中小流域山洪危险性区划

山洪危险性区域划分是一种行之有效的防洪减灾非工程措施,是防洪减灾体系中的重要组成部分.利用GIS技术和模糊数学方法建立山洪危险性评价模型;从山洪危险性定义出发,利用正交设计方法,考察降雨量和单位面积汇流时间等对山洪影响的敏感性,确定了合理的山洪危险性评价指标体系并结合层次分析法确定了评价指标权重.选择淮河上游息县流域进行了实证应用分析,对研究区域山洪危险性空间分布进行划分.研究结果表明:单位面积汇流时间短、地势起伏较大的地区是山洪危险性较大的区域,需要加强防治.      

郑州西部山区“7·20”山洪地质灾害成因研究

2021年“7·20”极端暴雨引发河南省郑州市西部山区四市(荥阳、巩义、新密、登封)山洪地质灾害造成251人死亡失踪,分布在44个乡镇140个行政村、组或社区,既具有群发性、分散性,也具有相对集聚性。本次山洪地质灾害分散复杂,流域灾害链和区域灾害群共存,山洪灾害链呈现空间关联、时间接续、动力转换和灾情放大的效应。文章总结了山洪地质灾害时空分布特点,分析了山洪地质灾害的形成因素,探讨了索河流域邢门堂垴跨沟路基阻水溃决-王宗店暴洪冲淹-崔庙村海沟寨公路路基堰塞淹没等山洪灾害链的成因,研究了王宗店村南头组滑坡顺层滑移的地质力学模式及其稳定性与力学参数的关系。初步提出当前期过程或日降雨量达到200 mm,未来1 h预报雨量超过40 mm,或3 h预报雨量超过100 mm,可以作为山洪地质灾害预警响应判据,必须启动红色预警响应。研究结果可为郑州市西部山区预防应对山洪地质灾害提供决策支持,也可供类似的山地丘陵区城乡社区防灾减灾与应急响应参考。     

与水文气象、地质因素有关的几种自然灾害概念的辨析

阐述了地质灾害、山地灾害、山洪灾害等与水文气象和地质因素相关的自然灾害的概念及分类,比较三者内涵与外延的差异,对三种灾害防治工作中的一些共性问题作了初步探讨。研究表明：地质灾害、山地灾害和山洪灾害三者在概念、内涵及研究对象等方面有所不同,但主要内容是相同的。在三种灾害的研究与防治上,由各个部门管理模式不利于此类灾害的跨行业、跨部门协同研究及防灾救灾。     

冰雪型地质灾害链高位萌生、动力溃散及物相转化过程剖析北大核心CSCD

受全球气候变暖对高海拔山地区气温放大效应影响,冰雪型地质灾害趋于增多,且普遍呈现链式发育特征,具有灾害类型动态转化、影响范围大、破坏程度高等特点,严重威胁区域内重大工程建设安全。基于实地考察与文献调研方式,将高寒山地区常见冰雪型地质灾害凝练为:冰岩崩、雪岩崩、冰雪型碎屑流、冰碛物堆积滑坡、冰湖溃决、冰川型泥石流6类,并分别剖析各自典型的发育特征;而后,对冰雪型地质灾害3种典型链式组合关系予以剖析,发现:冰雪型地质灾害链普遍存在“高位萌生→动力溃散→物相转化”动态演化过程;据此,对冰雪型地质灾害高位萌生、动力溃散及物相转化三阶段特征及内在机制进行分析,明确了冰雪型地质灾害的“高位萌生→位能转化→侵蚀铲刮→滑移堆积”累积链生放大机理。最后,对冰雪型地质灾害链各演化阶段进行评价模型梳理,认为:新型破碎-扩散模型、Flores接触力模型可用于评价冰雪型地质灾害高位萌生向动力溃散过程;犁切模型可较好描述其侵蚀铲刮与体积放大过程;颗粒流模型、空气润滑模型、超孔隙水压力模型可用于揭示后续的高速滑移堆积特征;而Voellmy流变模型、Bingham流体渗流模型可较好解释其灾害链条的物相转化特征。研究对于科学评价冰雪型地质灾害链动态演化过程具有基础参考价值。     

Strategies for addressing climate change on the industrial level: affecting factors to CO2 emissions of energy-intensive industries in China

