热应力影响下干热岩水压致裂数值模拟

干热岩水压致裂过程中低温诱导热应力与注入水压共同影响裂缝的萌生与扩展。首先通过THM耦合分析了低温压裂液注入过程中注入水压与热应力的相互作用及其对裂缝萌生的影响,随后建立描述岩石细观结构的THMD耦合模型对热应力影响下高温岩石水压致裂过程进行初探。结果表明：低温压裂液注入高温岩石产生的热应力包括岩石自身温度梯度形成的热应力与岩石颗粒非均匀膨胀导致的热应力,并在井筒周围呈现为拉应力。高注入压力将抑制热应力导致的多裂缝萌生,井筒附近热应力的存在对注入压力也具有削弱作用。基岩温度升高,裂缝萌生阶段更多裂缝在井筒附近起裂,缝网沿最大地应力方向的扩展速度减慢,但改造规模增加,同时多裂缝的存在也使得裂缝延伸压力增加。     

基于水压致裂法的岩石抗拉强度研究

为了揭示水压致裂法和巴西劈裂法测量岩石抗拉强度的关系,开展了理论和现场试验研究。基于经典的水压致裂法理论,推导了不同围压下钻孔破裂压力和抗拉强度。利用断裂力学理论建立了水压致裂法和巴西劈裂法测得抗拉强度的关系。利用预制切槽方法模拟天然裂纹,对水力裂缝的起裂压力进行了研究。结果表明：围压为最大主应力等于3倍最小主应力测得的抗拉强度大于围压为0测得的抗拉强度;水压致裂法和巴西劈裂法测量抗拉强度关系与应力场、裂纹长度、断裂韧度3个变量有关;通过在晋城矿区王台铺矿的预制切槽试验,运用断裂力学建立的抗拉强度计算式更为符合现场实际。研究结果可为坚硬难垮落顶板预制切槽的水力压裂设计提供参考。     

Microcrack-based coupled damage and flow modeling of fracturing evolution in permeable brittle rocks

Microcracks in brittle rocks affect not only the local mechanical properties, but also the poroelastic behavior and permeability. A continuum coupled hydro-mechanical modeling approach is presented using a two-scale conceptual model representing realistic rock material containing micro-fractures. This approach combines a microcrack-based continuous damage model within generalized Biot poroelasticity, in which the tensors of macroscopic elastic stiffness, Biot effective stress coefficient and of overall permeability are directly related to microcrack growth. Heterogeneity in both mechanical and hydraulic properties evolves from an initially random distribution of damage to produce localized failure and fluid transmission. A significant advantage of the approach is the ability to accurately predict the evolution of realistic fracturing and associated fluid flow in permeable rocks where pre-existing fractures exert significant control. The model is validated for biaxial failure of rock in compression and replicates typical pre- and post-peak strength metrics of stress drop, AE event counts, permeability evolution and failure modes. The model is applied to the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in permeable rocks to examine the effects of heterogeneities, permeability and borehole pressurization rate on the initiation of fracturing. The results indicate that more homogenous rocks require higher hydraulic pressure to initiate fracturing and breakdown. Moreover, both the fracturing initiation pressure and breakdown pressure decrease with permeability but increase with borehole pressurization rate, and the upper and lower limit of the initiation pressure are seen to be given by the impermeable (Hubbert–Willis) and permeable (Haimson–Fairhurst) borehole wall solutions, respectively. The numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations and theoretical results. This coupled damage and flow modeling approach provides an alternative way to solve a variety of complicated hydro-mechanical problems in practical rock engineering with the process coupling strictly enforced.     

Impact of water and nitrogen fracturing fluids on fracturing initiation pressure and flow pattern in anisotropic shale reservoirs

A numerical model is proposed to investigate the impact of water and nitrogen fracturing fluids on the fracturing initiation pressure and the flow pattern in anisotropic shale reservoirs. This model considers the anisotropy of shale deformation and permeability, the compressibility of fracturing fluid, and the fluid moving front. A crack initiation criterion is established with the stress intensity factor of mode I crack. Both crack initiation pressure and seepage area are verified and analyzed. These results show that shale deformation and permeability anisotropy, fracturing fluid compressibility, viscosity, and pressurization rate have significant impacts on fracturing initiation pressure and seepage area.     

