~(-2)·a~(-1)),结合沉积物中的TOC、TN和TP浓度,获取了营养盐沉积通量在垂向上的变化,结果显示,自20世纪80年代初以来,营养盐沉积通量明显增加,谊变化趋势与20世纪60年代以来的观测资料相符,有机磷的影响和人类活动被认为是造成近20年来TP沉积通量增加的原因。     

脉冲式营养盐输入对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

脉冲输入营养盐是陆源输入营养盐的一种方式。用室内模拟脉冲营养盐输入的方法,研究了脉冲营养盐输入对于典型赤潮藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长的影响。结果发现脉冲输入营养盐对于中肋骨条藻生长有明显的影响,营养盐脉冲输入的频率和中肋骨条藻生长波动的频率相同。每天输入一次营养盐中肋骨条藻出现藻密度峰值的时间要比每5天输入一次营养盐和每10天输入一次营养盐的中肋骨条藻要滞后,而且藻密度峰值也比后两种情况低。对于3种营养盐的吸收速率而言,每10天输入一次营养盐的中肋骨条藻的吸收速率最大,其次是每天输入一次营养盐的中肋骨条藻,最小的是每5天输入一次营养盐的中肋骨条藻;3种营养盐脉冲输入模式下,每5天输入一次营养盐的中肋骨条藻对于N盐和Si盐的营养需求最少。     

Vertical Nutrient Distributions in the Western North Pacific Ocean: Simple Model for Estimating Nutrient Upwelling, Export Flux and Consumption Rates

A one-dimensional, steady-state model has been developed to understand the factors controlling vertical distributions of nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate in the western North Pacific water columns. The model includes simple physics and some biogeochemical processes. Nutrients are supplied by upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters with a constant upwelling velocity and nutrient regeneration due to decomposition of sinking particulate matter; the latter is expressed by an exponential-type export flux. Nutrients are consumed in the water column due to uptake by marine organisms, represented by a first-order substrate kinetics. The consumption rate constant is given as an exponential function of depth. The model has been applied to a data set of WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) P9 one-time measurements observed in the western North Pacific. The calculated curves fit well to observed vertical nutrient profiles from 100 m depth to over 2,500 m depth at 35 stations from 19°N to 33°30′ N along 137°E with correlation factors of greater than 0.998. A modified model, including a correction term representing a depth-dependent upwelling velocity, can reproduce observed vertical nutrient profiles at 32 stations from 5°N to 18°30′ N along 137°E with correlation factors greater than 0.993. The results support the hypothesis that most of the vertical nutrient profiles in the western North Pacific are controlled by particle export flux, consumption rate, remineralization rate and upwelling velocity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.