Engineering-Geological Problems in the Moravian Karst,Czech Republic

The Moravian karst belongs to one of the famous karst regions in Central Europe. It is situated in Moravia in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. According to the geology it is of Devonian age and the main rocks are of different types of limestones. The process of karstification is still active. They are many caves with rich stalagmites and stalactites and the Macocha abyss, the depth of which is 138.5 m. The underground Punkva River flows through the main part of the karst, forming beautiful underground lakes. Typical karst phenomena, such as sinkholes and deep canyons, may be observed on the surface of the terrain. Because of the karstification, water erosion and frost weathering, many steep unstable slopes and walls originated. To solve the stability from a geotechnical point of view is not easy. This requests a special engineering-geological knowledge and experience.     

Speleogenesis of Selected Caves beneath the Lunan Shilin and Caves of Fenglin Karst in Qiubei, Yunnan

Yunnan is famous for its attractive karst landscapes especially shilins, fengcong and fenglin. The development of caves beneath the shilins in the vicinity of Lunan is closely connected with the formation of shilins. Most of the waters percolating through shilins run through the caves beneath them and are responsible for their formation. The study of cave speleogenesis deepens knowledge about both the development of shilins and karst structure. In the vicinity of the Lunan Shilin, speleological, morphological and structural geological studies of four karst caves have been accomplished. At Puzhehei, Qiubei, which is characterised by numerous fenglin, fengcong and caves, speleological and morphological studies have been performed. Cave sediments for paleomagnetic analyses have been taken from all studied areas (samples CH 1-9). Karst caves in SE Yunnan are probably much older than the age of the cave sediments (<780,000 years B.P.). The studied areas are located in the vicinity of the Xiaojiang fault (N-S     

Evaluation of Karst Hazards for Civil and Industrial Buildings

The European part of Russia exhibits highly developed sulphate and carbonate karst. It mostly occurs within river valleys with relatively thin covering deposits. These conditions may induce karst collapses, which appear to be the main danger for civil and industrial buildings. Evolution of karst rocks includes several epochs of karst development, which causes complicated distribution of karst caves in karst rocks and, as the result, irregular distribution of karst caves on the surface. Karst hazards prediction is mostly reliable within the geotechnical system "Karst-Construction", using probability methods. This approach allows creating 3 types of antikarst protection (alternative design of construction arrangement on a plan, structural protection of a construction and plugging of karst caves beneath construction foundation) and selecting the optimum or the most effective version or their rational combination.     

Palaeoseismic Events in Karst Terrains along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

The study of the palaoseismic events in the karst terrains of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast is a very important up-to-date problem. The investigated region is one of the highest-energy regions in Bulgaria with established and recorded catastrophic historic and contemporary earthquakes. The terrain is subjected to the influence not only of its own earthquake foci but also of those in Romania and Russia. The palaeoearthquakes that caused considerable disturbances in the karst terrains along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea coast have left significant traces. They caused disturbances in the environment and the relief (rearrangement of the surface and ground water karst basins, partially or entirely collapsed caves, deformed caves, oil, gas and salt intrusions and gravitationally formed caves). The ecological consequences in historic and contemporary aspects were catastrophic. The palaeoseismic dislocations were formed as a result of global, regional and local geodynamic events related with the destruction     

Environmental Geochemistry of Fluorine in the Rock—Soil—Water System in the Karst Region of Central Guizhou Province

Systematic determination of and adsorption experiment on fluorine in the carbonate rock-soil-water system in the karst region studied in Guzhou Province,in conjunction with the mineral surface and soil chemistry data,have revealed the geochemical characteristics of F and the mechanisms of its transport and entrichment in the rock-soil-water-system of the karst region central guizhou province,Deep-seated underground waters(-100m or lower)and soil layers in the karst region of central Guizhou are characterized by high-F anomalies whereas shallow-level underground and surface waters by low contents of F(mostly lower than 05mg/L).Fluorine in soil and water in the region studied comes largely from Triassic marine strata dominated by gypsum-bearing carbonate rocks.The special adsorption and desorption of F on the surface of geothite in soil layers are the important mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock-soil-water system of the karst region studied.     

