近景摄影测量的控制

论述了近景摄影测量中实施控制的目的、分类与方法,提示可以多方法地建立物方空间坐标系,建议统一转角系统舍去地面摄影测量系统,指明控制的测定精度要求,提出建立特高精度工业控制网的理论与方法,总结了几种特殊的控制方法。     

Some Thoughts on the Emergence of Digital Close Range Photogrammetry

This presentation offers some thoughts on the emergence (that is essentially to say the commercial acceptance and exploitation) of close range digital photogrammetric systems. The discussion is restricted to systems based on standard photogrammetric processes involving digital frame imagery. Systems are classified into three tiers which are distinguished not only by accuracy and cost, but also by the degree to which a technology transfer has taken place from the specialist photogrammetrist to the non-specialist user. This technology transfer, it will be argued, has facilitated dramatic growth in the application of low accuracy, low cost three dimensional modelling systems in areas such as heritage recording, multimedia, process plant documentation and forensic photogrammetry. Along with automation, this technology transfer has also largely accounted for the wider use of high accuracy, high cost, off line and real time vision metrology systems in large scale industrial metrology. Rapid growth in these two system categories is then contrasted against the more modest advances being witnessed in the traditional close range photogrammetric service sector. Prospects for the future are also touched upon.     

Hyper Redundancy for Accuracy Enhancement in Automated Close Range Photogrammetry

A generic network design in close range photogrammetry is one where optimal multi-ray intersection geometry is obtained with as few camera stations as practicable. Hyper redundancy is a concept whereby, once the generic network is in place, many additional images are recorded, with the beneficial impact upon object point precision being equivalent to the presence of multiple exposures at each camera position within the generic network. The effective number of images per station within a hyper redundant network might well be in the range of 10 to 20 or more. As is apparent when it is considered that a hyper redundant network may comprise hundreds of images, the concept is only applicable in practice to fully automatic vision metrology systems, where it proves to be a very effective means of enhancing measurement accuracy at the cost of minimal additional work in the image recording phase. This paper briefly reviews the network design and accuracy aspects of hyper redundancy and illustrates the technique by way of the photogrammetric measurement of surface deformation of a radio telescope of 26 m diameter. This project required an object point measurement accuracy of σ  = 0·065 mm, or 1/400 000 of the diameter of the reflector.     

多基线数字近景摄影测量在建筑工程中的应用

多基线数字近景摄影测量与传统近景摄影测量相比,具有短基线、大重叠度的特点,短基线使得相邻光束交会角较小,易于提高影像匹配精度;大重叠度使得首尾交会角较大,从而可提高空间点定位精度。该方法有效地解决了影像匹配、交会角和点定位精度三者之间存在的矛盾。首先,利用非量测数码相机进行多基线平行摄影,借助Lensphoto软件实现建筑物立面点坐标的量测,并将其与高精度莱卡全站仪测量结果进行精度对比,最后分析控制点个数与点位精度之间的关系。实验表明,多基线近景摄影测量在建筑工程测量中可以取得较高的点位精度,控制点个数的增加会提高点位精度,但存在一定极限。     

近景光束法自由网联合平差的实际精度

本文从理论上分析了近景摄影测量光束法自由网联合平差的特点,借助于该方法对卫星地面站Cassegrain通讯天线抛物反射面的实际摄影资料进行平差处理,取得了较好的点位精度。     

The Use of Close Range Photogrammetry for Studying Ice Accretion on Aerofoil Sections

This paper describes the use of photogrammetry to measure and quantify ice accretion on an aerofoil section. A series of stereoscopic photographs was taken during the ice accretion on the section in an icing tunnel. From measurements made on these photographs with a Kern (Leica) DSR 14 analytical photogrammetric plotter, a series of three dimensional models of the ice surfaces was constructed. The results of the project are discussed and possible improvements in the methodology are suggested.     