多级循环泵注水力压裂模拟实验研究

超深储层地层起裂压力较高,水力压裂受现场泵注设备的限制严重,文中重点研究了大尺度水力压裂物模实验水泥样品尺寸（762 mm×762 mm×914 mm）在循环和常规两种泵注条件下的起裂扩展和声发射规律。实验结果显示,（1）相对于普通泵注,采用循环泵注方式进行水力压裂可以有效降低起裂压力,类似于单轴和三轴循环加载岩石力学行为,都是由于循环加载引起疲劳损伤;（2）对于螺旋射孔完井方式,水力压裂裂缝只从最薄弱射孔处起裂,一旦起裂后其他射孔孔眼很难再开启,水力压裂现场应合理选择分段距离和簇间距,实现储层改造效率最优化;（3）循环泵注水力压裂存在Kaiser效应（当加载应力到前次加载最高应力值时出现的声发射信息）。因孔隙流体扩散到岩石并导致孔隙压力的局部上升,破坏模式仍然可以由摩尔圆表示。研究成果对循环泵注条件的裂缝扩展规律研究以及发展新型压裂改造技术具有重要意义。     

单孔岩样水压致裂的数值分析

水压致裂是改变岩体结构的一种天然行为和人为手段。采用F－RFPA2D软件,对水压致裂过程、裂缝扩展形态及注水孔形状和大小、应力条件和岩样强度等影响因素进行了研究。将开始出现声发射的水压称为微裂压力,将声发射急剧增多、裂缝非稳定扩展直至岩样破坏的水压称为破裂压力。岩样尺寸一定时,微裂压力和破裂压力随内孔面积增加而降低,方形孔岩样的微裂压力和破裂压力均小于同面积的圆形孔。微裂压力和破裂压力随围压或岩样强度增加而增加,且其差值随岩样强度增加而增加,理论破裂压力与模拟值趋势基本一致。方形孔的宏观裂纹起裂位置多在角点附近,而圆形孔比较随机。无围压时,宏观裂纹的延伸方向随机;有围压时,宏观裂纹扩展方向大致与主应力方向一致,且沿较大主应力方向的宏观裂纹扩展至岩样破坏,较小主应力方向宏观裂纹不完全发育。研究结果对水压致裂试验和工程实践有一定参考意义。     

利用室内和现场水压致裂试验联合确定地应力与岩石抗拉强度

钻杆式水压致裂原地应力测试系统的柔性会影响最大水平主应力的计算精度。利用空心岩柱液压致裂试验获得的岩石抗拉强度来取代重张压力计算最大水平主应力是降低钻杆式测试系统柔性的负面影响的重要途径。在福建某隧道深度为65 m的钻孔内开展了8段的高质量水压致裂原地应力测试,随后利用钻孔所揭露的完整岩芯开展了17个岩样的空心岩柱液压致裂试验。利用空心岩柱液压致裂所得的抗拉强度平均值为8.40 MPa,与经典水压致裂法确定的岩体抗拉强度8.22 MPa接近。对于20 m的范围内8个测段的原地应力量值,最小水平主应力平均值为8.41 MPa,基于重张压力P_r的最大水平主应力平均值为16.70 MPa;基于空心岩柱抗拉强度的最大水平主应力量值平均值为16.88 MPa,两种方法获得的最大水平主应力平均值基本一致。最大最小水平主应力与垂直主应力之间的关系表现为σ_H > σ_V > σ_h,这种应力状态有利于区域走滑断层活动。通过对比分析可知,对于钻杆式水压致裂原地应力测试系统,当测试深度小且测试系统柔性小时,基于重张压力和基于空心岩柱抗拉强度得到的最大水平主应力量值差别不大,这说明基于空心岩柱的岩石抗拉强度完全可以用于水压致裂最大水平主应力的计算,同时基于微小系统柔性的水压致裂测试系统获得的现场岩体强度也是可靠的。      

Microscopic modelling of the hydraulic fracturing process

A microscopic perspective is introduced in this study which offers a detailed insight at the inter-particle level to the geo-mechanical responses caused by fluid injection and the resulting pressure build-up. This was achieved by employing the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to model the pressure development and the subsequent fracturing and/or cavity propagation. This technique represents the formation material as an assembly of discrete particles linked to each other through contacts. Numerical experiments were carried out on two sample materials. For the first instance, tests were carried out on a bulk material, representative of a generic intact rock, with the breakage of inter-particle bonds indicating the formation of cracks. The second series of tests was carried out on granular type materials such as sand, where particle separation signified cavity initiation and separation. It was observed from the DEM modelling results that the intact rock material showed a predominance of mode II fracturing at high fluid velocities. However, when the fluid velocity is reduced considerably the fracturing behaviour tended towards more of mode I. Also, records of the pressure development were taken from the numerical results and were used to monitor the fracturing events. The outcome of this study highlights important aspects of the hydraulic fracturing process especially at the particle–particle scale, and thus provides a strong basis for more exhaustive studies involving larger scale reservoir modelling and more complex fracturing scenarios.     