The Geochemical Features and Evolution of Laterite in the Karst Areas of Guizhou Province

Guizhou is one of the dominating karst regions,where laterite is widespread,in China.Seventy-two laterite samples were taken from twelve laterite sections in the karst areas of Guizhou Province,which are possessed of typical subtropical karst geomphological and ecological environmental features and have evolved completely from dolostones and limestones.In terms of the major,trace and REE deta for thd samples this paper discusses the geochemical characteristics of laterite in the karst areas with an attempt to disclose the geochemical process and evolutionary rule of laterite formation.There have been involved three important pedogenetic geochemical precesses in the formation of laterite in the karst areas:(1)enrichment of silicon and aluminum and depletion of calcium and magnesium;(2)enrichment of iron and manganese;and(3) enrichment of aluminum and depletion of silicon.During the formation and evolution of laterite,obvious enrichment and differentiation of trace elements such as Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Co,Cr,Pb,F,Cl,and As can be observed,but for the rare-earth elements,their enrichment is remarkable against a weak differentiation.The REE distribution patterns in the laterite are similar to those of its parental carbonate rocks.     

中国广西岩溶洞穴萤光苔类新记录: 光苔和艳绿光苔(苔纲, 光苔科)

Cyathodium cavernarum Kunze and C. smaragdium Schiffin ex Keissler (Cyathodiaceae, Hepaticae) were firstly recorded from 11 caves in the karst area of Guangxi Province, China. Both species thalli with the luminous and green light at dark caves,C, cavernarurn was found within 1 - 12 m at the cave entrance while C. smaragdium within 0. 5-22m. A comparison table was given for the two species.     

An Experimental Study of Mixture Corrosion Effects of Carbonate Rocks in the Transitional Zone of Littoral Karst Areas

The mechanism for development of littoral karst differs from that of inland karst, and the mixture corrosion effects are one of the most important factors that control the development of littoral karst. Through seven groups of static experiments carried out in a closed CO2-H2O system, basic conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) the basic law of corrosion process in a transitional zone of seawater-freshwater in littoral karst areas is identical with that in the fresh water, i.e., the lithologic characteristics and rock structure are the main factors which control the development of littoral karst; (2) the mixture corrosion rate of the carbonate rock in the above transitional zone is faster than that in fresh water or seawater; (3) the mechanism for development of carbonate rocks differs at various pressures of CO2 in a transitional zone in littoral karst areas.     

Karst Collapse Mechanism and Criterion for Its Stability

Karst collapse, caused by natural or artificial abstraction of groundwater, has been a focus of environmentalgeological problems for its ever-increasing hazardousness. The potential erosion theory and vacuum suction erosion theory, which reveal the origin of karst collapse macroscopically, are popularly accepted. However, a mathematic prediction criterion for karst collapse cannot be established only by these two theories. From a new perspective, this paper attempts to explain the microcosmic mechanism of karst collapse on the basis of these two theories. When the shear stress surpasses the shear strength of soil, a certain point or a certain plane in the unconsolidated soil covering karst caves will fail under the mechanical effects of water and air as well as its load-pressure, and with the increase of damaged points, a breaking plane appears and the soil on karst caves is completely damaged; as a result, the karst ground collapses. On the basis of the Mohr-Coulomb failure theory and previous studies,     

Analysis of soil biogeochemical characteristics in the process of karst rocky desertification