数字近景摄影测量中人工标志点快速自动匹配

针对数字近景摄影测量中的人工标志点快速自动匹配问题,提出了一种基于双片空间前方交会的匹配算法。首先,通过计算投影线间的最短距离确定一组初始匹配点;然后通过双片空间前方交会计算相应物方点坐标;最后反求该物方点坐标在其他像片上的像点坐标,通过比较该像点与初始匹配点的坐标差确定同名像点。两组实验均证明,该算法计算速度快,具有高匹配率和低误匹配率。     

基于Lensphoto系统的土石方计算方法应用

土石方计算工程的实际意义非常重大,因而选择基于多基线数字近景摄影测量系统的土石方计算方法进行了研究,并通过实例与其他常用土石方计算方法进行了比较,结果表明多基线近景摄影测量技术在土石方计算中具有速度快、精度高、工作流程简单等特点.     

Assessment of Dem Quality for Characterizing Surface Roughness Using Close Range Digital Photogrammetry

This paper presents a procedure for assessing the quality of a digital elevation model (DEM) which has been applied to the output of a normalized cross correlation based stereomatching algorithm. Using semimetric photography of natural gravel river bed surfaces acquired in the field, digital photogrammetry was used to extract DEMs automatically for use in characterizing surface roughness properties. The procedure for assessing DEM quality involves examination of (i) ortho-images, to provide a qualitative check on stereomatching performance; (ii) DEM collection statistics which quantify the percentage of correctly matched pixels as a function of those interpolated; and (iii) height differences between check points, measured using independent field survey, and corresponding DEM points. The concepts of precision, accuracy and reliability are defined in the context of DEM quality assessment and methods are outlined which can be used to assess these variables. The assessment is conducted for two adjacent stereopairs with similar characteristics, considering the effects of both DEM collection parameters and different lens models upon DEM quality. Results show that digital photogrammetry, in conjunction with independent field survey, can be used successfully for extracting high resolution, small scale DEMs from natural gravel surfaces. Components (i) and (ii) of the quality assessment suggest the need to optimize DEM collection parameters, although the effects of not using a properly specified lens model were minimal at this scale. Method (iii) showed that increasing stereomatching success does not necessarily lead to more accurately estimated DEM points. However, the use of method (iii) remained difficult because of the scale of the photogrammetric application being used; check point positioning within the photogrammetric co-ordinate system was only possible to ±10 mm which, for a gravel bed surface, was associated with elevation variance of a similar, sometimes greater, magnitude. The next stage of this research will require the use of higher quality check data, possibly from laser profiling.     

工业现场近景数字摄影视觉精密测量

研究了基于近景数字摄影原理的现场三维精密视觉测量方法,对其核心技术:数字成像器件模型及标定、高精度亚像素图像处理算法以及光学编码与精密测头技术进行了深入的讨论,给出了实现思路,为工业现场近景数字摄影精密测量系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

基于核面约束的近景摄影测量影像人工标志点匹配方法

提出了一种基于已知点和核面约束的近景摄影测量人工标志点分组匹配算法。首先利用定向棒点和编码标志点等已知点对所有像片进行分组;然后按三张一组进行组合,并计算各组合的几何质量;最后选择几何质量最好的部分像片进行组合,按核面约束进行匹配。实验证明,该算法匹配100余张像片1、0 000余像点的速度约为5 s,像点匹配率高于95%,误匹配率低于0.1‰,满足近景摄影测量的要求。     

近景摄影测量中系列图件的测绘方法

本文探讨了在近景摄影测量中最佳摄影参数的确定方法，在总结多年来实际作业经验的基础上，介绍了断面图、立面图、等值线图和斜视图的测绘方法。     

我院近景摄影测量的回顾与展望

本文在全面阐述我院十多年来开展近景摄影测量应用研究和主要成果的基础上，提出了今后主要工作内容和发展方向。     

多基线-数字近景摄影测量

根据交会精度与影像匹配自动化的需要,与当今航空数码相机沿航线方向视场角偏小的事实,阐述了大重叠、多基线摄影测量的必要性及其现实意义;重点介绍了利用非量测相机进行多基线的正直、交向摄影方法与数据处理的特点,特别是“多基线交向摄影”,通过多次、多相机对三峡工程地下电站尾水边坡进行拍摄试验,获得了传统非量测相机难以比拟的、非常满意的结果。     

APS型解析测图仪近景摄影测量软件包的设计

本文介绍了基于ＡＰＳ型解析测图仪近景摄影测量软件包的基本内容和主要功能。试验和应用结果表明，本软件包具有功能齐全，适应性强，操作方便，计算速度快，精度高和产品多样等特点。     