定向射孔压裂起裂与射孔优化设计方法研究

目前定向射孔压裂时起裂压力的预测仅立足于裸眼的情况,忽视套管对起裂压力的影响,在工程应用中将产生较大的误差。考虑套管作用,推导建立定向井井周应力模型。假设地层岩石为张性破坏,并综合以上模型,得到定向射孔井水力压裂起裂压力和起裂角的预测模型。根据该模型编程开发一套定向射孔压裂起裂与射孔优化的软件,可预测定向射孔井的压裂起裂压力和起裂角,并优化选择射孔角度和射孔长度。应用软件对渤海油田三口井进行模拟计算和射孔优化,结果发现,模型的起裂压力预测结果与现场实测结果误差最大仅为4.33%,预测的起裂角也与实际结果相一致,从而验证了本模型的正确性。模型和软件对于现场压裂施工和射孔优化有重要的指导作用。     

含有硬包裹体分布的非均质岩石水力压裂特性研究

基于完全流-固耦合的弹塑性理论给出了水力压裂数值计算的弥散裂缝模型,其中材料的弹性部分采用线弹性本构关系,塑性部分采用摩尔-库仑破坏准则及强化准则。依据当前的有效应力状态修正渗透系数来模拟压裂液在裂缝中的流动。渗透系数的修改使用双曲正切函数,并采用平均有效应力作为水力裂缝的起裂判据。在ABAQUS软件中通过用户自定义程序添加了该模型。根据岩石的切面照片建立了含有硬包裹体分布的非均质岩石的有限元计算模型,模拟了中心点注水条件下的水力压裂传播过程,讨论了在常应力状态下非均质岩石中开裂区域、典型位置的应力路径变化和裂缝传播范围随时间变化的特点。进行了多种条件下含有硬包裹体分布的岩石材料的数值试验,得出了基岩材料的弹性模量、凝聚力和渗透系数以及注水速率对峰值注水压力、平均注水压力和裂缝开度的影响规律。     

类砂质泥岩常规三轴浆压致裂起裂压力试验研究

为深入探究两淮矿区典型砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制,研制了常规三轴劈裂注浆试验装置,开展了类砂质泥岩浆压致裂起裂压力模型试验,基于试验结果分析了岩石强度与应力状态对注浆起裂压力、裂缝扩展形态影响规律,揭示了砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制。研究表明：起裂压力与岩石抗压强度呈正相关,且岩石抗压强度越高,劈裂路径越复杂;起裂压力对围压的敏感程度远高于轴压,且应力差 Δσ =σ_V −σ_H越大,裂缝形态越规整;孔压三轴条件下,封闭裸孔段浆压致裂法确定的岩石抗拉强度值约为单轴抗拉强度的 2.5倍。该研究结果可为今后类似岩层劈裂注浆参数设计与施工提供参考。     

Carbon dioxide injection and associated hydraulic fracturing of reservoir formations