The sampling method of karst soil is always the one used for non-karst area. However, if the samples can represent the plot, it still needs further investigation due to high degree of spatial variability of karst soil. The study results of soil from the Maolan karst virgin forest in Guizhou Province elucidated that only the surface area-weighted samples could represent plot soils in the karst ecosystem. The remediation of karst rocky desertification has currently become a national issue, but soil degradation research on rocky desertification genesis types and processes is still insufficient. Soil physical, chemical, biological characteristics and enzymes activities from plots of different rocky desertification genesis types and grades in the Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge area, Guizhou, were studied. The results showed that woodcutting and land reclamation influenced soil biogeochemical characteristics, and the influence of different disturbing ways was huge. The author suggested a soil degradation index system which could illustrate the rocky desertification genesis type and extent. The degraded modes of woodcutting and reclamation sequence were different, both had no synchronism with rocky desertification grades divided by current landscape index. Only soil of serious grade degraded evidently in wood cutting sequence. On the contrary, soils of slight, medium and serious grades degraded evidently in the reclamation sequence.     

文石石笋发生矿物重结晶的影响因素及其古气候意义

洞穴沉积物—石笋已成为研究岩溶区环境气候变化历史的重要载体。在我国湘西地区,某些洞穴石笋原始沉积多为不稳定的文石矿物,极易发生重结晶,可能使石笋中相关化学元素含量最终偏离原生矿物的特征,限制了文石石笋某些代用指标在古气候研究中的应用。文章以前人研究成果为基础,总结梳理了文石石笋发生重结晶的影响因素及其对石笋记录古气候的影响:（1）石笋剖面特征、XRD结果、显微镜观察和地球化学元素特征等可作为石笋发生重结晶的判别依据;（2）洞穴滴水和石笋孔隙水饱和度、文石晶体缺陷和晶体之间的方解石胶结物以及岩溶水体中Mg2+浓度等均会影响文石石笋的矿物转变;（3）在文石向方解石转变过程中,石笋铀含量会有一定程度的流失,可导致放射性铀系定年的异常或年代倒序;（4）矿物重结晶可导致δ18O、δ13C及石笋微量元素浓度（或比值）等指标发生改变,其变化特征因洞穴而异,从而影响其作为环境指示器的可靠性;（5）湖南龙山惹迷洞石笋（RM2）发生了不均一的矿物重结晶,自顶部至20.3 cm以放射状为主,20.3 cm至底部主要为糖粒状,并结合年代结果发现文石重结晶对石笋铀系定年产生了影响,而重结晶作用对该石笋其他指标的影响还有待进一步研究。      

川东北石笋记录的38～39 ka B.P.活动事件

通过川东北诺水河溶洞群石笋的年代学分析,发现多支时代跨越35～ 40kaB. P.的石笋记录了发生时间在38～ 39 kaB. P.的事件: 有的石笋发育中断,有的石笋生长轴心发生了变化,有的石笋则刚刚开始发育。初步的证据显示该事件不是气候成因所为,也不像由于洞穴局部塌陷引起。考虑到秦岭山地是新构造活动十分发育的地区,为此我们推测该事件很可能与某一次构造活动有关,也可能是由一次大规模重力地貌过程(如滑坡)造成。因此,洞穴沉积物(包括石笋、石钟乳和流石等)可望为川东北地区的新构造活动尤其是地震事件研究提供一种新的依据。      