Megapixels, Millimetres and Microsieverts: Packaging Digital Photogrammetry for Emerging Industrial Markets

As the performance of megapixel digital imaging systems continues to improve, the rapid growth of high-end consumer markets drives prices ever lower. When such cameras are married with emerging, desktop "photogrammetric" software packages, the close range photogrammetric community is faced with many new challenges and opportunities. The dramatic changes in the technological arena are matched by a rapidly changing business environment in which concepts such as "Partnering" and "Supply chain management" have become key themes. As organizations of all sizes seek to thrive within this new business landscape, there appears to be a willingness to think more flexibly about the client-supplier relationship and the sharing of risks and rewards. This, in turn, has encouraged the development of highly customized measurement solutions across a wide range of market sectors. In each of these solutions the emphasis is not on a generic photogrammetric product, but on a highly tailored system tightly coupled to existing workflows, and focused on the specific needs of the client. Such systems pose particular challenges to their designers, since they are frequently operated by users with relatively little photogrammetric background and yet must always meet the challenging requirement of producing an output which is "fit for purpose". Thus this paper hopes to show how novel megapixel imaging systems can be configured to deliver flexible measurement systems capable of millimetric level accuracy within the challenging engineering environments typical of the nuclear and process industries (hence the microsievert component of the title).     

Through-Water Close Range Digital Photogrammetry in Flume and Field Environments

Measurement of the structure of gravel-bed river surfaces is crucial for understanding both bed roughness and the sediment entrainment process. This paper describes the use of close range digital photogrammetry to measure and monitor change occurring in submerged river gravel-beds in both flume and field environments. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) were obtained and two-media (through air and water) techniques were used to correct for the e.ects of refraction at the air/water interface. Although suitable refractive models have been developed, the use of proprietary software to generate DEMs automatically introduces the problem of how to re-establish collinearity. A simple refraction correction algorithm based upon analytical geometry was developed and is described. This algorithm was designed for use after initial DEM acquisition and allows any photogrammetric software package to be used for data acquisition. Application of this algorithm led to improvements in DEM accuracy by reducing the systematic, depth-dependent bias caused by refraction
Research carried out in a flume environment allowed the algorithm to be tested by measuring a flooded and drained bed surface. Non-systematic differences between the "dry" and "wet" DEMs arose from reductions in stereomatching success in the two-media case. This effect was thought to be due to light attenuation and the introduction of residual parallax. Results suggest that close range digital photogrammetry can be used to extract high quality DEMs of submerged topography in both flume and field fluvial environments, which represents a particularly exciting development for fluvial geomorphologists     

近景摄影测量限差的特殊性

在近景摄影测量的全过程中,包括摄影机检校、实地控制测量以及摄影测量处理各阶段,其操作限差存在特殊的理论,系统说明这些理论并详尽推导了一系列相应的关系式。     

近景摄影测量的基本技术提要

面对千姿百态的测量对象 ,近景摄影测量工作者有三项特殊的责任 ,而在具体实施工作中的各个作业阶段 ,又有许多与航空摄影测量截然不同的技术特点。作者扼要而系统地叙述与分析了这些责任与特点 ,以期提高近景摄影测量教学、科研与生产的质量。     

Photo Orientation Under Unstable Conditions: A Robust Trial and Error Approach Using Range Ratios

Relative orientation is one of the fundamental steps in forming a photogrammetric model. Whilst relative orientation is straightforward in most cases of aerial photogrammetry this may not be the case in close range photogrammetry where the nature of the photographs and the cameras being used often raise unfamiliar problems. This paper addresses the problem of performing relative orientation of non-metric photographs under unstable conditions where there are no ground control points and the ray intersection geometry is poor. The relative orientation problem is approached from several viewpoints, including a method that relies on little information about the exterior or relative orientation parameters. The solution is based on an iterative process, in which a set of three virtual control points (VCPs) is created, using photo coordinates and range ratios. The validity of the VCPs is checked during every iteration by an estimation of the coplanarity condition using two or more conjugate checkpoints. During the iteration a database is formed, which is then used to obtain a net of VCPs that fulfil the coplanarity condition for the checkpoints. The VCPs are then used to compute the "relative" exterior orientation by space resection. The proposed method was tested on both simulated and real photographs and was found to have some advantages over more commonly used techniques.