The storage potential of subsurface geological systems makes them viable candidates for long-term disposal of significant quantities of CO₂. The geo-mechanical responses of these systems as a result of injection processes as well as the protracted storage of CO₂ are aspects that require sufficient understanding. A hypothetical model has been developed that conceptualises a typical well-reservoir system comprising an injection well where the fluid (CO₂) is introduced and a production/abandoned well sited at a distant location. This was accomplished by adopting a numerical methodology (discrete element method), specifically designed to investigate the geo-mechanical phenomena whereby the various processes are monitored at the inter-particle scale. Fracturing events were simulated. In addition, the influence of certain operating variables such as injection flow rate and fluid pressure was studied with particular interest in the nature of occurring fractures and trend of propagation, the pattern and magnitude of pressure build-up at the well vicinity, pressure distribution between well regions and pore velocity distribution between well regions. Modelling results generally show an initiation of fracturing caused by tensile failure of the rock material at the region of fluid injection; however, fracturing caused by shear failure becomes more dominant at the later stage of injection. Furthermore, isolated fracturing events were observed to occur at the production/abandoned wells that were not propagated from the injection point. This highlights the potential of CO₂ introduced through an injection well, which could be used to enhance oil/gas recovery at a distant production well. The rate and magnitude of fracture development are directly influenced by the fluid injection rate. Likewise, the magnitude of pressure build-up is greatly affected by the fluid injection rate and the distance from the point of injection. The DEM modelling technique illustrated provides an effective procedure that allows for more specific investigations of geo-mechanical mechanisms occurring at subsurface systems. The application of this methodology to the injection and storage of CO₂ facilitates the understanding of the fracturing phenomenon as well as the various factors governing the process.     

Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing in 3D

A procedure based on the finite element method is suggested for modeling of 3D hydraulic fracturing in the subsurface. The proposed formulation partitions the stress field into the initial stress state and an additional stress state caused by pressure buildup. The additional stress is obtained as a solution of the Biot equations for coupled fluid flow and deformations in the rock. The fluid flow in the fracture is represented on a regular finite element grid by means of “fracture” porosity, which is the volume fraction of the fracture. The use of the fracture porosity allows for a uniform finite element formulation for the fracture and the rock, both with respect to fluid pressure and displacement. It is demonstrated how the fracture aperture is obtained from the displacement field. The model has a fracture criterion by means of a strain limit in each element. It is shown how this criterion scales with the element size. Fracturing becomes an intermittent process, and each event is followed by a pressure drop. A procedure is suggested for the computation of the pressure drop. Two examples of hydraulic fracturing are given, when the pressure buildup is from fluid injection by a well. One case is of a homogeneous rock, and the other case is an inhomogeneous rock. The fracture geometry, well pressure, new fracture area, and elastic energy released in each event are computed. The fracture geometry is three orthogonal fracture planes in the homogeneous case, and it is a branched fracture in the inhomogeneous case.     

超临界CO2岩石致裂机制分析

超临界CO2是一种介于气体和液体之间的特殊状态的CO2流体,具有低黏、高扩散性和零表面张力等独特的性质。利用超临界CO2作为压裂液,有助于裂缝的起裂和扩展,同时可避免储层伤害。通过研究超临界CO2射流破岩和压裂特性,分析得到了超临界CO2岩石致裂机制。研究结果表明,超临界CO2低黏等特性使其更容易进入岩石微孔和微缝之中,在岩石内部建立大小不一的流体压力系统,使岩石发生拉伸和剪切破坏;常规流体压裂起裂压力较高,裂缝一般为单条或多条平直裂缝,大多沿着同一方向贯穿强度较高的胶结颗粒,且裂缝断面光滑、平整;超临界CO2压裂起裂压力相比于常规流体压裂低,在岩石中形成的裂缝网络较为复杂,裂缝互相连通,一般沿着强度较低的胶结物开裂,较少贯穿胶结颗粒,裂缝断面较为粗糙。该研究结果可为超临界CO2压裂技术的实施提供理论支撑。     

超临界CO2压裂起裂压力模型与参数敏感性研究

超临界CO2流体具有低黏度、无表面张力的特性,若应用于非常规油气储层压裂可望实现一种无污染的新型无水压裂方法。通过建立流体在井筒内的增压速率模型,得到了考虑超临界CO2流体黏度、压缩性及增压速率的裂缝起裂压力预测模型,并与水力压裂、液态CO2压裂起裂压力进行了对比分析。结果表明,超临界CO2流体的起裂压力比液态CO2流体低20.5 %,比常规水力压裂起裂压力低75.5%;超临界CO2流体的黏度、压缩性及增压速率对裂缝起裂压力影响显著。模型与文献中试验数据对比,误差在3%以内,可为超临界CO2压裂起裂压力预测提供指导。     

Study on Breakdown Pressure in Hydraulic Fracturing Process of Hard Rock Based on Numerical Simulation

Pre-conditioning by hydraulic fracturing is a vital work in block caving mining of hard-rock metal mine, and breakdown pressure is one of the important parameters in rock hydraulic fracturing process, which determines the equipment selection and job-parameter control. Based on numerical simulation method, a pre-holed cylindrical hard rock sample was built for simulation of hydraulic fracturing process to investigate the effect of stress condition, rock properties and water injection rate on breakdown pressure. The results show that the breakdown pressure is increased with the confining stress, and the breakdown pressure is 2.28 times confining stress based on rock tension strength. The variation of rock tension strength affects the breakdown pressure and a positive linear relation exists. Pre-formed notch could obviously reduce the breakdown pressure and control the orientation of hydraulic fracture. And the borehole diameter has a reverse influence on rock breakdown pressure.