利用石笋δ13C重建岩溶石漠化研究进展

岩溶石漠化的形成演化机制是被关注的科学问题,对脆弱的岩溶区生态环境恢复具有重要的现实意义。洞穴石笋δ13C受到多种因素影响,能敏感响应地表生态环境以及岩溶水文条件的变化。因此,利用石笋δ13C研究岩溶地区生态环境演变历史成为一个重要方向。本文从地表环境和洞穴沉积两个方面梳理了影响石笋δ13C的主要因素。结合现代洞穴监测及模型模拟研究,分析整理了影响洞穴滴水和沉积物中δ13C的主要因素和机理。在多重因素的影响下,石笋δ13C的环境意义具有多解性,文章从时间尺度、空间分布、沉积环境三方面归纳了石笋δ13C的指示意义。为了准确解释石笋δ13C环境意义,提出了综合分析、现代监测以及模型模拟的解决方案。通过对岩溶石漠化概念、成因、发展过程、以及环境效应的讨论,分析了地表石漠化与石笋δ13C记录的密切联系。总结了已经发表的利用石笋δ13C重建区域石漠化的研究成果,讨论了目前研究中面临的主要问题:(1) 如何正确解译石笋δ13C的指示意义？这是石笋δ13C能够用于重建区域石漠化历史的前提;(2) 在空间上,石笋δ13C记录反映上覆地表的面积是有限的,需考虑石笋能否代表目标研究区域的环境变迁;(3) 石漠化可在年—十年际时间尺度上快速发展,而石笋测年存在一定的年龄误差,石笋δ13C是否能够敏感记录地表的石漠化过程？为了准确重建区域岩溶环境以及石漠化演变历史,提出以下主要建议:(1) 为了避免石笋δ13C重建古环境的不确定性,可加强石笋δ13C与δ18O、微量元素、矿物结构等指标的综合对比分析,与现代监测以及模型模拟的解决方案综合集成,能更加准确重建研究区岩溶水文变化过程,判定石漠化的演化历史;(2) 通过区域和同一洞穴的多根石笋记录对比,减少单一石笋记录的区域代表性问题;(3) 高精度年代控制的高分辨率多指标石笋记录,有助于捕捉快速发生的石漠化过程。      

北京石花洞岩溶学研究进展

全面介绍北京石花洞发现与研究的历史、取得的重大成果,以及在岩溶学研究领域所起的作用。石花洞位于北京西山,发现于明朝正统十一年,开发于20世纪80年代。岩溶学研究表明,石花洞洞层多（8层）,石盾多（200多个）,为世界罕见。在全国范围内,首次发现月奶石,首次发现碳酸钙微层理,首次发现膜足硬肢马陆穴居动物。笔者从地质学、气象学和环境学全面研究了石花洞,测绘精度达到1：200,进行了氡浓度研究。从溶蚀形态来看,石花洞8层溶洞展示北京西山的8次隆升;从沉积形态来看,石花洞中的粗犷石笋代表中更新世沉积,杆状石笋代表晚更新世沉积,微层理石笋代表全球转暖以来的全新世沉积,奠定了首次建立第四纪石笋剖面的基础。     

Carbon isotopic records from stalagmites and the signification of paleo-ecological environment in the area of Guangxi—Guizhou, China

High resolution carbon isotopic records in millennial, centennial and decadal timescales from three stalagmites from three different caves under a similar monsoon climate in Guangxi–Guizhou, China, provided detailed information on the paleo-ecological environmental conditions in the past 15,000 years. The results indicate that during the glacial period, or cold-dry period, such as Heinrich event H1 and Younger Dryas event karst development was poor as was pedogenesis, C3 vegetation didn’t grow well, resulting in C4 plants dominating and with heavy δ¹³C values in stalagmites. In a warm-humid stage, C3 vegetation grew well and predominated with negative δ¹³C values. The δ¹³C records from stalagmites could be indicative of sensitive vegetation changes and reflective of climate changes in precipitation, temperature, etc. The δ¹³C records may also be used to distinguish different effects from nature or human activity. Particularly since the late Holocene, human activities have increased disturbances to environment, even more than natural factors. Forest vegetation was destroyed, C4 plants became dominant, and rock desertification was aggravated because of severe water and soil loss, all resulting in sharply increasing δ¹³C values of stalagmites that are heavier than pre-middle Holocene δ¹³C values.     