Urban earthquake disaster prevention is regarded as an integrated systematic engineering. Urban earthquake disaster prevention system is made up of all the earthquake disaster prevention activities. The concept and composition of urban earthquake disaster prevention system periphery were presented based on system periphery theory. A seismic risk-control mechanism model of system periphery was deduced using exchange rate of periphery as a dependent variable, and an observability–controllability model of system periphery was established and crystallized in its application to the quantitative analysis of practice problem. The input sets of urban earthquake disaster prevention system are determined as the maximum earthquake magnitude happened in or around the city, the measurable earthquake frequency, population density and fixed assets density. The inside state sets of urban earthquake disaster prevention system are determined as disaster resistant ability of buildings, disaster resistant ability of lifelines and investment dynamics in disaster prevention per urban built-up area. The system output is urban seismic risk. The calculative results show the model presented in this study can analyze the influence of system periphery intensity and inside state on seismic risk and can control urban seismic risk by adjusting the parameters of system periphery, the system inside state and human influence intensity.     

重庆武隆鸡尾山危岩体形成与崩塌成因分析

鸡尾山事件是一次巨型滑移式岩体崩塌(体积大于100×104m3),也是一次特大型地质灾害(死亡/失踪人数超过30人)。鸡尾山层状石灰岩地质结构、近南北向和近东西向裂隙组合以及软弱夹层的存在是山体开裂滑移的物质结构基础。长期的降雨渗流和岩溶作用使软层强度弱化、裂隙带扩大是层状山体易于拉开的前提。类比分析认为,鸡尾山地形上高陡临空、山下铁矿大面积采空形成的"悬板张拉效应"是山体拉裂形成大规模危岩体的主要原因。视滑力分析计算得出,层状岩体向外的视滑力是逐渐克服危岩体底面摩擦力和前缘抗剪力,使危岩体蠕滑发展成崩塌的主要驱动力。鸡尾山崩塌灾害是铁矿采空和视滑力共同主导作用下的一个"山体拉裂～弱面蠕滑～剪出崩塌～碎屑流冲击～灾难形成"的链式反应过程。文章为应急管理决策解释了此次事件的动力来源问题,也为类似事件应急响应技术支撑提供了一种简便方法。     

A Probabilistic Modelling System for Assessing Flood Risks

In order to be economically viable, flood disaster mitigation should be based on a comprehensive assessment of the flood risk. This requires the estimation of the flood hazard (i.e. runoff and associated probability) and the consequences of flooding (i.e. property damage, damage to persons, etc.). Within the “German Research Network Natural Disasters” project, the working group on “Flood Risk Analysis” investigated the complete flood disaster chain from the triggering event down to its various consequences. The working group developed complex, spatially distributed models representing the relevant meteorological, hydrological, hydraulic, geo-technical, and socio-economic processes. In order to assess flood risk these complex deterministic models were complemented by a simple probabilistic model. The latter model consists of modules each representing one process of the flood disaster chain. Each module is a simple parameterisation of the corresponding more complex model. This ensures that the two approaches (simple probabilistic and complex deterministic) are compatible at all steps of the flood disaster chain. The simple stochastic approach allows a large number of simulation runs in a Monte Carlo framework thus providing the basis for a probabilistic risk assessment. Using the proposed model, the flood risk including an estimation of the flood damage was quantified for an example area at the river Rhine. Additionally, the important influence of upstream levee breaches on the flood risk at the lower reaches was assessed. The proposed model concept is useful for the integrated assessment of flood risks in flood prone areas, for cost-benefit assessment and risk-based design of flood protection measures and as a decision support tool for flood management.     