     

深层搅拌桩周围土体劈裂的研究与分析

现场测试结果表明：深层搅拌桩施工可以在周围土体中产生很高的超静孔隙水压力,其量值可能超过土体的静水劈裂压力。搅拌桩施工时和周围土体的相互作用可以用受剪的孔穴扩张过程来模拟。针对搅拌桩施工引起的周围土体的劈裂现象,提出了一种基于拉伸破坏原理的劈裂分析方法。分析结果表明：搅拌叶片的旋转对桩周围土体的劈裂起着很重要的作用。通过室内模型桩打设试验可以观测到搅拌桩周围土体的劈裂现象。分析现场搅拌桩施工时桩周土体中的孔隙水压力测试结果,表明现场施工可以引起劈裂。劈裂裂缝对于搅拌桩的性状有如下两方面的正面作用：其一,水泥浆体可以流入劈裂裂缝;其二,超静孔隙水压可以通过劈裂裂缝快速消散。这两者的作用加快了受扰动的周围土体的强度恢复。     

软煤储层顶板水平井穿层工况下压裂缝扩展模型

为了探索煤层顶板中水平井向目标层穿层压裂的裂缝扩展规律,以华北石炭-二叠纪煤田为例,运用断裂力学、损伤力学以及流体力学等经典理论并结合现场实测资料,开展了压裂缝延伸距离与压裂时间时空演化规律的建模与验证。首先,基于原生裂缝特性、渗透特性以及压裂射孔段附加应力等因素,提出了顶板水平井垂向造缝的起裂压力计算公式;其次,在考虑裂缝性煤岩体损伤效应的基础上,引入Dougill损伤因子,将该计算模型拓展为延伸压力计算模型;最后,基于改进的经典PKN裂缝模型和压裂液滤失理论,建立了连续穿层工况下压裂缝延伸距离与压裂施工时间的函数关系。实践验证表明,根据理论模型合理调配时间参数,可以控制穿层裂缝的延伸距离。      

煤层水压致裂后煤岩应力解析

水压致裂后煤岩应力分布规律对水压致裂防冲效果起关键性作用。采用理论研究方法得出高压注水压致裂后及卸水后水区和气区的孔隙、瓦斯压力和煤体应力解析解。结果表明,致裂后水区孔隙压力沿径向变化不大,与注水压力接近;气区瓦斯压力沿径向呈递减趋势;在水区外围一定范围内形成瓦斯压力升高区;水区煤体环向应力将会减小,直到变为拉应力;气区煤体径向应力沿径向递减。卸水后水区孔隙压力、煤体径向应力沿径向呈递增趋势;气区煤体径向应力沿径向呈递增趋势,趋近于原始煤体应力;气区煤体环向应力沿径向呈递减趋势;气区孔隙压力沿径向呈递减趋势。这为煤层水压致裂预防冲击地压提供理论基础。      

非对称荷载作用下土体劈裂注浆压力分析

为研究在非对称荷载作用下土体劈裂注浆压力,基于扩孔理论和统一强度准则并考虑非对称荷载的作用,建立基于扩孔理论的劈裂注浆启劈压力分析模型,推导出浆泡周围塑性区土体的应力场、位移场、塑性区半径以及启劈注浆压力的理论解答,并以工程算例进行论证。结果表明,考虑对称荷载作用下的启劈注浆启劈压力较考虑非对称荷载作用下的值要大,对称荷载作用下的分析方法低估了塑性区半径;无论是柱形劈裂还是球形劈裂,当 1时,启劈压力会随着 的增大而增大,塑性半径会随着 的增大而明显减小;当 1时,启劈压力会随着 的增大而减小,而塑性半径的变化是有限的。预先了解土体的初始应力条件对正确的确定劈裂注浆启劈压力至关重要,可为劈裂注浆的设计和施工会提供更加完善的理论依据。