中老铁路桥梁桩基岩溶处理施工技术研究

依托中老铁路朋松楠松河特大桥岩溶桩基施工,综合工程安全、质量、工期、成本、环境等多方面因素,研究不同发育形态岩溶较适用的处理技术,对比分析抛填黏土片石筑壁法、钢护筒跟进法及两者相结合的处理方法在不同发育形态岩溶处理中的优缺点和适用性,结果表明:对于小型空洞、中型全填充或局部填充溶洞,抛填黏土片石筑壁法可快速、高效、经济地完成溶洞处理;对于中型空洞、大型溶洞、形成较大地下水流通道的溶洞,抛填黏土片石筑壁法与钢护筒跟进法相结合的处理方法有效解决了单个处理措施施工中伴随的工效低、易塌孔、灌注混凝土超方、钢护筒挤压变形等问题,经济、高效地完成了该溶洞处理。根据本研究成果,提出了桥梁桩基岩溶处理较适用的选定原则及控制要点。      

不同充填介质下的溶洞跨孔电阻率CT探查数值模拟

城市地铁修建过程中常常会遇到溶洞等不良地质条件,为更加准确探查地下溶洞的位置和大小,采用有限元法和最小二乘法正反演数值模拟手段,利用孔距、电极距和与钻孔距离三个变量构建了地下溶洞的地电模型,分析并总结了跨孔电阻率CT法对充气、充水和部分充水溶洞的电阻率响应特征及规律。结果表明:部分充水溶洞的水、气分界面明显,低阻区域和高阻区域与溶洞充水、充气部分位置大小一致,且随着溶洞充水量的增加,溶洞低电阻率响应增强,其异常范围向溶洞顶部扩大;跨孔电阻率CT法能够有效识别溶洞充填性状。      

新生碳酸钙沉积矿物形态的影响因素分析

石笋是古气候重建的重要地质载体,文石与方解石是石笋碳酸钙晶体的常见矿物形态。根据现代洞穴监测数据分析洞穴新生碳酸钙沉积物 (Active Speleothem: AS)的矿物形态的研究较少。本文在重庆武隆芙蓉洞三个滴水点 (MP2、MP5、MP9)下放置玻璃片,收集新生碳酸钙沉积物和滴水样品,监测新生碳酸钙沉积物矿物形态、滴水的Mg/Ca比值、pH、滴率和洞穴环境等指标,分析玻璃片正面和反面新生碳酸钙沉积物的δ18O、δ13C和Mg/Ca比值。研究发现:(1) MP2滴水点下的玻璃片正反面新生碳酸钙沉积物的矿物形态均为方解石;MP5和MP9滴水点的正面沉积方解石和文石-方解石混合两种情况,反面沉积文石-方解石,且反面文石多于正面。 (2) MP2滴水Mg/Ca比值小于MP5和MP9,说明滴水Mg/Ca比值是影响新生碳酸钙沉积物矿物形态的重要因素;而滴水pH值对AS矿物形态的影响在不同滴水点有差异。(3) 不论是玻璃片正面还是反面,文石-方解石混合的新生碳酸钙沉积物δ18O和δ13C比以方解石为主的沉积物偏正,说明AS矿物形态的变化会导致δ18O和δ13C发生变化。通过在芙蓉洞的系统监测和分析,发现新生碳酸钙沉积物的矿物形态与地表环境、洞穴上部岩溶水文地质条件密切相关,并验证了洞穴新生碳酸钙沉积物的矿物形态对石笋δ18O和δ13C具有重要影响。      

香溪河流域岩溶洞穴发育与分布特征

结合1∶5万水文地质调查,对香溪河岩溶流域溶洞特征进行了探究,统计其溶洞的规模、形态、发育地层、发育方向及分布高程,结果表明:该区洞穴规模中等,受岩性的控制,溶洞的发育表现出对碳酸盐岩岩组类型的选择性,其中寒武-奥陶系地层溶洞发育程度最高;溶洞的发育方向多为北北东和北北西向,与区域构造线一致,同时受本区构造运动间歇性抬升的影响,溶洞集中发育于4个高程区;从溶洞发育的构造部位来看,溶洞主要分布在宽缓向斜的东南翼及向斜核部,平面分布表现出分带性;该区溶洞多发育至早期就停止进一步发育,其规模、类型、分布特征等与鄂西南地区溶洞均存在差异。