基于光学遥感技术的高山极高山区高位地质灾害链式特征分析

金沙江上游地形切割强烈、山高谷深,为典型的高山峡谷区,受金沙江断裂带的影响,斜坡完整性差、岩体支离破碎,极易发生山体滑坡。根据遥感影像上滑坡地质灾害隐患的色调、平面形态、变形标志、微地貌等特征,建立了遥感解译标志,在金沙江流域直门达—石鼓段共识别出滑坡地质灾害隐患点87处,其中大型40处、特大型47处,结合区域地理、地质环境特征,分析了其基本特征和空间分布规律。研究区堵江滑坡地质灾害隐患具有明显的链式特征,大致可划为滑坡-堵江灾害链、崩塌-滑坡-堵江灾害链、滑坡-泥石流-堵江灾害链等3种类型,分别以色拉滑坡、汪布顶滑坡、探戈滑坡为例,基于光学遥感技术对其变形特征、链式特征进行了详细分析。从地理位置上看,金沙江断裂带明显控制了金沙江干流直门达—石鼓段的平面展布,新构造运动在断裂带各段活动周期、强度存在差异性,中段和南段活动性较强、应变积累更快,地震作用可能相对频繁,为巴塘以南的金沙江两岸有利斜坡区发生堵江滑坡提供了有利的区域地质环境背景。     

The characteristics of the Mocoa compound disaster event,Colombia

A rainfall-induced compound disaster happened in Mocoa in the pre-dawn hours of 1 April 2017. More than 300 people were killed, and a large number of houses and roads were destroyed in the worst catastrophe in the history of Mocoa. To investigate this disaster, a detailed interpretation was carried out using high-resolution images. Analysis of disaster characteristics based on satellite image revealed that the disaster could be identified as a consequence of compound mountain hazards including landslides, debris flows, and mountain torrents. The mountain hazards converged in the mountain watershed, which amplified the disaster’s effects. Analysis considers that this disaster is the result of heavy rainfalls. Moreover, in-depth interpretation of rainfall data and satellite images spanning over 16 years reveals that the previous El Niño event (2014–2016) also played an important role, which caused reduced rainfall and vegetation coverage. The long period of drought brought by El Niño affected the growth of vegetation and reduced the ability of vegetation to cope with heavy rainfalls. The results reveal that both antecedent rainfalls and climate impact need to be taken into consideration for mountain hazard analysis.     

柴达木盆地断裂体系划分及其成盆动力学意义

断裂体系是具有成生联系的各项不同产状、不同等级、不同性质和不同序次的断层组合,柴达木盆地受到印度、西伯利亚和太平洋三大板块的共同影响,围绕中部刚性基底周边发育北部祁连山、南部东昆仑山及西部阿尔金山三大断裂体系,每个断裂体系都是由主要断裂及其伴生的断层相关褶皱组成三排波浪式冲断构造,低序次断层及其相关褶皱呈斜列式分布于其间,整个盆地可以看成三大断裂体系叠合的产物,其根本动力学背景是柴达木地块受到南部印度板块向北挤压、北部阿拉善地块的阻挡及东侧华北板块和西侧塔里木板块的侧滑而形成的力偶环境,结合平衡剖面分析结果提出盆地发展经历了早—中侏罗世南北向拉张、新生代多次幕式挤压并叠加东西向侧向走滑、并于第四纪形成现今的构造面貌的发展历史。     

矿山灾害链及其断链减灾模式分析

为了揭示矿山灾害系统的复杂性规律和运动本质,运用系统理论观点,从灾害链的角度对矿山灾害链定义、分类、特点及链式发育机理进行了研究。提出矿山灾害链组合断链减灾模型,即"初次断链+预防断链+灾后重建"组合断链模型,并在华恒公司矿井水害防治中得到运用,可以有效的解决矿井水害特别是矿井西部老空水问题。矿山灾害链式效应在矿山灾害中普遍存在,组合断链减灾模型为最佳减灾方案,而通过对断链程度和各断链过程对总断链的贡献率的计算实现断链最优化将成为今后研究的重点。      

Assessment of potential sediment disasters and resilience management of mountain roads using environmental indicators

In recent years, extreme rainfall events occur frequently, causing serious watershed sediment disasters, destroying mountain roads, and endangering the safety of residents' lives and property. This study aims to deal with the spatial change of potential sediment movement on the road slope pre-disaster and to screen disaster hot spots for early warning and control system. The conceptual model is used to simulate the distribution of primary and/or derived disasters on a watershed scale to assess the impact of sediment disasters caused by heavy rain event. Correlation analysis shows that the models in assessment of primary disaster and derived disaster are significantly correlated with the collapse ratio and disaster ratio, respectively. Since the primary disaster has been considered when calculating the derived disaster risk, the terrain subdivision along Provincial Highway 21 (Tai-21) is extracted to understand the derived sediment disaster on the road slope. The model can effectively evaluate the road sections prone to disasters. According to the risk level, the hot spot of road slope disasters and the management of disaster resilience are determined and can be the reference for disaster prevention and control.

     

天水市“7.25”群发性山洪地质灾害发育特征及成因分析

通过对天水市"7.25"群发性山洪地质灾害的现场调查,系统查明了此次地质灾害的灾情、致灾因素、灾害特征、致灾范围以及分布规律,分析了此次山洪地质灾害发育特征及成因。结果表明:本次由强降雨引发并加剧的地质灾害类型主要以黄土-泥岩及黄土滑坡为主,中小型沟谷泥石流、土质崩塌和土质不稳定斜坡次之。"7.25"山洪地质灾害具有普遍性、群发性、局地爆发性等特征,其隐蔽性强,潜在危害大,灾害链模式显著。灾害发生期间降雨具有强度大、范围广等特点,使区内山体岩土体饱和,显著降低了岩土体抗剪强度,加之与地震的叠加效应明显加剧了此次群发性山洪地质灾害。     

前陆盆地陆源沉积序列的特征与成因机制

前陆盆地接受的来自毗邻造山带的陆源碎屑沉积是盆山耦合关系研究的主要对象之一.这套沉积通常具有以下3个方面的特征:①在地层剖面中,前陆盆地陆源沉积序列呈向上变粗的趋势,其成因有多种可能,包括源区构造隆升、侵蚀卸栽导致的盆地基底均衡回弹、气候变化、岩性变化等;②构造抬升导致的粗粒相沉积事件与构造事件之间存在时滞,其大小取决于源区基岩剥露速率、侵蚀与搬运条件、沉积区距造山带构造变形前缘之间的距离等因素;③粗粒相沉积在前陆盆地内的分布具有穿时性.重视这些方面的研究,有助于得出有关前陆盆地及毗邻造山带演化的合理结论.     

汶川地震区理县医院后山滑坡应急调查与监测

理县医院后山滑坡为＂5.12汶川地震＂诱发的次生地质灾害。地震导致医院后山斜坡开裂,形成三级主裂缝,降低了斜坡稳定性,形成次生滑坡灾害,后期降雨及余震则使滑坡继续变形发展。为及时掌握滑坡的变形趋势,做好防灾准备,同时为后续治理工程提供依据,开展了以裂缝位移监测为主的应急阶段自动化监测工作。监测系统由裂缝位移计、无线数传终端、太阳能供电组件以及室内计算机、监测管理软件组成。根据理县医院后山滑坡具备三级主裂缝的特点,在每级裂缝上沿走向设置监测点,共设置9个,各监测点每小时自动巡检一次。     

陕南秦巴山区地质灾害危险性评价研究

陕西省是中国地质灾害最严重的省份之一,而陕南秦巴山区地质灾害灾情尤为严峻,因此进行地质灾害危险性评价对指导防灾减灾工作意义重大。文章以陕南秦巴山区为研究区,基于GIS技术与2001-2016年研究区地质灾害灾情数据,分析研究了区内地质灾害与各指标因子之间的敏感性关系,并确定了高程、岩土体类型、断裂构造、降雨等7个影响地质灾害发生较大的因子作为区域地质灾害危险性评价指标。其次,以各指标条件下地质灾害数量和累计发生频次曲线斜率的突变为依据,对评价指标因子进行状态分级。最后,运用信息量法建立栅格数据模型展开区域地质灾害危险性评价。研究结果表明:高危险性、较高危险性、中危险性的地区占研究区总面积的百分比分别为10.52%、28.31%、30.19%,区内地质灾害点的空间分布与地质灾害危险性评价结果基本一致,信息量模型的预测精度为90.16%。文章将经验知识与数据驱动的分析方法相结合,应用于较大范围的地质灾害危险性区划,研究结果可为区域地质灾害防治工作提供参考依据。      

西南岩溶山区特大滑坡成灾类型及动力学分析

我国西南岩溶山区位于上扬子地台,经过多期构造运动,形成了特有的强烈褶皱地貌形态,特大型滑坡灾害频发。通过资料收集、现场调查以及统计分析,讨论了岩溶山区典型滑坡后破坏的成灾模式和形成条件,并得出以下结论:（1）我国西南岩溶山区普遍呈现上陡下缓的地形地貌特征和上硬下软的地层结构特征,岩溶地貌和溶蚀岩体结构加剧了滑坡后破坏的成灾规模;（2）研究区的滑坡成灾模式主要分为岩质崩塌、高位远程滑坡-碎屑流和高位远程滑坡-泥石流三种类型;（3）岩质崩塌灾害类型剪出口高差通常小于50 m,等效摩擦系数通常大于0.6,堆积体破碎比在5～20之间;高位远程滑坡-碎屑流灾害类型剪出口高差通常在50～200 m之间,等效摩擦系数通常在0.33～0.60之间,堆积体破碎比在20～100 之间;高位远程滑坡-泥石流灾害类型剪出口高差通常大于200 m,等效摩擦系数通常小于0.33,堆积体破碎比区间大于100;（4）西南岩溶山区的“高位滑坡”剪出口高差通常大于50 m,具有高速远程运动特征,运动过程中具有冲击铲刮、破碎解体、气垫和流化四种动力学效应。滑坡后破坏成灾模式的提出,可以为滑坡运动动力学机理和成灾反演预测研究提供重要分析模型。     

Flash flood vulnerability assessment for small catchments with a material flow approach

Destructions resulted from natural hazards like earthquake, landslide, or flood in the urban roads and lifelines introduce their negative effects including the psychological damage to citizens as well as decreased urban functions that usually last for a long time. Thus, a quick and efficient recovery of infrastructures, lifelines, and service-providing facilities along with reducing reconstruction costs and time are essential. This paper proposed an approach that consists of four models for forming an algorithm in order to quantitating and integrating of the criteria that have decisive influence in the recovery of urban roadways after a natural disaster. Meanwhile, to aggregate and conclude the data that are collected by means of presented functions and formulations, we applied fuzzy VIKOR technique as a compromise ranking method. The model outputs a priority list showing the revival of which urban paths stands in higher priority for recovery operation after a natural disaster. Results show that not only the model is able to precisely quantize the selected criteria and provide an action plan for post-event recovery prioritization, but also it offers an appropriate order of transportation roads priority for recovery operations. Finally, the results from the recovery model application to a roadway system in Tehran area are provided.     

降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考

降雨诱发的浅层黄土泥流规模小、流速快、冲击力强、发育范围广、难以防御、致灾频率高,近两年造成了大量人员伤亡,急需开展其形成机制与强度的研究。黄土物质组成与水敏性、坡体形态对降雨入渗—积水的响应、黄土斜坡对降水入渗的力学响应机制、富水黄土粘滞性流动特性是制约浅层黄土泥流形成的四种主要因素,分析这四种因素的对浅层黄土泥流形成的制约作用需解决斜坡降雨入渗的水文过程、非饱和土的力学效应及水土耦合的机制等前沿问题。本文对影响泥流形成的各因素研究的最新进展进行了综述,同时讨论了研究中的核心问题,并提出了相应的对策与方案,认为可从三方面开展研究:(1)定量描述泥流体积扩容特征,建立浅层黄土泥流启动与流动模式;(2)分析泥流与原状黄土物质成分、组成结构差异,开展黄土非饱和增湿力学变形试验,监测0°~60°单面坡与坡肩平缓斜坡的降雨入渗过程,研究坡体形态对雨水汇聚、入渗及基质吸力变化的控制特征,揭示泥流流体运动过程中水土响应机制;(3)对浅层黄土泥流物理力学模型进行解析,讨论泥流流动能量转化特征,建立降雨诱发泥流灾害的强度计算模型,为降雨泥流灾害危险性定量计算提供理论支撑。     

地球系统动力学与取热减灾减排

在综合分析大量地质、地球物理资料的基础上,建立了以热能为驱动力的开放地球系统发生多级物质循环的地球系统动力学新模式,据此可以合理地解释洋陆系统及其相关的盆山体系的动力学机制,阐明地球系统资源灾害环境发展的内在关系。在地球系统动力学创新思想指导下,总结了活动地壳热构造系统的特征,初步研究了华北和西南热灾害链的结构和强震发展趋势,系统地分析了取热减灾减排的重要性、必要性和可行性,在此基础上阐明了系统开发干热岩的思路和方法及其可持续发展的途径。从而为即将到来的新地学革命和能源革命提供了一个新思路。